Effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration in barley and fallow plots

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. O. Akinremi ◽  
S. M. McGinn ◽  
H. D. J. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Flux Chamber ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Agricultural systems are sources and sinks for carbon and to quantify the net effect of these systems on atmospheric CO2 concentration, the amounts of carbon fixed in primary production and that respired by the soil must be known. The objectives of our study were (1) to quantify the amount of soil respiration from fallow and barley plots during the growing season; and (2) to determine the relationship between these fluxes and soil temperature and moisture. This study was conducted on field plots measuring 200 by 200 m with one plot planted to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) while the other plot was in fallow. Two automated chambers were permanently installed in the fallow plot and three in the barley plot at the start of the growing season. When CO2 fluxes were integrated over a 24-h period, the daily soil respiration under fallow ranged from a low of 1.6 g CO2 m−2 d−1 on a dry day to a high of 8.3 g CO2 m−2 d−1 on a wet day. The corresponding values for barley were 3.3 and 18.5 g CO2 m−2 d−1 in 1994. Similar values were obtained in 1996 and, on average, daily soil respiration under barley was twice of that under fallow. The integrated daily CO2 flux under fallow was strongly related to daily soil moisture and mean soil temperature with moisture alone accounting for 76 to 80% of the variation in CO2 flux. While good relationships were obtained between soil moisture and CO2 flux under fallow, the relationship under barley was not as good. The CO2 fluxes, measured eight times per day, displayed a diurnal pattern similar to that of soil temperature; however, there was no consistent quantitative relationship between these 3-hourly fluxes and temperature. A poor relationship was obtained when the fluxes during several days were related to soil temperature as soil moisture confounded flux-temperature relationship. Under the semi-arid conditions of southern Alberta, moisture is the main parameter controlling soil respiration during the growing season. Key words: Soil respiration, soil moisture, soil temperature, CO2 flux, chamber measurements, diurnal CO2 flux

Ecological responses of Stipa steppe in Inner Mongolia to experimentally increased temperature and precipitation. 3. Soil respiration

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuexia Wang ◽  
Yali Chen ◽  
Yulong Yan ◽  
Zhiqiang Wan ◽  
Ran Chao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Soil Respiration Rate ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation

The response of soil respiration to simulated climatic warming and increased precipitation was evaluated on the arid–semi-arid Stipa steppe of Inner Mongolia. Soil respiration rate had a single peak during the growing season, reaching a maximum in July under all treatments. Soil temperature, soil moisture and their interaction influenced the soil respiration rate. Relative to the control, warming alone reduced the soil respiration rate by 15.6 ± 7.0%, whereas increased precipitation alone increased the soil respiration rate by 52.6 ± 42.1%. The combination of warming and increased precipitation increased the soil respiration rate by 22.4 ± 11.2%. When temperature was increased, soil respiration rate was more sensitive to soil moisture than to soil temperature, although the reverse applied when precipitation was increased. Under the experimental precipitation (20% above natural rainfall) applied in the experiment, soil moisture was the primary factor limiting soil respiration, but soil temperature may become limiting under higher soil moisture levels.

Seasonal variations in soil respiration and temperature sensitivity under three land-use types in hilly areas of the Sichuan Basin

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 727 ◽  
Author(s):  
XiaoGuo Wang ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
MeiRong Gao ◽  
YanQiang Wang ◽  
XunHua Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Forest Plantation ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Q10 Value ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
The Relationship

CO2 emissions from soils were measured under 3 land-use types at the adjacent plots of forest plantation, grassland, and cropland from January 2005 to December 2006. Mean soil CO2 efflux rates measured during the 2-year study varied from 59 to 527 mg CO2/m2.h in forest plantation, 37 to 498 mg CO2/m2.h in grassland, and 32 to 397 mg CO2/m2.h in cropland. Soil respiration in the 3 types of land-use showed a similar seasonal pattern in variation during both years, in which the single-peaked curve occurred in early summer and the minimum in winter. In particular, the date of maximum soil CO2 efflux rate in cropland occurred about 30 days earlier than in forest and grassland in both 2005 and 2006. The relationship of soil respiration rate (R) with soil temperature (T ) and soil moisture (W ) fitted well to the equation R = β0eβ1TW β2 (a, b, c were constants) than other univariate models which consider soil water content or soil temperature alone. Soil temperature and soil moisture together explained 69–92% of the temporal variation in soil respiration in the 3 land-use types. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (Q10) was affected positively by soil moisture of top 0.1 m layer and negatively by soil temperature at 0.05 m depth. The relationship between Q10 values and soil temperature (T ) or soil moisture (W ) indicated that a 1°C increase in soil temperature at 0.05 m depth will reduce the Q10 value by 0.07, 0.05, and 0.06 in forest, grassland, and cropland, respectively. Similarly, a 1% decrease in soil moisture of the top 0.1 m layer will reduce the Q10 value by 0.10, 0.09, and 0.11 in forest, grassland, and cropland.

Effects of Soil Temperature and Drought on Root–Soil Respiration in Apple under Field Conditions

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 453a-453
Author(s):  
Liqin Wang ◽  
David M. Eissenstat ◽  
Dora E. Flores-Alva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Heated Soil ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Root respiration is very important to root efficiency, root lifespan, and carbon cycling in plant ecosystems. Yet, the effects of soil temperature and moisture on root respiration are poorly understood, especially under field conditions. In this study, we manipulated soil temperature and moisture by six bearing `Red Chief' Delicious/M26 trees near State College, Pa. Soil temperature was elevated 5 °C at 5-cm depth using circulating hot water and stainless steel grids. Soil temperature was monitored using thermocouples and a data logger, and soil moisture was monitored using TDR. Root–soil respiration was determined by static trapping at the soil surface. Heating was conducted from 8 May to 28 Oct. Drought was initiated on 21 Aug. and lasted 2 months. Root–soil respiration was lowest in spring and increased from June to late August. After September, respiration decreased until the experiment ended in November. Root-soil respiration was not correlated with root length density. Heating enhanced root–soil respiration about 15% to 20% in spring (May) and 10% in summer (June–August). After the drought treatment began, heating increased root-soil respiration about 42% in wet soil, but did not influence respiration in dry soil. Heating accentuated the effect of the drought treatment on soil moisture. After 2 months of no irrigation and no rain, soil moisture was reduced 5% in unheated soil and 10% in heated soil. Drought slowed root–soil respiration 17% in unheated soil and 36% in heated soil, mainly because heating increased respiration in wet soil, but compared to the unheated treatment, had no effect in dry soil.

Effect of biochar on soil respiration in the maize growing season after 5 years of consecutive application

Soil Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Lu ◽  
Xing-Ren Liu ◽  
Zhang-Liu Du ◽  
Yi-Ding Wang ◽  
Qing-Zhong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
The North ◽  
Seasonal And Diurnal Variations ◽  
Active Organic Carbon

The effect of biochar on soil respiration (Rs) over one maize-growing season was studied after 5 years of consecutive application in an intensive cropland in the North China Plain. The experiment was carried out in randomly arranged plots with four treatments being evaluated. Three replications were conducted per treatment: a control plot without biochar addition (CK), biochar incorporated at 4.5 t ha–1 year–1 (BC4.5), biochar incorporated at 9.0 t ha–1 year–1 (BC9.0), and incorporated wheat straw (SR). The Rs was determined throughout the growing season of maize in 2012. Soil temperature and moisture were measured simultaneously at 5 cm depth. The results showed that the seasonal and diurnal variations of Rs in the four different treatments were approximately equal, and there was a positive correlation between Rs and soil temperature. The Rs values of treatments BC4.5 and BC9.0 were significantly lower than of SR but not CK. Significant correlations between Rs and soil temperature and soil moisture were observed. Soil temperature had a stronger effect on Rs than did soil moisture, and Rs was more sensitive to soil temperature in the biochar treatments than in the SR and CK treatments. The application of biochar and straw increased the soil active organic carbon content, but an obvious relationship between Rs and the soil active organic carbon content was not found.

EFFECT OF CROP ROTATION AND FERTILIZATION ON THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPRING WHEAT YIELD AND MOISTURE USE IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
R. P. ZENTNER ◽  
P. J. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Lower Threshold ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

The effects of crop rotation and fertilization on the quantitative relationship between spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields (y), available spring soil moisture (AvSpSM), and growing season precipitation (GSP) were determined from an experiment conducted on a loam soil in the Brown soil zone of southwestern Saskatchewan for the period 1967–1984. Moisture used (MU) was defined as[Formula: see text]and AvSpSM as volumetric moisture content at time of planting minus the lowest soil moisture measured at harvest. For discussion of moisture use characteristics GSP was defined as precipitation received from 1 May to 31 Aug.; for predictive equations GSP was more effective if GSP was taken as 1 May–31 July. When the 18-yr data were analyzed, the relation of y to MU was curvilinear. If data for 1 or 2 yr (1970 and 1983) with skewed distribution of GSP were omitted, the relationship between y (kg ha−1) and MU (mm) for well-fertilized fallow- and stubble-seeded wheat combined was[Formula: see text](where GSP = 1 May to 31 July). This equation performed well when it was used to estimate yields of fallow- and stubble-seeded wheat in 1985 and 1986. Stubble-seeded wheat required 68 mm of moisture to produce the first kilogram per hectare of grain; fallow-seeded wheat required about 46 mm. There was no effect of fertilizer on these lower threshold values, but the yield increase per millimetre of MU tended to be greater for the better fertilized rotations. The main difference in our y vs. MU relationships compared to those reported for the period 1925–1950 was that the lower threshold level of MU for grain production decreased from about 140 mm to the values cited above; this has resulted in substantially greater moisture use efficiency in recent years likely due to better, more timely crop management and the improved cereal varieties now used. When y was related to AvSpSM and GSP (1 May to 31 July) analyzed as separate variables, the relationship was only improved in terms of coefficient of determination (R2) value when a quadratic model was used. However, the latter did not predict the 1985 and 1986 yields as well as the y vs. MU relationship did. For fallow-seeded wheat, the relative effect of GSP on yield variability was about 5.4 times as great as that of AvSpSM; for stubble-seeded wheat it was only 1.5 times as great. GSP was equally important in affecting yields of wheat grown on fallow or stubble. The grain-filling period was confirmed as the most important for the occurrence of precipitation for both fallow- and stubble-seeded wheat, but precipitation at or near seeding time was almost as important for stubble-seeded wheat since this ensures the establishment of an adequate plant stand. Key words: Available moisture, growing season precipitation, timeliness of precipitation, regression analysis

Does rhizosphere priming effect explain the greater soil respiration in well-watered and drought stressed maize?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khatab Abdalla ◽  
Mutez Ahmed ◽  
Johanna Pausch
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

<p>The projected global warming risks due to high emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly from anthropogenic activities, increases the need for an agricultural practice with high carbon sink capacity and low water requirements without compromising on environment and productivity. On one hand, it’s well accepted that soil moisture directly affects microbial activity, whereas on the other hand, drought stress was recently postulated to increase root exudates, which in turn will accelerate soil organic matter mineralization “priming effects”. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the interplay between soil moisture (well-watered and drought stressed) and maize (Zea mays L.) root exudates on soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux. The experiment consisted of three treatments, which are well-watered, drought stressed maize plus a control (without plants) lysimeters (1 m<sup>3</sup>), Soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux, soil temperature and moisture content were measured weekly during the growing season (April to September) and monthly in the fallow period. Under well-watered conditions, the annual average of CO<sub>2</sub> efflux was 0.12 g CO<sub>2</sub>-C m<sup>-2</sup> hr<sup>-1</sup>, which was 24.5 and 20% significantly higher than under drought stressed and the control, respectively. Moreover, well-watered treatment had significantly greater primed carbon than drought stressed maize. Soil temperature in deeper soil layers (25, 50 and 75 cm) correlated positively (with the CO<sub>2</sub> efflux, while soil moisture correlated negatively at the 5 cm and 25 cm. Overall, these results suggested that the root exudates decreased under drought conditions, which decreasing soil respiration. Drought tolerance varieties could be an option to decrease soil respiration and maintain productivity.</p>

Barley seed storage under controlled conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Zadorozhna ◽  
T. P. Shyianova ◽  
M.Yu. Skorokhodov
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Storage

Seed longevity of 76 spring barley gene pool samples (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. distichon, convar. distichon: 56 nutans Schubl., two deficience (Steud.) Koern., two erectum Rode ex Shuebl., two medicum Koern.; convar. nudum (L.) A.Trof.: one nudum L. та subsp. vulgare: convar. vulgare: nine pallidum Ser., three rikotense Regel.; convar. coeleste (L.) A.Trof.: one coeleste (L.) A.Trof.) from 26 countries, 11 years and four places of reproduction was analyzed. Seeds with 5–8% moisture content were stored in chamber with unregulated and 4oC temperature. The possibility of seed storage under these conditions for at least 10 years without significant changes in germination has been established. The importance of meteorological conditions in the formation and ripening of seeds for their longevity is confirmed. The relationship between the decrease of barley seeds longevity and storage conditions, amount of rainfall, temperature regime during the growing season of plants is discussed.

ROOT-SURFACE MYCOFLORA OF SOYBEAN IN RELATION TO SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE IN A FIELD ENVIRONMENT

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. IVARSON ◽  
A. R. MACK
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Abundant Genus ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Studies were made on the root-surface fungi of soybean grown in field plots where various soil temperature and moisture environments had been maintained for five previous growing seasons. Washed-root segments were incubated on agar plates at temperatures corresponding to those of the field plots. Fusarium was the most abundant genus appearing on the plates. Species of Mucor, Trichoderma, Alternaria, Mortierella, Aspergillus, Corynespora, Rhizoctonia, Penicillium, Gliocladium, and sterile forms appeared fairly frequently. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that changes in soil and incubation temperature markedly affected the relative frequency of 12 genera, and age of plant significantly affected nine genera. Soil moisture influenced the frequency of only one genus. High soil and incubation temperature (28 C) encouraged greater root populations of Rhizoctonia early in the season, Trichoderma and Aspergillus throughout the growing season, and Fusarium late in the season. Low soil temperature conditions (12 C) favored growth of Pythium, Mortierella, Mucor, Alternaria, Cladosporium, throughout the growing season, and Corynespora and Cylindrocarpon, primarily during mid-season. Late in the season Gliocladium preferred the intermediate temperature of 20 C.

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