Second-use Applications of Lithium-ion Batteries Retired from Electric Vehicles: Challenges, Repurposing Process, Cost Analysis and Optimal Business Model

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (22) ◽  
pp. 518-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
WenChen Lih ◽  
JiehHwang Yen ◽  
FaHwa Shieh ◽  
YuMin Liao
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Process Cost ◽  
Second Use

scholarly journals Advances of 2nd Life Applications for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5726
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wewer ◽  
Pinar Bilge ◽  
Franz Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Electromobility is a new approach to the reduction of CO2 emissions and the deceleration of global warming. Its environmental impacts are often compared to traditional mobility solutions based on gasoline or diesel engines. The comparison pertains mostly to the single life cycle of a battery. The impact of multiple life cycles remains an important, and yet unanswered, question. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate advances of 2nd life applications for lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles based on their energy demand. Therefore, it highlights the limitations of a conventional life cycle analysis (LCA) and presents a supplementary method of analysis by providing the design and results of a meta study on the environmental impact of lithium ion batteries. The study focuses on energy demand, and investigates its total impact for different cases considering 2nd life applications such as (C1) material recycling, (C2) repurposing and (C3) reuse. Required reprocessing methods such as remanufacturing of batteries lie at the basis of these 2nd life applications. Batteries are used in their 2nd lives for stationary energy storage (C2, repurpose) and electric vehicles (C3, reuse). The study results confirm that both of these 2nd life applications require less energy than the recycling of batteries at the end of their first life and the production of new batteries. The paper concludes by identifying future research areas in order to generate precise forecasts for 2nd life applications and their industrial dissemination.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Signal-Based Fault Diagnosis Method for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles

IEEE Access ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 19175-19186
Author(s):  
Jiuchun Jiang ◽  
Xinwei Cong ◽  
Shuowei Li ◽  
Caiping Zhang ◽  
Weige Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Diagnosis Method

scholarly journals Separation and Efficient Recovery of Lithium from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1091
Author(s):  
Eva Gerold ◽  
Stefan Luidold ◽  
Helmut Antrekowitsch
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Efficient Recovery

The consumption of lithium has increased dramatically in recent years. This can be primarily attributed to its use in lithium-ion batteries for the operation of hybrid and electric vehicles. Due to its specific properties, lithium will also continue to be an indispensable key component for rechargeable batteries in the next decades. An average lithium-ion battery contains 5–7% of lithium. These values indicate that used rechargeable batteries are a high-quality raw material for lithium recovery. Currently, the feasibility and reasonability of the hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries is still a field of research. This work is intended to compare the classic method of the precipitation of lithium from synthetic and real pregnant leaching liquors gained from spent lithium-ion batteries with sodium carbonate (state of the art) with alternative precipitation agents such as sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate. Furthermore, the correlation of the obtained product to the used type of phosphate is comprised. In addition, the influence of the process temperature (room temperature to boiling point), as well as the stoichiometric factor of the precipitant, is investigated in order to finally enable a statement about an efficient process, its parameter and the main dependencies.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Compressive Load on a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Application

Machines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Seyed Saeed Madani ◽  
Erik Schaltz ◽  
Søren Knudsen Kær
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Battery Cells

Lithium-ion batteries are being implemented in different large-scale applications, including aerospace and electric vehicles. For these utilizations, it is essential to improve battery cells with a great life cycle because a battery substitute is costly. For their implementation in real applications, lithium-ion battery cells undergo extension during the course of discharging and charging. To avoid disconnection among battery pack ingredients and deformity during cycling, compacting force is exerted to battery packs in electric vehicles. This research used a mechanical design feature that can address these issues. This investigation exhibits a comprehensive description of the experimental setup that can be used for battery testing under pressure to consider lithium-ion batteries’ safety, which could be employed in electrified transportation. Besides, this investigation strives to demonstrate how exterior force affects a lithium-ion battery cell’s performance and behavior corresponding to static exterior force by monitoring the applied pressure at the dissimilar state of charge. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used as the primary technique for this research. It was concluded that the profiles of the achieved spectrums from the experiments seem entirely dissimilar in comparison with the cases without external pressure. By employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was noticed that the pure ohmic resistance, which is related to ion transport resistance of the separator, could substantially result in the corresponding resistance increase.

Lithium iron phosphates as cathode materials in lithium ion batteries for electric vehicles

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaojun Wang ◽  
Linfeng Chen ◽  
Gyanesh N. Mathur ◽  
Vijay K. Varadan
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Cathode Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Iron Phosphates
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