scholarly journals Lineage progression from stem cells to new neurons in the adult brain ventricular-subventricular zone

Cell Cycle ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1649-1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Ponti ◽  
Kirsten Obernier ◽  
Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Adult Brain

Neural Stem Cells in the Immature, but Not the Mature, Subventricular Zone Respond Robustly to Traumatic Brain Injury

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Goodus ◽  
Alanna M. Guzman ◽  
Frances Calderon ◽  
Yuhui Jiang ◽  
Steven W. Levison
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Proliferative Response ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Neural Precursors

Pediatric traumatic brain injury is a significant problem that affects many children each year. Progress is being made in developing neuroprotective strategies to combat these injuries. However, investigators are a long way from therapies to fully preserve injured neurons and glia. To restore neurological function, regenerative strategies will be required. Given the importance of stem cells in repairing damaged tissues and the known persistence of neural precursors in the subventricular zone (SVZ), we evaluated regenerative responses of the SVZ to a focal brain lesion. As tissues repair more slowly with aging, injury responses of male Sprague Dawley rats at 6, 11, 17, and 60 days of age and C57Bl/6 mice at 14 days of age were compared. In the injured immature animals, cell proliferation in the dorsolateral SVZ more than doubled by 48 h. By contrast, the proliferative response was almost undetectable in the adult brain. Three approaches were used to assess the relative numbers of bona fide neural stem cells, as follows: the neurosphere assay (on rats injured at postnatal day 11, P11), flow cytometry using a novel 4-marker panel (on mice injured at P14) and staining for stem/progenitor cell markers in the niche (on rats injured at P17). Precursors from the injured immature SVZ formed almost twice as many spheres as precursors from uninjured age-matched brains. Furthermore, spheres formed from the injured brain were larger, indicating that the neural precursors that formed these spheres divided more rapidly. Flow cytometry revealed a 2-fold increase in the percentage of stem cells, a 4-fold increase in multipotential progenitor-3 cells and a 2.5-fold increase in glial-restricted progenitor-2/multipotential-3 cells. Analogously, there was a 2-fold increase in the mitotic index of nestin+/Mash1- immunoreactive cells within the immediately subependymal region. As the early postnatal SVZ is predominantly generating glial cells, an expansion of precursors might not necessarily lead to the production of many new neurons. On the contrary, many BrdU+/doublecortin+ cells were observed streaming out of the SVZ into the neocortex 2 weeks after injuries to P11 rats. However, very few new mature neurons were seen adjacent to the lesion 28 days after injury. Altogether, these data indicate that immature SVZ cells mount a more robust proliferative response to a focal brain injury than adult cells, which includes an expansion of stem cells, primitive progenitors and neuroblasts. Nonetheless, this regenerative response does not result in significant neuronal replacement, indicating that new strategies need to be implemented to retain the regenerated neurons and glia that are being produced.

scholarly journals Mobilization of Neural Stem Cells and Generation of New Neurons in 6-OHDA–lesioned Rats by Intracerebroventricular Infusion of Liver Growth Factor

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado ◽  
Diana Reimers ◽  
Antonio S. Herranz ◽  
Juan José Díaz-Gil ◽  
Cristina Osuna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Liver Growth ◽  
Neuronal Nuclei ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Infusion ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine

Neural stem cells with self-renewal and multilineage potential persist in the subventricular zone of the adult mammalian forebrain. These cells remain relatively quiescent but, under certain conditions, can be stimulated, giving rise to new neurons. Liver growth factor (LGF) is a mitogen for liver cells that shows biological activity in extrahepatic sites and is useful for neuroregenerative therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential neurogenic activity of LGF in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease. Proliferation was significantly increased in the subventricular zone and denervated striatum of rats receiving ICV LGF infusions, and 25% of the proliferating cells were doublecortin-positive neurons. Doublecortin-positive cells with the morphology of migrating neuroblasts were also observed in the dorsal and ventral regions of the striatum of LGF-infused animals. Moreover, some newly generated cells were neuronal nuclei-positive mature neurons. LGF also stimulated microglia and induced astrogliosis, both phenomena associated with generation and migration of new neurons in the adult brain. In summary, our study shows that LGF stimulates neurogenesis when applied intraventricularly in 6-hydroxydopamine–lesioned rats. Considering that this factor also promotes neuronal migration into damaged tissue, we propose LGF as a novel factor useful for neuronal replacement in neurodegenerative diseases. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:491–502, 2009)

scholarly journals On the Genesis of Neuroblastoma and Glioma

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan de Weille
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Replication Errors ◽  
Genomic Damage ◽  
Pros And Cons

As the emergence of cancer is most frequent in proliferating tissues, replication errors are considered to be at the base of this disease. This review concentrates mainly on two neural cancers, neuroblastoma and glioma, with completely different backgrounds that are well documented with respect to their ontogeny. Although clinical data on other cancers of the nervous system are available, usually little can be said about their origins. Neuroblastoma is initiated in the embryo at a moment when the nervous system (NS) is in full expansion and occasionally genomic damage can lead to neoplasia. Glioma, to the contrary, occurs in the adult brain supposed to be mostly in a postmitotic state. According to current consensus, neural stem cells located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the adult are thought to accumulate enough genomic mutations to diverge on a carcinogenic course leading to diverse forms of glioma. After weighing the pros and cons of this current hypothesis in this review, it will be argued that this may be improbable, yielding to the original old concept of glial origin of glioma.

scholarly journals Activation of a neural stem cell transcriptional program in parenchymal astrocytes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens P. Magnusson ◽  
Margherita Zamboni ◽  
Giuseppe Santopolo ◽  
Jeff E. Mold ◽  
Mauricio Barrientos-Somarribas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Neuronal Lineage ◽  
Epidermal Growth

AbstractNeural stem cells, located in discrete niches in the adult brain, generate new neurons throughout life. These stem cells are specialized astrocytes, but astrocytes in other brain regions do not generate neurons under physiological conditions. After stroke, however, striatal astrocytes undergo neurogenesis in mice, triggered by decreased Notch signaling. We used single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize neurogenesis by Notch-depleted striatal astrocytes in vivo. Striatal astrocytes were located upstream of neural stem cells in the neuronal lineage. As astrocytes initiated neurogenesis, they became transcriptionally very similar to subventricular zone stem cells and progressed through a nearly identical neurogenic program. Surprisingly, in the non- neurogenic cortex, Notch-depleted astrocytes also initiated neurogenesis. Yet, the cortical astrocytes, and many striatal ones, stalled before entering transit- amplifying divisions. Infusion of epidermal growth factor enabled stalled striatal astrocytes to resume neurogenesis. We conclude that parenchymal astrocytes are latent neural stem cells and that targeted interventions can guide them through their neuronal differentiation.

scholarly journals The Postnatal Subventricular Zone: A Source of New Cells in This Old Brain

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Angélique Bordey
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Germinal Center ◽  
Subventricular Zone ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Intercellular Signaling ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Cellular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Migratory Stream

Findings over the past decades demonstrating persistent neurogenesis in the adult brain have challenged the view of a fixed circuitry and raise hopes for self-renewal following brain injury. The subventricular zone (SVZ, also called subependymal layer, SEL) lining the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle is the largest germinal center where stem cells displaying astrocytic traits have been identified. These astrocyte-like cells ensheath neuroblasts, which migrate throughout the SVZ and along the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb where they differentiate into interneurons. The cellular architecture of the SVZ has been essential for the development of hypotheses to explain how intercellular signaling and non-synaptic communication could regulate neurogenesis. An array of signaling molecules have recently been identified that may offer future strategies to promote neurogenesis and reroute neuroblasts to higher cognitive centers.Nepal Journal of Neuroscience, Volume 2, Number 1, 2005, page: 12-23

scholarly journals Neural stem cells: involvement in adult neurogenesis and CNS repair

2008 ◽  
Vol 363 (1500) ◽  
pp. 2111-2122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Okano ◽  
Kazunobu Sawamoto
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cell Transplantation Therapy ◽  
Transplantation Therapy

Recent advances in stem cell research, including the selective expansion of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro , the induction of particular neural cells from embryonic stem cells in vitro , the identification of NSCs or NSC-like cells in the adult brain and the detection of neurogenesis in the adult brain (adult neurogenesis), have laid the groundwork for the development of novel therapies aimed at inducing regeneration in the damaged central nervous system (CNS). There are two major strategies for inducing regeneration in the damaged CNS: (i) activation of the endogenous regenerative capacity and (ii) cell transplantation therapy. In this review, we summarize the recent findings from our group and others on NSCs, with respect to their role in insult-induced neurogenesis (activation of adult NSCs, proliferation of transit-amplifying cells, migration of neuroblasts and survival and maturation of the newborn neurons), and implications for therapeutic interventions, together with tactics for using cell transplantation therapy to treat the damaged CNS.

Reversal of chlorpyrifos neurobehavioral teratogenicity in mice by allographic transplantation of adult subventricular zone-derived neural stem cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 1185-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gadi Turgeman ◽  
Adi Pinkas ◽  
Theodore A. Slotkin ◽  
Matanel Tfilin ◽  
Rachel Langford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Subventricular Zone
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