Nitrous oxide emission as affected by tillage, corn-soybean-alfalfa rotations and nitrogen fertilization

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. MacKenzie ◽  
M. X. Fan ◽  
F. Cadrin
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emission ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
N Rates

Nitrous oxide (N2O) produced from agricultural activities represents a threat to the ozone layer and economic losses. Rates and magnitudes of N2O emissions of cropping systems must be determined to establish corrective management procedures. In 1994, N2O emissions were determined with corn (ZeaMays L.) and corn-legume rotations. Continuous corn was studied on four soils, two from a long-term experiment, a Ste. Rosalie heavy clay (Humic Gleysol) and a Chicot sandy loam (Grey-Brown Podzol), at 0, 170, 285 or 400 kg N ha−1, and two from a corn rotation study, a Ste. Rosalie clay (Humic Gleysol) and an Ormstown silty clay loam (Humic Gleysol). Treatments included no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT), monoculture corn (CCCC), monoculture soybean; corn-soybean; and soybean-corn-alfalfa phased rotations. Nitrogen rates of 0, 90, or 180 kg N ha−1 for corn and 0, 20, or 40 kg N ha−1 for continuous soybean were used, and soybean/alfalfa following corn no fertilizer N. Rates of N2O emission were measured from closed chambers through the growing season. About 0.99 to 2.1% of N added was lost as N2O. Nitrous oxide emission increased with increased soil water content, NO3 concentration and fertilizer N rates. Emission of N2O was higher with NT than with CT, and with corn than with soybean or alfalfa. A corn system using CT, legumes in rotation and moderate fertilizer N would reduce N2O emission. Key words: Greenhouse gases, soil nitrate, tillage methods, water-filled pore space, denitrification, rotations

Slow pyrolysis pine wood-derived biochar reduces nitrous oxide production from surface but not subsurface soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyuan Deng ◽  
Leanne Ejack ◽  
Shamim Gul ◽  
Shiv Prasher ◽  
Joann K. Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
N2o Production ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Subsurface Soil

Soil amended with biochar is expected to produce less nitrous oxide (N2O), although this may depend on nitrate (NO3-N) availability. Our objective was to determine how pine wood biochar, slow pyrolyzed at 500°C, affects N2O production in soil having different denitrification potentials with variable NO3-N concentrations under controlled laboratory conditions. Sandy loam surface soils (0–30 cm, pH 5.7) and sandy clay loam subsurface soils (40–60 cm, pH 5.6) were amended with four biochar rates (0, 10, 20, and 30 g kg-1), two nitrogen fertilizer rates (0 and 100 mg kg-1 NO3-N) and two acetylene levels (0 and 10% headspace), arranged as a full factorial. Soil moisture content was adjusted to 80% water-filled pore space and flasks were incubated at 20°C for 30 h. Headspace gas was collected from each flask at 25, 26, 28 and 30 h. There was a significant reduction in N2O production with increasing rate of biochar in the surface soil but not in the subsurface soil. On average, less N2O was produced in the subsurface soil than the surface soil. As the NO3-N concentration was not a limiting factor for denitrification, the most likely explanation was that denitrifier activity was influenced by the availability of soluble organic carbon in the soil-biochar mixtures. We recommend further study of the coupled carbon-nitrogen transformations during denitrification to understand how biochar influences soil N2O production in sandy loam soils.

scholarly journals Nematode Control from Shank- and Drip-applied Fumigant Alternatives to Methyl Bromide

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1826-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally M. Schneider ◽  
Husein A. Ajwa ◽  
Thomas J. Trout ◽  
Suduan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Effective Dosage ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Propargyl Bromide ◽  
Nematode Control ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Injection Point

Field studies were conducted to evaluate potential alternatives to methyl bromide (MBr) for the control of plant parasitic nematodes in shallow-rooted, bedded cropping systems such as strawberry and in perennial nursery cropping systems in central California. Chloropicrin (Pic), 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D or Telone), combinations of 1,3-D + Pic, iodomethane (IM) + Pic, propargyl bromide (PBr), and metam sodium (MS) were compared with untreated controls and industry standard MBr/Pic treatments. Materials were applied by both shank-injection and drip-application, except MS and PBr, which were applied only by drip. The efficacy on citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb) and/or root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp. Chitwood) control was investigated in three trials conducted on soils ranging from sandy loam to silty clay loam. All treatments controlled nematodes near the injection point (center of bed and moderate depths) comparable to MBr/Pic. Drip-applied Pic provided somewhat less control than MBr/Pic at the shoulder of the bed when delivered in 25 mm of water and MS provided no control at the bed shoulder. IM + Pic, both shank-injected and drip-applied, provided nematode control to a depth of 150 cm comparable to MBr/Pic. Telone EC applied to a dry field in 75 mm water did not control nematodes well at either 90- or 150-cm depths, whereas PBr controlled nematodes as effectively as MBr/Pic at the 90-cm depth, but not at the 150-cm depth. Propargyl bromide at 67 kg·ha−1 was effective at killing the nematodes up to 30 cm deep in a strawberry plant bed. The dosage exposure values (within 96 h after fumigation) observed for greater than 99% control of nematodes were much lower for PBr (≈1 mg·L−1·h) than those for 1,3-D + Pic (17 mg·L−1·h when applied at 61:35 1,3-D:Pic mass ratio), Pic alone (10 mg·L−1·h), and IM + Pic (19 mg·L−1·h when applied at 50:50 mass ratio). Drip application technology showed promise for effective alternatives to MBr/Pic. Consistent delivery of an effective dosage of a material throughout the target soil profile is necessary for consideration as an acceptable alternative to MBr for high-value crops.

scholarly journals Effects of Irrigation on N2O Emissions in a Maize Crop Grown on Different Soil Types in Two Contrasting Seasons

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 623
Author(s):  
Lucia Ottaiano ◽  
Ida Di Mola ◽  
Paul Di Tommasi ◽  
Mauro Mori ◽  
Vincenzo Magliulo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Soil Humidity ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
N Content

Crop management and soil properties affect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cropping systems. Irrigation is one of the agronomical management practices that deeply affects soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Careful management of irrigation, also concerning to soil type, might mitigate the emissions of this powerful GHG from agricultural soils. In the Mediterranean area, despite the relevance of the agricultural sector to the overall economy and sustainable development, the topic of N2O emissions does not have the same importance as N2O fluxes in temperate agricultural areas. Only some research has discussed N2O emissions from Mediterranean cropping systems. Therefore, in this study, N2O emissions from different soil types (sandy-loam and clay soils) were analyzed in relation to the irrigation of a maize crop grown in two contrasting seasons (2009–2010). The irrigation was done using a center pivot irrigation system about twice a week. The N2O emissions were monitored throughout the two-years of maize crop growth. The emissions were measured with the accumulation technique using eight static chambers (four chambers per site). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in the form of ammonium sulphate and urea with 3,4 dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) nitrification inhibitors. In 2009, the N2O emissions and crop biomass measured in both soil types were lower than those measured in 2010. This situation was a lower amount of water and nitrogen (N) available to the crop. In 2010, the N2O fluxes were higher in the clay site than those in the sandy-loam site after the first fertilization, whereas an opposite trend was found after the second fertilization. The soil temperature, N content, and soil humidity were the main drivers for N2O emission during 2009, whereas during 2010, only the N content and soil humidity affected the nitrous oxide emissions. The research has demonstrated that crop water management deeply affects soil N2O emissions, acting differently for denitrification and nitrification. The soil properties affect N2O emission by influencing the microclimate conditions in the root zone, conditioning the N2O production.

Nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane emissions from irrigated cropping systems as influenced by legumes, manure and fertilizer

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
B H Ellert ◽  
H H Janzen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Flux Chamber ◽  
Livestock Manure ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Intensively Managed

Irrigated land in southern Alberta is intensively managed, producing high yields but also requiring higher inputs, notably of nitrogen (N), than adjacent rainfed lands. The higher N inputs, combined with enhanced soil moisture, might stimulate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, but the influence of management on these emissions has not been widely studied. Our objective was to assess soil N2O emissions, along with those of carbon dioxide (CO2) and of methane (CH4), from irrigated cropping systems as influenced by source of N. We used a chamber technique to measure year-round emissions for 3 yr in long-term irrigated crop rotations receiving N as legume crop residues, non-legume crop residues, livestock manure or ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Unlike CO2 fluxes, which peaked during the growing season, those of N2O showed no consistent seasonal trends; emissions occurred sporadically in bursts throughout the year. Depending on management practices, 0.4 to 4.0 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1 was emitted to the atmosphere. The amount of N2O emitted from the alfalfa system, averaged over all manure and fertilizer N amendments, was more than twofold that emitted from the corn system. The proportions of fertilizer-N released as N2O were 0.95% for the alfalfa system and 1.30% for the corn system. After livestock manure or legume residues were incorporated, soil CO2 and N2O emissions appeared to be intertwined, but during the early spring N2O emissions were decoupled from CO2. Furthermore, N2O emissions were highly variable in space; at three of 54 chambers, N2O fluxes were consistently 12 to 55 times greater than those for other chambers in the same treatment. Such complexity conceals the underlying processes of net N2O production and transport to the soil surface. Key words: Greenhouse gas, fluxes, carbon dioxide, methane, flux chamber, alfalfa, silage corn, fababean, manure, fertilizer, N inputs, N2O leakage, legumes

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