Comparison of three methods of measuring surface area of soils

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Sorptive Capacity ◽  
Measuring Surface ◽  
Glycol Monoethyl Ether ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Impact

Surface area (SA) is an important property of soils, but different methods can give widely different estimates of SA, and of the contribution of organic matter to SA. This study was undertaken to compare two common methods of measuring SA (EGME [ethylene glycol monoethyl ether] and N2 sorption) with SA estimates using H2O sorption on selected Saskatchewan soils; some soils from Kenya were included to show the impact of clay mineralogy. For the Saskatchewan soils, the three estimates of SA were highly correlated to each other and to clay content, but SA EGME was 2 to 3 times SA H2O and 7 to 52 times SA N2. Organic matter did not appear to contribute to SA EGME, increased SA H2O and decreased SA N2. Clearly the three methods differ in their access to internal and external surface area and this should affect their utility as indices of the sorptive capacity of field soils. Key words: Surface area, EGME, N2 sorption, water sorption

RELATIONSHIPS OF SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA AND CLAY CONTENT TO SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL OF SOILS HAVING DIFFERENT CLAY MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITIONS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. ROSS
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Swell Potential ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Mineralogical Compositions

Data for 22 samples from 17 pedons were analyzed for relationships of specific surface area and amounts and kinds of clay to coefficient of linear extensibility, as determined by the paste method (COLErod), and to free swelling index (FSI). The soils were divided into three main groups according to their clay mineralogy. The clay of the first group was micaceous, that of the second group kaolinitic, and that of the third group montmorillonitic. Both clay contents and specific surface areas of the combined first and second groups of soils were closely related to COLErod (r2 = 0.81 and r2 = 0.91) with specific surface area giving the higher correlation. The correlation of clay content with COLErod decreased markedly, however, when the montmorillonitic soils were included (r2 = 0.56). In contrast, the correlation of specific surface area with COLErod remained high (r2 = 0.97), indicating that for the soils used in this study, specific surface area was more basic with respect to shrink–swell potential than was clay content. Specific surface area was also highly correlated with FSI (r2 = 0.96) which was expected from the close relationship between COLErod and FSI (r2 = 0.95).

Adsorption, Mobility, and Efficacy of Metribuzin as Influenced by Soil Properties

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 868-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. John Peter ◽  
Jerome B. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Glycol Monoethyl Ether ◽  
Highly Correlated

The effect of various soil parameters on metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] efficacy was studied on seven soils and metribuzin adsorption was investigated in nine soils. Soil organic-matter and clay contents were correlated with metribuzin activity. Specific surface area, as measured by ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) was highly correlated with metribuzin activity. Soil organic-matter content and EGME surface area measurements were also highly correlated with metribuzin adsorption in soils. Since metribuzin is highly water soluble (water solubility greater than 1000 ppm), it was probably adsorbed at the hydrophilic sites on the soil surfaces that were measured by EGME. Metribuzin was much more mobile than atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] in a leaching study.

Chemical EOR in Low Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs: Impact of Clay Content on the Transport of Polymer and Surfactant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imane Guetni ◽  
Claire Marlière ◽  
David Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Depth Propagation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Polymer Retention ◽  
Injection Strategies

Abstract Application of chemical enhanced oil recovery (C-EOR) processes to low-permeability sandstone reservoirs (in the 10-100 mD range) can be very challenging as strong retention and difficult in-depth propagation of polymer and surfactant can occur. Transport properties of C-EOR chemicals are particularly related to porous media mineralogy (clay content). The present experimental study aimed at identifying base mechanisms and providing general recommendations to design economically viable C-EOR injection strategies in low permeability clayey reservoirs. Polymer and surfactant injection corefloods were conducted using granular packs (quartz and clay mixtures) with similar petrophysical characteristics (permeability 70-130 mD) but having various mineralogical compositions (pure quartz sand, sand with 8 wt-% kaolinite and sand with 8 wt-% smectite). The granular packs were carefully characterized in terms of structure (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). The main observables from the coreflood tests were the resistance and residual resistance factors generated during the chemical injections, the irreversible polymer retention and the surfactant retention in various injection scenarios (polymer alone, surfactant alone, polymer and surfactant). A first, the impact of the clay contents on the retention of polymer and surfactant considered independently was examined. Coreflood results have shown that retention per unit mass of rock strongly increased in presence of both kaolinite and smectite, but not in the same way for both chemicals. For polymer, retention was about twice higher with kaolinite than with smectite, despite the fact that the measured specific surface area of the kaolinite was about 5 times less than that of the smectite. Conversely, for surfactant, retention was much higher with smectite than with kaolinite. Secondly, the impact of the presence of surfactant on the polymer in-depth propagation and retention was investigated in pure quartz and kaolinite-bearing porous media. In both mineralogies, the resistance factor quickly stabilized when polymer was injected alone whereas injection of larger solution volumes was required to reach stabilization when surfactant was present. In pure quartz, polymer retention was shown, surprisingly, to be one order of magnitude higher in presence of surfactant whereas with kaolinite, surfactant did not impact polymer retention. The results can be interpreted by considering adsorption-governed retention. The mechanistic pictures being that (a) large polymer macromolecules are not able to penetrate the porosity of smectite aggregates, whereas surfactant molecules can, and (b) that surfactant and polymer mixed adsorbed layers can be formed on surfaces with limited affinity for polymer. Overall, this study shows that C-EOR can be applied in low permeability reservoirs but that successful injection strategies will strongly depend on mineralogy.

scholarly journals The role of clay content and mineral surface area for soil organic carbon storage in an arable toposequence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen A. Schweizer ◽  
Carsten W. Mueller ◽  
Carmen Höschen ◽  
Pavel Ivanov ◽  
Ingrid Kögel-Knabner
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Mineral Surface ◽  
Mineral Surface Area ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCorrelations between organic carbon (OC) and fine mineral particles corroborate the important role of the abundance of soil minerals with reactive surfaces to bind and increase the persistence of organic matter (OM). The storage of OM broadly consists of particulate and mineral-associated forms. Correlative studies on the impact of fine mineral soil particles on OM storage mostly combined data from differing sites potentially confounded by other environmental factors. Here, we analyzed OM storage in a soil clay content gradient of 5–37% with similar farm management and mineral composition. Throughout the clay gradient, soils contained 14 mg OC g−1 on average in the bulk soil without showing any systematic increase. Density fractionation revealed that a greater proportion of OC was stored as occluded particulate OM in the high clay soils (18–37% clay). In low clay soils (5–18% clay), the fine mineral-associated fractions had up to two times higher OC contents than high clay soils. Specific surface area measurements revealed that more mineral-associated OM was related to higher OC loading. This suggests that there is a potentially thicker accrual of more OM at the same mineral surface area within fine fractions of the low clay soils. With increasing clay content, OM storage forms contained more particulate OC and mineral-associated OC with a lower surface loading. This implies that fine mineral-associated OC storage in the studied agricultural soils was driven by thicker accrual of OM and decoupled from clay content limitations.

Adsorption and Efficacy of Trifluralin and Butralin as Influenced by Soil Properties

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. John Peter ◽  
Jerome B. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Adsorption ◽  
Glycol Monoethyl Ether ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Significantly higher rates of butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] were required to produce the same level of weed control as trifluralin [2,6-dinitro -N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine] when applied to soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] on seven different soils in the field. Higher rates of butralin were also required to control barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. ♯ ECHCG] in growth chamber studies. No differences in the extent of soil adsorption of trifluralin and butralin were apparent; therefore, differences in efficacy could not be attributed to differences in soil adsorption. Herbicide rates required for 80% weed control and Freundlich K-values (adsorption capacity indices) were mostly highly correlated with soil organic-matter content and soil surface area as measured by benzyl ethyl ether (BEE) and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) on nine soils. Analysis of the organic-matter content of the nine soils by 10 soil testing laboratories resulted in highly significant differences among laboratories.

scholarly journals Absorption of 1-MCP by Nontarget Materials during Storage

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1131D-1131
Author(s):  
Fernando Vallejo ◽  
Randolph Beaudry
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
External Surface Area ◽  
Sorptive Capacity ◽  
Holding Period ◽  
Storage Atmosphere ◽  
Wall Construction ◽  
The Impact

We tested the sorptive capacity of a number of nontarget materials found in apple storage rooms on their capacity to remove 1-MCP from the storage atmosphere and thereby compete with the fruit for the active compound. Furthermore, we evaluated the impact of temperature and moisture. Nontarget materials included bin construction materials [high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), weathered oak, nonweathered oak, plywood, and cardboard] and wall construction materials (polyurethane foam and cellulose-based fire retardant). Each piece had an external surface area of 76.9 cm2. We placed our “nontarget” materials in 1-L mason jars and added 1-MCP gas to the headspace at an initial concentration of ≈30 μL·L-1. Gas concentrations were measured after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 hours. The concentration of 1-MCP in empty jars was stable for the 24-hour holding period. Little to no sorption was detected in jars containing dry samples of HDPE, PP, cardboard, polyurethane foam, or fire retardant. Inclusion of plywood, nonweathered oak, and weathered oak lead to a loss of 10%, 55%, and 75% of the 1-MCP after 24 hours, respectively. Using dampened materials, no sorption resulted from the inclusion of HDPE, PP, polyurethane foam, or the fire retardant. However, the rate of sorption of 1-MCP by dampened cardboard, plywood, weathered oak, and nonweathered oak increased markedly, resulting in a depletion of ≈98%, 70%, 98%, and 98%, respectively. The data suggest that there are situations where 1-MCP levels can be compromised by wooden and cardboard bin and bin liner materials, but not by plastic bin materials or typical wall construction materials.

Threshold electrolyte concentration and dispersive potential in relation to CROSS in dispersive soils

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Marchuk ◽  
Pichu Rengasamy
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Electrolyte Concentration ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchangeable Cation ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Dispersive Soils ◽  
Cation Ratio

We have used the newly developed concept of CROSS (cation ratio of soil structural stability) instead of SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) in our study on dispersive soils. CROSS incorporates the differential dispersive powers of Na and K and the differences in the flocculating effects of Ca and Mg. The CROSS of the dispersed soil solutions, from the differently treated soils of three soil types varying in clay content, mineralogy, and organic matter, was highly correlated with the amount of clay dispersed. The relation between CROSS and exchangeable cation ratio depended on soil type, and particularly organic matter and the content and mineralogy of clay. Threshold electrolyte concentration of the flocculated suspensions was significantly correlated with CROSS of the dispersed suspensions. The cationic flocculating charge of the flocculated suspensions, which incorporates the individual flocculating powers of the cations, was significantly correlated with CROSS. However, these types of relations will depend on several soil factors even within a given soil class. Therefore, we have derived the dispersive potential of an individual soil from which we calculated the required cationic amendments to maintain flocculated soils and their structural integrity.

Comparison of shrink-swell indices of some Saskatchewan soils and their relationships to standard soil characteristics

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. De Jong ◽  
L. M. Kozak ◽  
H. B. Storehouse
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Linear Extension ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Plasticity Index ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Undisturbed Samples ◽  
Standard Soil ◽  
Highly Correlated

Shrink-swell indices for 27 soil samples (representing the major horizons of eight soil profiles) were determined and related to soil texture, organic and inorganic C content, and specific surface area. The coefficient of linear extension was measured from saturation and from 33 kPa matric suction to oven-dryness on undisturbed clods (COLEclod) and on remolded samples of the less than 2-mm fraction (COLErod); the Atterberg limits were determined on the less than 0.4-mm fraction. COLEclod, COLErod and the plasticity index were highly correlated with each other and with clay content and surface area, but not with organic or inorganic C. The extent of the shrinkage was significantly (P > 0.01) related to the water content at the start of the shrinkage test; this relationship was clearer for the remolded than the undisturbed samples, possibly due to the structure of the clods. Key words: Coefficient of linear extension, plasticity index, clods vs. remolded, texture, organic carbon

Rain energy and soil amendments effects on infiltration and erosion of three different soil types

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Levin ◽  
M Ben-Hur ◽  
M Gal ◽  
GJ Levy
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Infiltration Parameters

The effect of rain kinetic energy and soil amendments on infiltration and erosion from three Israeli soils was studied using a drip-type simulator. The soil samples were from the top layer (0-250 mm depth) of cultivated fields differing in their texture, specific surface area and lime content. Three kinetic energies of raindrops were obtained by varying heights of fall (h = 0.4, 1-0 and 1.6 m) of 3 mm diameter drops. The soil types studied were Typic Chromoxerert, Typic Rhodoxeralf and Calcic Haploxeralf. Soil amendments were phosphogypsum (PG) and a combined application of an anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) with PG. An increase in the impact energy of the raindrops reduced depth of rain before ponding, final infiltration rate (FIR), cumulative infiltration (i.e. infiltration parameters) and increased soil erosion. The addition of PAM+PG to the soil surface significantly increased the infiltration parameters and reduced erosion compared with the PG and control treatments. The Typic Chromoxerert was the least susceptible of the three soils to sealing, probably because of its high smectitic clay content, high specific surface area and high CaCO3 content which stabilize soil structure. The Typic Rhodoxeralf with the lowest specific surface area was the most susceptible to clay dispersion, and seal formation. Relative to the Typic Chromoxerert and the Typic Rhodoxeralf, the Calcic Haploxeralf was intermediate in its susceptibility to seal formation.

CATION EXCHANGE AND ASSOCIATED PROPERTIES OF SOME SOILS FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Clark ◽  
A. J. Green ◽  
W. E. Nichol
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
High Base ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Extractable Al

Studies of the cation exchange properties of the soils of Vancouver Island, British Columbia showed that, in general, the soils had high base saturation even though the precipitation was high. There was no consistent relation between the corrected lime potential values for the soils and the annual precipitation. The pH-dependent CEC values of the soils were highly correlated with organic matter and oxalate-extractable Al but poorer correlations were obtained with the clay content and oxalate-extractable Fe. The correlation between pH-dependent CEC and citrate-dithionite-extractable Fe was not significant. Complexes of Al with organic matter appeared to be the main source of the pH-dependent CEC in the soils.Soils from the drier southeastern part of the Island with fragipans had as low or lower corrected lime potential values in the upper part of the profile than did soils from the more humid and more densely forested parts of the Island. Although oxalate-extractable Al was accumulated in the upper solum of soils with fragipans there was no pronounced enrichment of either oxalate- or citrate-dithionite-extractable Fe. The corrected lime potential pattern and the free oxide distribution of the soils with fragipans differed from the soils without fragipans.

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