Comparative analysis of insect gut symbionts for composition–function relationships and biofuel application potential

Biofuels ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weibing Shi ◽  
Ugur Uzuner ◽  
Lingxia Huang ◽  
Palmy R Jesudhasan ◽  
Suresh D Pillai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Gut Symbionts ◽  
Insect Gut

scholarly journals Insect Gut Symbiont Susceptibility to Host Antimicrobial Peptides Caused by Alteration of the Bacterial Cell Envelope

2015 ◽  
Vol 290 (34) ◽  
pp. 21042-21053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyeun Kate Kim ◽  
Dae Woo Son ◽  
Chan-Hee Kim ◽  
Jae Hyun Cho ◽  
Roberta Marchetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Bacterial Cell Envelope ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Gut Symbionts ◽  
Insect Gut

The molecular characterization of symbionts is pivotal for understanding the cross-talk between symbionts and hosts. In addition to valuable knowledge obtained from symbiont genomic studies, the biochemical characterization of symbionts is important to fully understand symbiotic interactions. The bean bug (Riptortus pedestris) has been recognized as a useful experimental insect gut symbiosis model system because of its cultivatable Burkholderia symbionts. This system is greatly advantageous because it allows the acquisition of a large quantity of homogeneous symbionts from the host midgut. Using these naïve gut symbionts, it is possible to directly compare in vivo symbiotic cells with in vitro cultured cells using biochemical approaches. With the goal of understanding molecular changes that occur in Burkholderia cells as they adapt to the Riptortus gut environment, we first elucidated that symbiotic Burkholderia cells are highly susceptible to purified Riptortus antimicrobial peptides. In search of the mechanisms of the increased immunosusceptibility of symbionts, we found striking differences in cell envelope structures between cultured and symbiotic Burkholderia cells. The bacterial lipopolysaccharide O antigen was absent from symbiotic cells examined by gel electrophoretic and mass spectrometric analyses, and their membranes were more sensitive to detergent lysis. These changes in the cell envelope were responsible for the increased susceptibility of the Burkholderia symbionts to host innate immunity. Our results suggest that the symbiotic interactions between the Riptortus host and Burkholderia gut symbionts induce bacterial cell envelope changes to achieve successful gut symbiosis.

scholarly journals Spiritual and Philosophical Practices: Together for Community Using the Counseling

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Vasile-Petru Hațegan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Pastoral Counseling ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Community Or ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Counseling Practices

The paper presents characteristics of practices in the humanities that can be manifested through specific forms of counseling, namely spiritual or pastoral counseling and philosophical counseling. Through the comparative analysis of the two practices, interdisciplinary links are identified, reflected at the conceptual and applied level, with both their similarities and differences being highlighted, in order to emphasize the originality and the capacity to adapt to the requirements of the field from which they come. The paper supports the new trend of involvement in communities of specific counseling practices by expanding their application potential from person to group and community, with the help of an adaptation process necessary to achieve the goal in order to bring the practice of counseling to as many persons and to community or society in general.

scholarly journals Dual oxidase enables insect gut symbiosis by mediating respiratory network formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. e2020922118
Author(s):  
Seonghan Jang ◽  
Peter Mergaert ◽  
Tsubasa Ohbayashi ◽  
Kota Ishigami ◽  
Shuji Shigenobu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Respiratory Network ◽  
Gut Homeostasis ◽  
Dual Oxidase ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Gut Symbionts ◽  
Epithelial Immunity ◽  
Insect Gut

Most animals harbor a gut microbiota that consists of potentially pathogenic, commensal, and mutualistic microorganisms. Dual oxidase (Duox) is a well described enzyme involved in gut mucosal immunity by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that antagonizes pathogenic bacteria and maintains gut homeostasis in insects. However, despite its nonspecific harmful activity on microorganisms, little is known about the role of Duox in the maintenance of mutualistic gut symbionts. Here we show that, in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris, Duox-dependent ROS did not directly contribute to epithelial immunity in the midgut in response to its mutualistic gut symbiont, Burkholderia insecticola. Instead, we found that the expression of Duox is tracheae-specific and its down-regulation by RNAi results in the loss of dityrosine cross-links in the tracheal protein matrix and a collapse of the respiratory system. We further demonstrated that the establishment of symbiosis is a strong oxygen sink triggering the formation of an extensive network of tracheae enveloping the midgut symbiotic organ as well as other organs, and that tracheal breakdown by Duox RNAi provokes a disruption of the gut symbiosis. Down-regulation of the hypoxia-responsive transcription factor Sima or the regulators of tracheae formation Trachealess and Branchless produces similar phenotypes. Thus, in addition to known roles in immunity and in the formation of dityrosine networks in diverse extracellular matrices, Duox is also a crucial enzyme for tracheal integrity, which is crucial to sustain mutualistic symbionts and gut homeostasis. We expect that this is a conserved function in insects.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Bacterial Communities in Lutzomyia ayacuchensis Populations with Different Vector Competence to Leishmania Parasites in Ecuador and Peru

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Ahmed Tabbabi ◽  
Shinya Watanabe ◽  
Daiki Mizushima ◽  
Abraham G. Caceres ◽  
Eduardo A Gomez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
Insect Gut

Differences in the gut microbial content of Lutzomyia (Lu.) ayacuchensis, a primary vector of Andean-type cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ecuador and Peru, may influence the susceptibility of these sand flies to infection by Leishmania. As a first step toward addressing this hypothesis, a comparative analysis of bacterial and fungal compositions from Lu. ayacuchensis populations with differential susceptibilities to Leishmania was performed. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplification and Illumina MiSeq sequencing approaches were used to characterize the bacterial composition in wild-caught populations from the Andean areas of Ecuador and southern Peru at which the sand fly species transmit Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana and Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana, respectively, and a population from the northern Peruvian Andes at which the transmission of Leishmania by Lu. ayacuchensis has not been reported. In the present study, 59 genera were identified, 21 of which were widely identified and comprised more than 95% of all bacteria. Of the 21 dominant bacterial genera identified in the sand flies collected, 10 genera had never been detected in field sand flies. The Ecuador and southern Peru populations each comprised individuals of particular genera, while overlap was clearly observed between microbes isolated from different sites, such as the number of soil organisms. Similarly, Corynebacterium and Micrococcus were slightly more dominant bacterial genera in the southern Peru population, while Ochrobactrum was the most frequently isolated from other populations. On the other hand, fungi were only found in the southern Peru population and dominated by the Papiliotrema genus. These results suggest that variation in the insect gut microbiota may be elucidated by the ecological diversity of sand flies in Peru and Ecuador, which may influence susceptibility to Leishmania infection. The present study provides key insights for understanding the role of the microbiota during the course of L. (L.) mexicana and L. (V.) peruviana infections in this important vector.

scholarly journals Insecticide resistance by a host-symbiont reciprocal detoxification

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuya Sato ◽  
Seonghan Jang ◽  
Kazutaka Takeshita ◽  
Hideomi Itoh ◽  
Hideaki Koike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Insect Genome ◽  
Bean Bug ◽  
Gut Symbionts ◽  
Insect Gut ◽  
Powerful Strategy ◽  
Detoxification Process

AbstractInsecticide resistance is one of the most serious problems in contemporary agriculture and public health. Although recent studies revealed that insect gut symbionts contribute to resistance, the symbiont-mediated detoxification process remains unclear. Here we report the in vivo detoxification process of an organophosphorus insecticide, fenitrothion, in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris. Using transcriptomics and reverse genetics, we reveal that gut symbiotic bacteria degrade this insecticide through a horizontally acquired insecticide-degrading enzyme into the non-insecticidal but bactericidal compound 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, which is subsequently excreted by the host insect. This integrated “host-symbiont reciprocal detoxification relay” enables the simultaneous maintenance of symbiosis and efficient insecticide degradation. We also find that the symbiont-mediated detoxification process is analogous to the insect genome-encoded fenitrothion detoxification system present in other insects. Our findings highlight the capacity of symbiosis, combined with horizontal gene transfer in the environment, as a powerful strategy for an insect to instantly eliminate a toxic chemical compound, which could play a critical role in the human-pest arms race.

scholarly journals Genomic Comparison of Insect Gut Symbionts from Divergent Burkholderia Subclades

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Kazutaka Takeshita ◽  
Yoshitomo Kikuchi
Keyword(s):  
Genome Comparison ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Stink Bugs ◽  
Monophyletic Clade ◽  
Genomic Comparison ◽  
Genomic Features ◽  
The Family ◽  
Gut Symbionts ◽  
Whole Genome Comparison ◽  
Insect Gut

Stink bugs of the superfamilies Coreoidea and Lygaeoidea establish gut symbioses with environmentally acquired bacteria of the genus Burkholderia sensu lato. In the genus Burkholderia, the stink bug-associated strains form a monophyletic clade, named stink bug-associated beneficial and environmental (SBE) clade (or Caballeronia). Recently, we revealed that members of the family Largidae of the superfamily Pyrrhocoroidea are associated with Burkholderia but not specifically with the SBE Burkholderia; largid bugs harbor symbionts that belong to a clade of plant-associated group of Burkholderia, called plant-associated beneficial and environmental (PBE) clade (or Paraburkholderia). To understand the genomic features of Burkholderia symbionts of stink bugs, we isolated two symbiotic Burkholderia strains from a bordered plant bug Physopellta gutta (Pyrrhocoroidea: Largidae) and determined their complete genomes. The genome sizes of the insect-associated PBE (iPBE) are 9.5 Mb and 11.2 Mb, both of which are larger than the genomes of the SBE Burkholderia symbionts. A whole-genome comparison between two iPBE symbionts and three SBE symbionts highlighted that all previously reported symbiosis factors are shared and that 282 genes are specifically conserved in the five stink bug symbionts, over one-third of which have unknown function. Among the symbiont-specific genes, about 40 genes formed a cluster in all five symbionts; this suggests a “symbiotic island” in the genome of stink bug-associated Burkholderia.

High Voltage Electron Microscopy of Viral Inclusion Bodies

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 486-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M. Mazzone ◽  
W.F. Engler ◽  
G. Wray ◽  
A. Szirmae ◽  
J. Conroy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Pest Insects ◽  
Viral Inclusion ◽  
Insect Gut

Viral inclusion bodies isolated from infected pest insects are being evaluated by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture as biological insecticides against their hosts. Our research on these inclusion bodies constitutes part of an effort to support their approval by the Environmental Protection Agency as insect control agents. The inclusion bodies in this study are polyhedral in shape and contain rod-shaped viral particles. When ingested by pest insects, the inclusion bodies are broken down in the insect gut and release the viral particles which infect and multiply in the nuclei of host cells. These viruses are termed nucleopolyhedrosis viruses (NPV) and are representatives of the baculoviruses (Wildy, P. 1971 IN J.L. Melnick, ed., Monographs in Virology, vol. 5, S.Karger, New York).

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