Evaluation of Admission Blood Glucose Levels in the Intensive Care Unit

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 705-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Fish ◽  
Amy Moore ◽  
Blaine Morgan ◽  
Robyn Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

scholarly journals Evaluation of the oxidative profile of critical patients hospitalized in adult intensive care unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e13-43351
Author(s):  
Lídia Miranda Brinati ◽  
Carla De Fátima Januário ◽  
Silvia Almeida Cardoso ◽  
Tiago Ricardo Moreira ◽  
Daniel Silva Sena Bastos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Reducing Ability ◽  
Critical Patients

The objective of this work was to evaluate and correlate the oxidative stress in patients with uncontrolled blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia) hospitalized in an intensive care unit (ICU). This was a cross-sectional study, performed with 26 patients in an ICU of a hospital in the Zona da Mata in Minas Gerais. Patients with uncontrolled blood glucose levels were evaluated in two moments: on the day of admission (T0) and one day after the uncontrolled glycaemia (DG1). The evaluation of the oxidative profile was determined by the dosage of serum total antioxidant capacity, based on the ability of ferric reduction, determination of enzymatic activity of Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione S-Transferase, lipid peroxidation products and carbonylated proteins. The levels of ferric reducing ability decreased significantly, whereas the activity of the Superoxide Dismutase enzyme increased significantly after uncontrolled glycaemia in relation to the initial time. Although the lipid peroxidation did not change between the times evaluated, the damage marker significantly reduced, shown by carbonylation of proteins after the uncontrolled glycaemia. The critical patients evaluated in this study present altered oxidative profile after the uncontrolled glycaemia, a common problem that imposes the worst prognoses.

Effects of Different Blood Glucose Levels on Critically Ill Patients in an Intensive Care Unit

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 388-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Kang ◽  
Juan Han ◽  
Qun-Cao Yang ◽  
Hui-Lin Huang ◽  
Nan Hao
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Apache Ii Score ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

<b><i>Aims:</i></b> We explore the infection incidence and possible prognostic outcome relevance for patients with different blood glucose levels in an intensive care unit (ICU). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 98 cases were enrolled and divided into three groups based on average fasting blood glucose levels (group A: ≤6.1 mmol/l; group B: 6.1-10 mmol/l; group C: ≥10 mmol/l). <b><i>Results:</i></b> There were no statistical differences in the time to ICU admission, the indwelling durations of gastric tubes, urinary or deep vein catheters, tracheal intubations and tracheotomies, or the length of ventilator use (all p > 0.05). No evident difference in the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome rate was found between the three groups (p = 0.226). The infection and mortality rates between the groups showed significant differences (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, the difference of respiratory system infections was statistically significant among the three groups (p = 0.008), yet no such statistical difference was observed among groups regarding nonrespiratory system infections (p = 0.227). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Critically ill patients with a high blood glucose level were positively correlated with a relatively high APACHE II score and more serious degree of disease, as well as a higher incidence of respiratory infection during their ICU stay than those with lower blood glucose levels (<10 mmol/l).

Improvement of Glucose Control in the Intensive Care Unit: An Interdisciplinary Collaboration Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Holzinger ◽  
Monika Feldbacher ◽  
Adelbert Bachlechner ◽  
Reinhard Kitzberger ◽  
Valentin Fuhrmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Control ◽  
Care Staff ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Control Protocol ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Insulin Use

Background Strict glycemic control in critically ill patients is challenging for both physicians and nurses. Objectives To determine the effect of focused education of intensive care staff followed by implementation of a glucose control protocol. Methods A prospective observational study in a medical intensive care unit in a university hospital. After intensive education of nurses and physicians, a glucose control protocol with a nurse-managed insulin therapy algorithm was developed and implemented. Every measured blood glucose value and insulin dose per hour and per day were documented in 36 patients before and 44 patients after implementation of the protocol. Results Median blood glucose levels decreased after implementation of the protocol (133 vs 110 mg/dL; P &lt; .001). The amounts of time when patients’ blood glucose levels were less than 110 mg/dL and less than 150 mg/dL increased after implementation of the protocol (8% vs 44%; 75% vs 96%; P&lt;.001). The median use of insulin increased after implementation of the protocol (28 vs 35 IU/day; P=.002). Diabetic patients had higher median blood glucose levels than did nondiabetic patients both before (138 vs 131 mg/dL) and after (115 vs 108 mg/dL; P&lt;.001) implementation, although median insulin use also increased (before implementation, 33 vs 26 IU/day; P=.04; after implementation, 46 vs 30 IU/day; P &lt; .001). Conclusions Use of a collaboratively developed glucose control protocol led to decreased median blood glucose levels and to longer periods of normoglycemia. Despite increased insulin use, glucose control was worse in diabetic patients.

Insulin Requirements in the Intensive Care Unit in Response to Infection

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 845-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nell Maloney ◽  
Rebecca C. Britt ◽  
Gregory D. Rushing ◽  
Scott F. Reed ◽  
Fredric C. Cole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Insulin Dose ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Infectious complications in the intensive care unit (ICU) are classically identified when an elevated temperature triggers obtaining cultures. Elevated temperature, however, is a nonspecific marker of infection and may occur well into the course of the infection. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether escalating insulin demands may serve as an earlier marker for infection. A retrospective review of a prospective database from a trauma ICU over a 6-month period was done for all patients who developed infection while in the ICU. All patients in the ICU are placed at admission on an intensive insulin protocol with target blood glucose levels between 80 and 110 mg/dL. Data were collected on infection, insulin needs, blood glucose levels, temperature, white blood cell count, and antibiotic use. Twenty-four infections were identified, with 16 pneumonias, four bloodstream infections, and four urinary tract infections. Twelve of the 24 patients had increasing insulin needs in the 3 days preceding their infection diagnosis, with nine of the 12 requiring continued escalation of insulin needs from preinfection Day 3 to 2 to 1 (D3, D2, D1). In five of the 12 patients, the escalation of insulin dose preceded the elevated temperature, and in three of the 12 patients, the escalation preceded elevation of the white blood cell count above 12. For all 24 patients, the average insulin dose increased steadily, from 1.8 U/hr on D3 preinfection to 2.5 U/hr D2 and 3.1 U/hr D1. Infection does seem to be preceded by escalating insulin demands in many patients. A prospective study to evaluate the value of increased insulin demand as a marker for developing infection is warranted.

Nurse-Led Implementation of a Safe and Effective Intravenous Insulin Protocol in a Medical Intensive Care Unit

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabia Khalaila ◽  
Eugene Libersky ◽  
Dina Catz ◽  
Elina Pomerantsev ◽  
Abed Bayya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Medical Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Intravenous Insulin ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Protocol Group ◽  
Medical Intensive Care

BackgroundRecent evidence has linked tight glucose control to worsened clinical outcomes among adults in intensive care units.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a nurse-led intravenous insulin protocol designed to achieve conservative blood glucose control in patients in a medical intensive care unit.MethodsA nurse-led intravenous insulin protocol was developed, targeting blood glucose levels at 110 to 149 mg/dL. Hypoglycemia was defined as a blood glucose level less than 70 mg/dL. Patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit who required an insulin infusion were enrolled in the study. Blood glucose levels in those patients were compared with levels in 153 historical control patients admitted to the unit in the 12 months before the protocol was implemented who required an insulin infusion.ResultsNinety-six patients were enrolled and treated with the protocol. The protocol and control groups had similar characteristics at baseline. More measurements in the protocol group than in the control group (46.3% vs 36.1%, P&lt;.001) were within the target glucose range (110–149 mg/dL). Hyperglycemia (blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL) occurred less often in the protocol group than in the control group (14.8% vs 20.1%, P=.003). Hypoglycemic events (blood glucose &lt;70 mg/dL) also occurred less often in the protocol group (0.07% vs 0.83%, P&lt;.001).ConclusionsImplementation of a nurse-led, conservative intravenous insulin protocol in the medical intensive care unit is effective and safe and markedly reduces the rate of hypoglycemia.

Nurse-Directed Blood Glucose Management in a Medical Intensive Care Unit

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Compton ◽  
Robert Ahlborn ◽  
Torsten Weidehoff
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Nursing Workload ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Glucose Management

BACKGROUND Insulin-delivery algorithms for achieving glycemic control in the intensive care unit require frequent checks of blood glucose level and thus increase nursing workload. Hypoglycemia is a serious complication associated with intensive insulin therapy. OBJECTIVES To evaluate a nurse-directed protocol for blood glucose management that allows individualized insulin delivery within a predefined blood glucose corridor, intended to avoid hypoglycemia while maintaining adequate control of blood glucose level without increasing nursing workload. METHODS A nurse-directed protocol for blood glucose management was developed by an interprofessional team, and the protocol’s performance was investigated in 175 patients compared with 384 historical controls. RESULTS With the nurse-directed protocol, hypoglycemia incidents declined significantly (31% vs 12%, P &lt; .001), and minimum blood glucose levels increased significantly (80 mg/dL vs 93 mg/dL, P &lt; .001). Mean and maximum blood glucose levels, the proportion of glucose readings within the target range (31% vs 26%, P = .06), and the number of blood glucose checks (59 vs 58, P = .85) remained unchanged with use of the protocol. CONCLUSION Implementation of the nurse-directed protocol for blood glucose management did not increase nursing workload but reduced hypoglycemia incidents significantly while maintaining adequate glycemic control.

scholarly journals The danger of diazoxide in the neonatal intensive care unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 204209862110113
Author(s):  
Jay Desai ◽  
Logan Key ◽  
Alyson Swindall ◽  
Kan Gaston ◽  
Ajay J. Talati
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Adverse Outcome ◽  
Drug Discontinuation ◽  
First Line ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Background: The most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy is hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. When conservative measures fail, providers often use medications to treat persistent hypoglycemia. Diazoxide is first-line therapy for neonatal hypoglycemia and works by inhibiting insulin secretion. Diazoxide is associated with fluid retention, and less commonly with respiratory decompensation and pulmonary hypertension. Case reports documenting these severe adverse events exist in the literature, although the overall incidence, risk factors, and timing for these effects in a newborn are not clearly defined. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of all infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Regional One Health from 1 January 2013 until 15 August 2019, who received diazoxide as a treatment for persistent hypoglycemia secondary to hyperinsulinism. Patients were stratified as either having no adverse event or having an adverse outcome to the medication. A severe adverse outcome was defined as any known major side effect of the medication, which a patient developed within 2 weeks of medication initiation that led to medication discontinuation. Results: From our pharmacy database, we identified a total of 15 babies who received diazoxide for persistent hypoglycemia. Of these patients, eight (53%) were classified as having a complication requiring discontinuation of the medication. Six out of eight patients required intubation with mechanical ventilation and five out of eight patients developed pulmonary hypertension. All patients returned to their baseline respiratory support after drug discontinuation. Conclusions: A total of 53% of our study population had an adverse outcome to diazoxide. Previous studies suggest 5% of patients may have respiratory decompensation and require ventilatory support while on diazoxide; however, 40% of our patients deteriorated and then required mechanical ventilation. Based on our data, respiratory deterioration may be more likely to occur when diazoxide is used in preterm infants, those with lower birth weight and intrauterine growth restriction. Plain language summary The dangers in diazoxide Newborns could experience a transient period of low blood glucose levels soon after birth. However, some may progress to persistent low blood glucose levels that cannot be controlled with adequate glucose infusion and may require other ways of treatment. Diazoxide is the first-line drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for this condition. However, certain cases have reported the development of respiratory deterioration, including increased blood pressure in lung circulation after its use. This prompted a black box warning in 2015 by the FDA. The incidence of neonatal low blood glucose levels seems to have increased and so has the use of this drug. Our study identifies 15 newborns who received diazoxide at Regional One Health neonatal intensive care unit in the past 6 years and reports a significantly higher rate of adverse events in our population leading to drug discontinuation in almost 53% of our cases.

scholarly journals Maximal Glycemic Difference, the Possible Strongest Glycemic Variability Parameter to Predict Mortality in ICU Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Thanaphruet Issarawattana ◽  
Rungsun Bhurayanontachai
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Intensive Care Unit Mortality ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Glycemic Variability ◽  
Glucose Levels

Background. This retrospective study aimed to determine the correlation of blood glucose and glycemic variability with mortality and to identify the strongest glycemic variability parameter for predicting mortality in critically ill patients. Methods. A total of 528 patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit were included in this study. Blood glucose levels during the first 24 hours of admission were recorded and calculated to determine the glycemic variability. Significant glycemic variability parameters, including the standard deviation, coefficient of variation, maximal blood glucose difference, and J-index, were subsequently compared between intensive care unit survivors and nonsurvivors. A binary logistic regression was performed to identify independent factors associated with mortality. To determine the strongest glycemic variability parameter to predict mortality, the area under the receiver operating characteristic of each glycemic variability parameter was determined, and a pairwise comparison was performed. Results. Among the 528 patients, 17.8% (96/528) were nonsurvivors. Both survivor and nonsurvivor groups were clinically comparable. However, nonsurvivors had significantly higher median APACHE-II scores (23 [21, 27] vs. 18 [14, 22]; p < 0.01) and a higher mechanical ventilator support rate (97.4% vs. 74.9%; p < 0.01). The mean blood glucose level and significant glycemic variability parameters were higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors. The maximal blood glucose difference yielded a similar power to the coefficient of variation (p = 0.21) but was significantly stronger than the standard deviation (p = 0.005) and J-index (p = 0.006). Conclusions. Glycemic variability was independently associated with intensive care unit mortality. Higher glycemic variability was identified in the nonsurvivor group regardless of preexisting diabetes mellitus. The maximal blood glucose difference and coefficient of variation of the blood glucose were the two strongest parameters for predicting intensive care unit mortality in this study.

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