Clay mineralogy and potassium status of selected soils in the glacial Lake Agassiz region of central Manitoba

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Aide ◽  
Gary J. Cwick ◽  
Mark F. Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Lacustrine Sediments ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Lake Agassiz ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Potassium Fixation ◽  
Glacial Lake Agassiz ◽  
Reduced Intensity

The clay mineralogy of the soil is important in that it can affect potassium (K) availability, particularly if vermiculite is present. Large areas of Glacial Lake Agassiz in Manitoba contain fine-grained lacustrine sediments that support boreal forest vegetation. The purpose of this investigation was to identify the clay mineralogy of several commonly occurring soils and document its influence on soil fertility, particularly K availability. The soils were classified as either Eluviated Eutric Brunisols or Orthic Eutric Brunisols. X-ray diffraction analysis verified that vermiculite, hydrous mica and kaolinite were the principal clay minerals in these soils. Vermiculite was demonstrated to have hydroxy Al-interlayers and the amount of vermiculite decreased in the deeper soil horizons. Smectite was present in the Btj horizons of the Eluviated Eutric Brunisols, while trace amounts of chlorite were present in every inorganic horizon. Quantity/intensity curves for K and an experimental estimate of the K-fixation potential indicated that the Ae horizons of several Eluviated Eutric Brunisols supported higher K activities in the soil solution and that K-fixation was greater in subsurface horizons. Potassium fixation and the quantity/intensity curves for selected horizons of the Orthic Eutric Brunisols were nearly identical and each showed a reduced intensity to maintain the aqueous activity of K. Key words: Potassium fixation, vermiculite, quantity/intensity

scholarly journals MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF CLAY DEPOSIT NEAR IGBILE SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Phillips Ruben Ikhane ◽  
Olalekan Olayiwola Oyebolu ◽  
Adefemi Adewole Ehinmowo
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Crystal Shape ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Crystal Forms ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Clay Deposit ◽  
Rock Samples ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Latitude Region

X-ray diffraction is a basic tool in mineralogical analysis of sediments, and in the case of fine grained sediments an essential one. Understanding of rocks composition, the nature of clay mineralogy content and provenance is very important in Basin evaluation. This study therefore focuses on the use of X-ray diffraction to study the clay stone unit exposed along Igbile, southwestern Nigeria. Five clay stone samples were collected following fieldwork in the study area and were subjected to X-ray Diffraction analysis. This was done in order to delineate the associated mineral composition in the rock samples, determine the crystal forms and shape of the mineral and probably provenance of the mineral content. Observations from the result of the X-ray Diffraction indicated peaks with d-spacing range of 1.488Å, 1.63 Å, 1.59 Å, 1.62 Å and 7.17 Å indicative of Kaolinite and d-spacing range of 1.541Å, 1.817 Å, 2.282 Å, 2.458 Å, 3.343 Å and 4.26 Å indicative of quartz as the only significant, minor to moderate abundance minerals in the rock samples. The nature of the kaolinite in the rock samples is suggestive of a transformational and neoformational origin with acid tropical environment where the degree of leaching is probably intensive. The d-spacing and the plane axis values of the kaolinite also indicated Dioctahedral, Trioctahedral and Pinacoid crystal shape with range of forms {001},{060}, {133},{134}and {002}. Similarly the quartz d-spacing and plane axis values suggested Orthorhombic and Trigonal crystal shape with crystal forms {101}, {100}, {112}, {211}, {110}and {102}. In conclusion, the clay deposit exposed in the study area is made up of detrital kaolinite and quartz which are probably sourced from low latitude region in acid tropical high leaching environment.

scholarly journals Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, California

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Andrew Hurst ◽  
Michael Wilson ◽  
Antonio Grippa ◽  
Lyudmyla Wilson ◽  
Giuseppe Palladino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Bulk Rock ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Arc Volcanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
Tropical Weathering

Mudstone samples from the Moreno (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene) and Kreyenhagen (Eocene) formations are analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine their mineralogy. Smectite (Reichweite R0) is the predominant phyllosilicate present, 48% to 71.7% bulk rock mineralogy (excluding carbonate cemented and highly bio siliceous samples) and 70% to 98% of the <2 μm clay fraction. Opal CT and less so cristobalite concentrations cause the main deviations from smectite dominance. Opal A is common only in the Upper Kreyenhagen. In the <2 μm fraction, the Moreno Fm is significantly more smectite-rich than the Kreyenhagen Fm. Smectite in the Moreno Fm was derived from the alteration of volcaniclastic debris from contemporaneous rhyolitic-dacitic magmatic arc volcanism. No tuff is preserved. Smectite in the Kreyenhagen Fm was derived from intense sub-tropical weathering of granitoid-dioritic terrane during the hypothermal period in the early to mid-Eocene; the derivation from local volcanism is unlikely. All samples had chemical indices of alteration (CIA) indicative of intense weathering of source terrane. Ferriferous enrichment and the occurrence of locally common kaolinite are contributory evidence for the intensity of weathering. Low concentration (max. 7.5%) of clinoptilolite in the Lower Kreyenhagen is possibly indicative of more open marine conditions than in the Upper Kreyenhagen. There is no evidence of volumetrically significant silicate diagenesis. The main diagenetic mineralisation is restricted to low-temperature silica phase transitions.

THE CLAY MINERALS IN SOME BRITISH COLUMBIA SUBSOILS

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Clark ◽  
J. E. Brydon ◽  
H. J. Hortie
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
The South ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Northeastern Part ◽  
Montmorillonitic Clay

X-ray diffraction analysis was used to identify the clay minerals present in fourteen subsoil samples that were selected to represent some more important clay-bearing deposits in British Columbia. The clay mineralogy of the subsoils varied considerably but montmorillonitic clay minerals tended to predominate in the water-laid deposits of the south and illite in the soil parent materials of the Interior Plains region of the northeastern part of the Province.

Postglacial Diatom Stratigraphy in Relation to the Recession of Glacial Lake Agassiz

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Ritchie ◽  
L.K. Koivo
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Beach ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Lake Agassiz ◽  
Organic Detritus ◽  
Sedimentary Environments ◽  
Grand Rapids ◽  
Glacial Lake Agassiz ◽  
Diatom Stratigraphy ◽  
Beach Sands

The sediment and diatom stratigraphy of a small pond on The Pas moraine, near Grand Rapids, Manitoba, reveals a change in sedimentary environment related directly to the last stages of Glacial Lake Agassiz. Beach sands were replaced by clay 7300 14C y. a., then by organic silt and, at 4000 14C y. a. by coarse organic detritus; the corresponding diatom assemblages were (I) a predominantly planktonic spectrum in beach sands, (II) a rich assemblage of nonplanktonic forms, and (III) a distinctly nonplanktonic acidophilous spectrum. These results confirm Elson's (1967) reconstruction of the extent and chronology of the final (Pipun) stage of Glacial Lake Agassiz. The sedimentary environments change from a sandy beach of a large lake at 7300 BP to a small, shallow eutrophic pond with clay and silt deposition from 7000 to 4000 BP. From 4000 BP to the present, organic detritus was deposited in a shallow pond that tended toward dystrophy.

scholarly journals A prototype handheld X-ray diffraction instrument

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1571-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Hansford
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Back Reflection ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
Sample Position

A conceptual design for a handheld X-ray diffraction (HHXRD) instrument is proposed. Central to the design is the application of energy-dispersive XRD (EDXRD) in a back-reflection geometry. This technique brings unique advantages which enable a handheld instrument format, most notably, insensitivity to sample morphology and to the precise sample position relative to the instrument. For fine-grained samples, including many geological specimens and the majority of common alloys, these characteristics negate sample preparation requirements. A prototype HHXRD device has been developed by minor modification of a handheld X-ray fluorescence instrument, and the performance of the prototype has been tested with samples relevant to mining/quarrying and with an extensive range of metal samples. It is shown, for example, that the mineralogical composition of iron-ore samples can be approximately quantified. In metals analysis, identification and quantification of the major phases have been demonstrated, along with extraction of lattice parameters. Texture analysis is also possible and a simple example for a phosphor bronze sample is presented. Instrument formats other than handheld are possible and online process control in metals production is a promising area. The prototype instrument requires extended measurement times but it is argued that a purpose-designed instrument can achieve data-acquisition times below one minute. HHXRD based on back-reflection EDXRD is limited by the low resolution of diffraction peaks and interference by overlapping fluorescence peaks and, for these reasons, cannot serve as a general-purpose XRD tool. However, the advantages ofin situ, nondestructive and rapid measurement, tolerance of irregular surfaces, and no sample preparation requirement in many cases are potentially transformative. For targeted applications in which the analysis meets commercially relevant performance criteria, HHXRD could become the method of choice through sheer speed and convenience.

Micromorphology of iceberg scour in clays: Glacial Lake Agassiz, Manitoba, Canada

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 125-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna D. Linch ◽  
Jaap J.M. van der Meer ◽  
John Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Lake Agassiz ◽  
Glacial Lake Agassiz ◽  
Iceberg Scour

A Study on Nanocrystalline Nickel Parts Prepared by Jet Electrodeposition

2010 ◽  
Vol 37-38 ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
Jin Song Chen ◽  
Yin Hui Huang ◽  
Bin Qiao ◽  
Jian Ming Yang ◽  
Yi Qiang He
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Nanocrystalline Nickel ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Jet Electrodeposition ◽  
Fine Grained Structure

The principles of jet electrodeposition orientated by rapid prototyping were introduced. The nanocrystalline nickel parts with simple shape were fabricated using jet electrodeposition. The microstructure and phase transformation of nanocrystalline nickel were observed under the scanning microscope and X-ray diffraction instrument. The results show that the jet electrodeposition can greatly enhance the limited current density, fine crystalline particles and improve deposition quality. The nickel parts prepared by jet electrodeposition own a fine-grained structure (average grain size 25.6nm) with a smooth surface and high dimensional accuracy under the optimum processing parameters.

Residual stresses in a SiC whisker-reinforced alumina composite by high-temperature X-ray diffraction

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin L. Ballard ◽  
Paul K. Predecki ◽  
Camden R. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Single Crystal Silicon ◽  
Linear Extrapolation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Crystal Silicon ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Silicon Carbide Whiskers ◽  
Alumina Composite ◽  
Residual Strains

Residual strains and microstresses are evaluated for both phase of a hot-pressed, fine-grained α-alumina reinforced with 25 wt% (29 vol%) single-crystal silicon carbide whiskers at temperatures from 25 to 1000 °C. The sample was maintained in a nonoxidizing environment while measurements of the interplaner spacing of alumina (146) and SiC (511 + 333) were made using X-ray diffraction methods. The residual strains were profiled at temperature increments of 250 °C from which the corresponding microstresses were calculated. Linear extrapolation of the SiC ε33 profile indicates that the strains are completely relaxed at a temperature of approximately 1470 °C. These residual stress relaxation results suggest that elevated temperature toughness and fracture strength of this composite may result from cooperative mechanisms.

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