Tillage and crop residue effects on soil nitrate under three years of corn (Zeamays L.) on land previously in corn and forage crops

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Burgess ◽  
G. R. Mehuys ◽  
C. A. Madramootoo
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
No Till ◽  
Key Words Nitrate

A 3-yr field study in Quebec assessed effects of tillage (no-till, reduced, or conventional) × crop residues (removed or retained) on soil nitrate under corn production. Fall nitrate levels were greatest in plots without residues 1 yr after treatments began, but not thereafter. No-till and conventional tillage had similar values, but sometimes differed from reduced tillage. Key words: Nitrate, corn, no-till, reduced tillage, conventional tillage, crop residues

scholarly journals Impact of crop residue management on crop production and soil chemistry after seven years of crop rotation in temperate climate, loamy soils

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Pierre Hiel ◽  
Sophie Barbieux ◽  
Jérôme Pierreux ◽  
Claire Olivier ◽  
Guillaume Lobet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Crop Residue Management ◽  
The Impact

Society is increasingly demanding a more sustainable management of agro-ecosystems in a context of climate change and an ever growing global population. The fate of crop residues is one of the important management aspects under debate, since it represents an unneglectable quantity of organic matter which can be kept in or removed from the agro-ecosystem. The topic of residue management is not new, but the need for global conclusion on the impact of crop residue management on the agro-ecosystem linked to local pedo-climatic conditions has become apparent with an increasing amount of studies showing a diversity of conclusions. This study specifically focusses on temperate climate and loamy soil using a seven-year data set. Between 2008 and 2016, we compared four contrasting residue management strategies differing in the amount of crop residues returned to the soil (incorporation vs. exportation of residues) and in the type of tillage (reduced tillage (10 cm depth) vs. conventional tillage (ploughing at 25 cm depth)) in a field experiment. We assessed the impact of the crop residue management on crop production (three crops—winter wheat, faba bean and maize—cultivated over six cropping seasons), soil organic carbon content, nitrate (${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) soil content and uptake by the crops. The main differences came primarily from the tillage practice and less from the restitution or removal of residues. All years and crops combined, conventional tillage resulted in a yield advantage of 3.4% as compared to reduced tillage, which can be partly explained by a lower germination rate observed under reduced tillage, especially during drier years. On average, only small differences were observed for total organic carbon (TOC) content of the soil, but reduced tillage resulted in a very clear stratification of TOC and also of P and K content as compared to conventional tillage. We observed no effect of residue management on the ${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$ content, since the effect of fertilization dominated the effect of residue management. To confirm the results and enhance early tendencies, we believe that the experiment should be followed up in the future to observe whether more consistent changes in the whole agro-ecosystem functioning are present on the long term when managing residues with contrasted strategies.

scholarly journals Black Plastic Tarps Advance Organic Reduced Tillage I: Impact on Soils, Weed Seed Survival, and Crop Residue

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 819-825
Author(s):  
Haley Rylander ◽  
Anusuya Rangarajan ◽  
Ryan M. Maher ◽  
Mark G. Hutton ◽  
Nicholas W. Rowley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Seed Survival ◽  
No Till

Intensive tillage degrades soil structure, decreases soil organic matter, and can cause soil compaction and erosion over time. Organic vegetable farmers are often dependent on tillage to incorporate crop residue, control weeds, and prepare seedbeds. Black, impermeable, polyethylene tarps applied on the soil surface and removed at planting can help suppress weeds before planting and reduce farmers’ reliance on tillage. However, little is known about how black tarps affect planting conditions and how they can be used to advance reduced tillage production systems. This study investigated the effects of tarp use and tarp duration on the soil environment, surface cover crop residue, and weed suppression to assess the efficacy of using tarps to improve reduced- and no-till practices for organic vegetable production. Experiments were conducted at three sites in the northeastern United States (Freeville, NY; Riverhead, NY; and Monmouth, ME) for 2 years. Following the termination of an oat cover crop, tarps were applied over untilled soils and left in place for four time periods: untarped (control), 3 to 5 weeks (short), 6 to 8 weeks (mid), and 10 or more weeks (long) before two removal dates. Soil moisture and temperature, cover crop residue, soil inorganic nitrogen, weed seed survival, and weed percent cover were measured after tarp removal. Soil moisture and temperature were generally higher under tarps at the time of removal compared with untarped areas at 10% to 55% and 1 to 3 °C, respectively, but the effects were inconsistent. Tarps significantly increased soil nitrate concentrations by 2-times to 21-times with longer tarp durations, resulting in higher concentrations compared with untarped controls. Tarps did not affect the amount of soil covered by cover crop residue and had no consistent effects on weed seed survival of Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. or Chenopodium album L., two common annual weed species in the Northeast. Tarping for at least 3 weeks reduced the weed percent cover by 95% to 100% at the time of removal. Increasing tarp duration beyond 3 weeks did not affect any measures except soil nitrate concentrations. These results indicate that tarps can facilitate the use of reduced-till and no-till practices for organic vegetables by creating a nutrient-rich and moist soil environment free of emerged weeds before planting without soil disturbance.

14C distribution in soil organisms and respiration after the decomposition of crop residue in conventional tillage and no-till agroecosystems at Georgia Piedimont

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenglei Fu ◽  
David C Coleman ◽  
Rita Schartz ◽  
Robert Potter ◽  
Paul F Hendrix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
No Till

Merits of a weed-sensing sprayer to control weeds in conservation fallow and cropping systems

Weed Science ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Blackshaw ◽  
Louis J. Molnar ◽  
C. Wayne Lindwall
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Crop Harvest ◽  
Herbicide Use

Field studies were conducted from 1993 through 1995 to determine potential reductions in herbicide use and associated cost savings by utilizing a weed-sensing sprayer, named Detectspray, to control weeds throughout the fallow season and to control perennial weeds after crop harvest. The Detectspray system gave comparable weed control to conventional broadcast spraying on 80% of the application dates and reduced glyphosate/dicamba use over the fallow season by 19 to 60%. This reduced herbicide use resulted in cost savings of $6 to $32 ha−1. A fallow treatment that combined two herbicide applications with the Detectsprayer plus one to two wide-blade tillage operations was less costly than conventional tillage at two of 11 sites and at all sites retained more surface crop residues to reduce the risk of erosion. Postharvest glyphosate use on quackgrass with the Detectsprayer was reduced 50 to 78% compared to broadcast applications and resulted in cost savings of $16 to $25 ha−1. Clopyralid use on Canada thistle with the Detectsprayer was reduced 71 to 80%, with cost savings of $44 to $50 ha−1. The Detectspray system is a useful tool to effectively manage weeds in conservation fallow and reduced tillage cropping systems.

EFFECT OF REDUCED TILLAGE AND MINERAL FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON MAIZE AND SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. KIHARA ◽  
A. BATIONO ◽  
B. WASWA ◽  
J. M. KIMETU ◽  
B. VANLAUWE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Continuous Maize

SUMMARYReduced tillage is said to be one of the potential ways to reverse land degradation and ultimately increase the productivity of degrading soils of Africa. We hypothesised that crop yield following a modest application of 2 t ha−1 of crop residue in a reduced tillage system is similar to the yield obtained from a conventional tillage system, and that incorporation of legumes in a cropping system leads to greater economic benefits as opposed to a cropping system involving continuous maize. Three cropping systems (continuous maize monocropping, legume/maize intercropping and rotation) under different tillage and residue management systems were tested in sub-humid western Kenya over 10 seasons. While soybean performed equally well in both tillage systems throughout, maize yield was lower in reduced than conventional tillage during the first five seasons but no significant differences were observed after season 6. Likewise, with crop residue application, yields in conventional and reduced tillage systems are comparable after season 6. Nitrogen and phosphorus increased yield by up to 100% compared with control. Gross margins were not significantly different among the cropping systems being only 6 to 39% more in the legume–cereal systems relative to similar treatments in continuous cereal monocropping system. After 10 seasons of reduced tillage production, the economic benefits for our cropping systems are still not attractive for a switch from the conventional to reduced tillage.

Selecting Cost-Minimizing Herbicide Programs for Corn (Zea mays)

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rolf Olsen ◽  
Jayson K. Harper ◽  
William S. Curran
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
No Till ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Herbicide Programs

A computer model which selects least cost herbicide programs given a minimum desired level of weed control could provide growers with economical weed management options. Using an integer programming approach, a herbicide selection model was developed for corn production under Pennsylvania conditions. Models for three rotations (corn-soybean, corn-corn, and corn-alfalfa) under three tillage systems (conventional tillage, reduced tillage, and no-till) that evaluated 21 soil-applied and 13 postemergence herbicide options for 24 weeds were developed. Each model minimizes the cost of a herbicide program subject to a desired level of weed control. By selecting the weed species to be controlled and the level of control desired, customized herbicide programs can be generated. The models can also be used to evaluate the cost of changing the level of control desired for an individual weed species or set of weeds.

Zone tillage systems for onion and carrot production on muck soils

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1167-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Swanton ◽  
S. Janse ◽  
K. Chandler ◽  
B. D. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Allium Cepa L

This study examined whether zone tillage was a viable alternative to conventional tillage for carrot [Daucus carota L. var. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.] and onion (Allium cepa L.) production on muck soils. Total and marketable yields under zone tillage were e qual to (carrot) or greater than (onion) yields under conventional tillage. Carrot yields did not differ between raised and flat bed treatments. Key words: Reduced tillage, conventional tillage, Daucus carota L. var. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.); Allium cepa L.

scholarly journals Economics of Maize and Bean Production: Why Farmers need to Shift to Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillary Moses Omondi Otieno ◽  
George N. Chemining’wa ◽  
Charles K. Gachene ◽  
Shamie Zingore
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
No Till ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Fertilizer Regimes ◽  
Residue Retention

Maize and dry bean are the most important food crops that feed over 85% of Kenyan households. However, the productivity of these crops is low due to the high costs of land preparation and weed control, soil infertility and limited soil moisture under the current conventional tillage system of production. A study was carried in Embu County and Kirinyaga County to determine the economic returns of a maize-bean rotation system under different tillage systems and fertilizer regimes. Maize was produced during the long rains under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) and conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR) and inorganic fertilizer regimes (NK, NP, PK, NPK, and NPK+CaMgZnBS). Dry bean was planted in the short rains in the same plots where maize under different nutrient management regimes and tillage systems had been grown and harvested. The trial was laid out in a split-plot design with the tillage method as the main plot and fertilizer as sub-plot. Economic performance was assessed using partial budget analysis based on labor data and prices of all inputs used during the production period. Grain yields were reduced by 10% to reflect farmers’ yield levels. Maize and dry bean grains were sold at the prevailing farm gate prices. Results showed that maize-bean rotation was KE 22,718 cheaper under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) than under conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR). On average, NT+CR recorded KE 29,569 higher net benefit than CT-CR. The NT+CR tillage recorded a benefit to cost ratio of 3.7 compared to 2.7 recorded under CT-CR tillage system. The NT+CR with NK combined was the most profitable treatment with a benefit to cost ratio of 4.92 for maize and 4.33 for maize-bean rotation system. Based on this research, combination of no-till with crop residue retention has the potential to improve economic status and alleviate poverty among resource-constrained farmers.

scholarly journals Вплив «нульового» і традиційного обробітків ґрунту на кількість дощових черв’яків у посівах ячменю ярого Правобережного Лісостепу України

2016 ◽  
pp. 25-27
Author(s):  
С. П. Танчик ◽  
О. М. Одарченко
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
No Till ◽  
Direct Sowing

Досліджено вплив «нульового» і традиційного обробітків на кількість дощових черв’яків в орному шарі чорнозему типового у полі ячменю ярого Правобережного Лісостепу України. Встановлено, що відсутність обробітку ґрунту та накопичення пожнивних решток на його поверхні у варіанті «прямого» висіву позитивно впливали на розвиток популяції дощових черв’яків, що призводило до збільшення їх кількості у 2,6 разів у порівнянні з полицевим обробітком. Виявлено, що за традиційного обробітку від сівби до збирання ячменю ярого відбувалося зменшення дощових черв’яків більше ніж у 9 разів, у той час як за нульового обробітку даний показник зменшився у 2,2 рази. The effect of No-till and conventional tillage on the number of earthworms in the plow layer of typical black earth in spring barley of Right-Bank Forest-Steppe was researched. It was established that the absence of tillage and crop residues accumulation on soil surface under «direct» sowing had a positive influence on the population of earthworms, which led to increase in their number by 2,6 times compared to plow. In plowing variant the amount of earthworms was reducing from sowing to harvesting of spring barley more than 9 times, while in case of No-till it decreased in 2,2 times.

Decomposition of crop residues under conventional and zero tillage

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
J. T. O’Donovan ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
T. K. Turkington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Rapid Decomposition

Field experiments were conducted to determine decomposition patterns of red clover (Trifolium pratense), field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (Brassica rapa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) residues under zero and conventional tillage. Crop residue amounts produced in 2 trial years ranged from 1.6 t ha-1 for monoculture wheat to 6.05 t ha-1 for peas, and tillage had no effect. The extent of dry matter (DM) decomposition was usually less under zero than under conventional tillage, e.g., 31 to 41% of canola DM decomposed under zero tillage while 41 to 50% decomposed under conventional tillage in 12 mo. Corresponding percentages for other residues under zero and conventional tillage, respectively, were: 65 and 75% for clover, 43 and 45 to 55% for pea, and 27 and 40% for wheat. The rate and extent of DM decomposition were positively correlated with N and P concentrations, and negatively correlated with C/N, C/P, lignin/P and lignin/K ratios. These decomposition patterns have implications for nutrient release and soil cover. Rapid decomposition is not necessarily desirable because the nutrients released are subject to losses in soil. Key words: Biological soil quality, crop residue quality, crop rotation

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