Impacts of forage grazing and cultivation on near-surface relative compaction

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Twerdoff ◽  
D. S. Chanasyk ◽  
E. Mapfumo ◽  
M. A. Naeth ◽  
V. S. Baron
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Depth Interval ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Volumetric Moisture Content ◽  
Relative Compaction

The study was conducted at the Lacombe Research Station, Alberta, on an Orthic Black Chernozem of loam to silt loam texture to investigate grazing impacts and cultivation on near-surface soil compaction. Four forages, smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss 'Carlton'), meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem 'Paddock'), a mixture of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack 'Pika') and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. AC Lacombe), and triticale were used for the study. Each forage species was subjected to heavy, medium and light intensity grazing. Measurements of bulk density and volumetric moisture content for the 0- to 10-cm depth interval were conducted using a surface moisture-density probe between spring 1994 and fall 1996. Relative compaction was calculated as the actual bulk density expressed as a percentage of the Proctor maximum density. Relative compaction values for all treatments and that for the benchmark were less than 90%, which is considered critical for limiting plant growth. Cultivation reduced bulk density under annual forages by only 3% and lowered it under heavy grazed annual treatments most. Regression analysis conducted on the dependence of bulk density to cumulative cow-days indicated a curvilinear relationship. Bulk density increased more rapidly with increasing cumulative cow-days for annuals compared to perennials. From a management perspective, adopting intensive rotational grazing systems for perennial and annual forages may not cause any serious surface compaction problems for soils in this area. Key words: Annuals, bulk density, cow-days, grazing intensity, perennials, volumetric moisture content

Use of Time Domain Reflectometry to Estimate Moisture and Density of Unbound Road Materials: Laboratory Calibration and Field Investigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2655 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habibullah Bhuyan ◽  
Alexander Scheuermann ◽  
Didier Bodin ◽  
Rolf Becker
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Voltage Drop ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Volumetric Moisture Content

Soil moisture content and dry density of unbound granular pavement materials are important properties for compaction control that influence pavement performance under cyclic loading. Under these loading conditions, increasing moisture content can accelerate significant changes in density. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a method for measuring the moisture content and density of soils with rod probe sensors. This paper introduces new calibration functions for TDR measurements using these rod probe sensors embedded in the soil. TDR measurements were taken in the laboratory for a typical road base material at two basically different conditions: at constant moisture content with different dry densities and at constant dry density with different moisture contents. In this study, a relationship was developed between the voltage drop occurring for the passage of an electromagnetic wave through the soil and the bulk density. The permittivity of the soil sample obtained from the travel time of TDR signals was used to calculate the volumetric moisture content. Finally, the gravimetric moisture content was obtained from the volumetric moisture content and bulk density relationship. For the validation of the calibration functions, rod probe sensors were installed in a road to obtain in situ moisture content and density under field conditions. Laboratory results indicate that the calibration functions are independent of moisture and density, and the field test shows the applicability of the method. The newly developed calibration functions allow for the monitoring of the long-term pavement performance, leading to a better understanding of the time-dependent evolution of, for example, rutting of roads.

Calibration and modification of impedance probe for near surface soil moisture measurements

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Tsegaye ◽  
W. Tadesse ◽  
T. L. Coleman ◽  
T. J. Jackson ◽  
H. Tewolde
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Shallow Depth ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Impedance Probe

A reliable and low cost sensor that can measure soil moisture at or near the soil surface is currently not available. The objectives of this study were: (i) to evaluate the possibility of modifying an impedance probe (IP) to measure soil moisture content at a very shallow depth (2–5 cm); and (ii) to compare the soil moisture values obtained using the IP to the values obtained using the traditional gravimetric method. The research was conducted at the Winfred A. Thomas Agricultural Research Station (WTARS) Hazel Green, Alabama. The standard IP that is capable of measuring soil moisture content at 6-cm soil depth was modified to measure soil moisture at 2-, 3-, and 5-cm depths. Using a site and depth-specific calibration technique it provided results that were comparable to the values that were obtained following the traditional gravimetric water content determination protocol. We found that the instrument was very sensitive to changes in soil moisture content and has great potential as a replacement for the gravimetric technique. It allows repetitive measurements of soil moisture content at a very shallow depth with minimal soil disturbance. Fur thermore, the instrument is particularly valuable for providing ground- truth soil moisture contents to validate remotely sensed data. Key words: Soil moisture, remote sensing, impedance probe, ground-truth, validation

Soil compaction under grazing of annual and perennial forages

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Mapfumo ◽  
D. S. Chanasyk ◽  
M. A. Naeth ◽  
V. S. Baron
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Depth Interval ◽  
Heavy Medium ◽  
Relative Compaction ◽  
Proctor Test ◽  
Grazing Intensities ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated the impact of heavy, medium and light grazing of meadow bromegrass an triticale on soil bulk density, relative compaction and penetration resistance. The study was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta, on a Orthic Black Chernozem of loam to silt loam texture. Sampling was conducted in fall 1995, spring 1996, fall 1996 and spring 1997. Core samples to a 15-cm depth were collected for measurement of bulk density and moisture content. Penetration resistance to 15 cm was measured with a hand-pushed cone penetrometer. The standard Proctor test was used to determine maximum bulk density. Relative compaction was the ratio of actual bulk density to the Proctor maximum bulk density expressed as a percentage. Surface (0–2.5 cm) bulk density and penetration resistance were significantly greater under heavily grazed than under medium and lightly grazed meadow bromegrass only for fall 1995. Differences in bulk density, relative compaction and penetration resistance for different grazing intensities in spring and fall 1996 and spring 1997 were either small or not significant. Generally, bulk density decreased over winter in the top 2.5 cm, was not consistent in the 5- to 10-cm depth interval and did not change in the 10- to 15-cm interval. Except in fall 1995, the relative compaction values for all grazing intensities and forage species were less than 90%, a value considered critical for plant growth. Generally, within each grazing level, there were minimal differences in bulk density, relative compaction and penetration resistance under triticale compared to those under meadow bromegrass. Key words: Bulk density, relative compaction, penetration resistance

Barley seed storage under controlled conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Zadorozhna ◽  
T. P. Shyianova ◽  
M.Yu. Skorokhodov
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Storage

Seed longevity of 76 spring barley gene pool samples (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. distichon, convar. distichon: 56 nutans Schubl., two deficience (Steud.) Koern., two erectum Rode ex Shuebl., two medicum Koern.; convar. nudum (L.) A.Trof.: one nudum L. та subsp. vulgare: convar. vulgare: nine pallidum Ser., three rikotense Regel.; convar. coeleste (L.) A.Trof.: one coeleste (L.) A.Trof.) from 26 countries, 11 years and four places of reproduction was analyzed. Seeds with 5–8% moisture content were stored in chamber with unregulated and 4oC temperature. The possibility of seed storage under these conditions for at least 10 years without significant changes in germination has been established. The importance of meteorological conditions in the formation and ripening of seeds for their longevity is confirmed. The relationship between the decrease of barley seeds longevity and storage conditions, amount of rainfall, temperature regime during the growing season of plants is discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Properties of Wood Flour and Wood Pellets Manufactured from Secondary Processing Mill Residues

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2487
Author(s):  
Geeta Pokhrel ◽  
Yousoo Han ◽  
Douglas J. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Secondary Processing ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Mill Residues

The generation of secondary processing mill residues from wood processing facilities is extensive in the United States. Wood flour can be manufactured utilizing these residues and an important application of wood flour is as a filler in the wood–plastic composites (WPCs). Scientific research on wood flour production from mill residues is limited. One of the greatest costs involved in the supply chain of WPCs manufacturing is the transportation cost. Wood flour, constrained by low bulk densities, is commonly transported by truck trailers without attaining allowable weight limits. Because of this, shipping costs often exceed the material costs, consequently increasing raw material costs for WPC manufacturers and the price of finished products. A bulk density study of wood flour (190–220 kg/m3) and wood pellets (700–750 kg/m3) shows that a tractor-trailer can carry more than three times the weight of pellets compared to flour. Thus, this study focuses on exploring the utilization of mill residues from four wood species in Maine to produce raw materials for manufacturing WPCs. Two types of raw materials for the manufacture of WPCs, i.e., wood flour and wood pellets, were produced and a study of their properties was performed. At the species level, red maple 40-mesh wood flour had the highest bulk density and lowest moisture content. Spruce-fir wood flour particles were the finest (dgw of 0.18 mm). For all species, the 18–40 wood flour mesh size possessed the highest aspect ratio. Similarly, on average, wood pellets manufactured from 40-mesh particles had a lower moisture content, higher bulk density, and better durability than the pellets from unsieved wood flour. Red maple pellets had the lowest moisture content (0.12%) and the highest bulk density (738 kg/m3). The results concluded that the processing of residues into wood flour and then into pellets reduced the moisture content by 76.8% and increased the bulk density by 747%. These material property parameters are an important attempt to provide information that can facilitate the more cost-efficient transport of wood residue feedstocks over longer distances.

scholarly journals Parameters of Trucks and Loads in the Transport of Scots Pine Wood Biomass Depending on the Season and Moisture Content of the Load

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Trzciński ◽  
Łukasz Tymendorf ◽  
Paweł Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Gross Vehicle Weight ◽  
Bulk Volume ◽  
Average Quantity

Transport of wood biomass is one of the key operations in forestry and in the wood industry. An important part is the transport of shredded wood, where the most common forms are chips and sawdust. The aim of the research was to present the variability of the total weight of trucks (gross vehicle weight, GVW), the weight of the empty trucks (tare), and loads of chips and sawdust in different periods of the year. Changes in specific parameters were analyzed: GVW; tare weight; trailer capacity; use of the trailer load capacity; bulk volume and bulk density of wood biomass loads; solid cubic meter (m3) and weight of 1m3 of the load; and load weight depending on the season, with simultaneous measurements of wood chips and sawdust moisture. More than 250 transports from four seasons of the year were analyzed in the research. It was found that the total weight of trucks (GVW) was at a comparable level, on average from 39.42 to 39.64 Mg with slight differences (with SD 0.29 and 0.39). The weight of empty trucks was 16.15 Mg for chip-bearing trucks and 15.93 Mg for sawdust-bearing trucks (with SD 0.604 and 0.526). The type of wood material has an influence on the transported volume. The average quantity of load in the bulk cubic meter was 64.783 m3 for wood chips (SD 3.127) and 70.465 m3 (SD 2.516) for sawdust. Over 30% differences in the volume of transported wood chips and approximately 18% for sawdust were observed. The use of the loading capacity of the trailer was on average 72.58% (SD 5.567) for the transport of wood chips and 77.42% (SD 3.019) for the transport of sawdust. The sawdust bulk density was from 0.3050 to 0.4265 Mg⋅m−3 for wood chips and 0.3200 to 0.3556 Mg⋅m−3 for sawdust. This parameter is significantly dependent on moisture content, and the determined correlation functions can be used for estimating and predicting bulk density. The abovementioned absolute moisture content of chips and sawdust also depends on the season, which also affects the selected parameters of wood biomass loads.

Measuring the Thermo-Technical Parameters of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

2016 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Struhárová
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Capillary Absorption ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete ◽  
Aerated Concrete ◽  
Technical Properties

Bulk density and moisture content are factors that significantly affect the physical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) including thermal conductivity and other thermo-technical characteristics. This article shows the results of measurements of compressive strength, capillary absorption, water absorption and porosity of AAC (ash on fluidized fly ash) at different bulk density and also the results of thermal conductivity of AAC at different bulk density and variable moisture content of the material. The thermo-technical properties were measured using the Isomet 2104, a portable measuring device. Acquired results demonstrate dependence of physical properties including thermal conductivity of AAC on bulk density and moisture content. The reliability and accuracy of the method of measuring was also shown.

Physical Quality of Turmeric Powder (Curcuma longga Linn) Result of Foam-mat Drying Method Using Microwave

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
Dhinar Patliani ◽  
Dian Purbasari
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Oil Absorption ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Two Factors

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L) in Indonesia is widely known as a herbal medicinal plant, food coloring, and food flavoring. The high water content of turmeric will shorten the storage time and the quality of the ingredients. The need for drying which is the process of removing the moisture content of the material with the aim of prolonging the shelf life. The use of the foam-mat drying method with the addition of adhesives aims to speed up the drying process and maintain the quality of a material. The result of drying turmeric obtained is turmeric powder product. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, namely the variation of the microwave oven power and the composition of the developer agent (ovalet). The research procedure was divided into two stages, namely the manufacture of powder and continued with the measurement of physical quality. The stages of making powder begin with the preparation of raw materials, stripping, size reduction, addition of developer, drying, then grinding. The second stage is measuring physical quality, namely fineness modulus, average grain size, powder moisture content, color, water absorption, oil absorption, and bulk density. The power variations used are 420 watts, 535 watts, and 680 watts, while the composition of the developer is 1%, 2%, and 4%. Data analysis using two-way ANOVA statistical test with two factors that affect the variation of power and composition of the developer (ovalet). FM values ​​ranged from 0.364 – 1.576, D values ​​ranged from 0.005 – 0.0012 mm, final moisture content values ​​ranged from 7.60 – 9.59%, powder moisture content values ​​ranged from 9.47 – 11.43%ww , L values ​​ranged from 61.46 – 65.96, a values ​​ranged from 13.54 – 16.05, b values ​​ranged from 48.21 – 52.42, DSA values ​​ranged from 2.78 – 3.54 ml/ g, DSM values ​​ranged from 1.22 – 1.60 ml/g, and DC values ​​ranged from 0.38 – 0.44 g/cm3. The combination treatment of drying power with developer is influenced by the drying power of the parameters, namely the value of moisture content, fineness modulus, average grain size, brightness level, redness level, yellowness level, oil absorption, water absorption, and bulk density. While the developer affects the finenes modulus, average grain size, yellowness level, and bulk density.

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