Growing season nitrogen dynamics in manured soils in south coastal British Columbia: Implications for a soil nitrate test for silage corn

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
J. W. Paul
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Spring soil nitrate and ammonium dynamics in south coastal British Columbia soils were examined with respect to the potential to develop a soil nitrate test for silage corn (Zea mays, L.). Soil nitrate and ammonium contents were measured to 90 cm depth in two soils from April to July of two growing seasons. Treatments included a control, spring application of either 300 or 600 kg total N ha−1 as liquid dairy manure, or 200 kg N ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer. Significant amounts of ammonium were present until late May following manure and until mid-June following fertilizer application, requiring simultaneous determination of both nitrate and ammonium concentrations to assess soil inorganic N contents during this period. Most of the changes in soil nitrate over time occurred in the top 30 cm, suggesting that sampling to 30 cm depth would be sufficient in most cases for a soil nitrate test in this region. Most of the increase in soil inorganic N associated with the spring application of manure occurred by 1 June. A soil nitrate test in early to mid-June when the corn is at the six leaf stage appeared to be most suitable for use in south coastal British Columbia to determine if additional fertilizer N is required. A sample taken at this time will measure soil nitrate contents just before the period of rapid corn N uptake, after most of the additional inorganic N associated with spring manure application is already present in the soil as nitrate, and after nitrification of the manure ammonium has occurred. Key words: N recovery, preplant nitrate test, pre-sidedress soil nitrate test

Influence of the time and rate of liquid-manure application on yield and nitrogen utilization of silage corn in south coastal British Columbia

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
J. W. Paul ◽  
O. Schmidt ◽  
R. McDougall
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Manure-N availability must be known in order to design application practices that maximize the nutrient value of the manure while minimizing adverse environmental impacts. This study determined the effect of time and rate of liquid manure application on silage corn yield and N utilization, and residual soil nitrate at harvest, in south coastal British Columbia. Liquid dairy or liquid hog manure was applied at target rates of 0, 175, 350 or 525 kg N ha−1, with or without addition of 100 kg N ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer, at two sites in each of 2 yr. Time of liquid-dairy-manure application was also tested at two sites in each of 2 yr with N-application treatments of: 600 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in spring; 600 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in fall; 300 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in each of spring and fall; 200 kg N ha−1 applied as inorganic fertilizer in spring; 300 kg N ha−1 as manure plus 100 kg N ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer applied in spring; and a control that received no applied N. Fall-applied manure did not increase corn yield or N uptake in the following growing season. At all sites, maximum yield was attained using manure only. Selection of proper spring application rates for manure and inorganic fertilizer were found to be equally important in minimizing residual soil nitrate at harvest. Apparent recovery of applied N in the crop ranged from 0 to 33% for manure and from 18 to 93% for inorganic fertilizer. Key words: N recovery, manure management

Tillage, crop residue and crop sequence effects on nitrogen availability in a legume-based cropping system

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. Soon ◽  
M. A. Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Microbial Biomass N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Crop Sequence ◽  
Extractable Soil ◽  
Soil Inorganic

A field study was conducted to determine the effects and interactions of crop sequence, tillage and residue management on labile N pools and their availability because such information is sparse. Experimental treatments were no-till (NT) vs. conventional tillage (CT), and removal vs. retention of straw, imposed on a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-canola (Brassica rapa L.)-field pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotation. 15N-labelling was used to quantify N uptake from straw, below-ground N (BGN), and fertilizer N. Straw retention increased soil microbial biomass N (MBN) in 2 of 3 yr at the four-leaf growth stage of barley, consistent with observed decreases in extractable soil inorganic N at seeding. However, crop yield and N uptake at maturity were not different between straw treatments. No tillage increased soil MBN, crop yield and N uptake compared to CT, but had no effect on extractable soil inorganic N. The greater availability of N under NT was probably related to soil moisture conservation. Tillage effects on soil and plant N were mostly independent of straw treatment. Straw and tillage treatments did not influence the uptake of N from its various sources. However, barley following pea (legume/non-legume sequence) derived a greater proportion of its N from BGN (13 to 23% or 9 to 23 kg N ha-1) than canola following barley (nonlegumes) (6 to 16% or 3 to 9 kg N ha-1). Fertilizer N constituted 8 to 11% of barley N uptake and 23 to 32% of canola N uptake. Straw N contributed only 1 to 3% of plant N uptake. This study showed the dominant influence of tillage on N availability, and of the preceding crop or cropping sequence on N uptake partitioning among available N sources. Key words: Crop residue, crop sequence, labile nitrogen, nitrogen uptake, pea, tillage

scholarly journals Fresh Market Tomato Yield and Soil Nitrogen as Affected by Tillage, Cover Cropping, and Nitrogen Fertilization

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1258-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidat Yaffa ◽  
Bharat P. Singh ◽  
Upendra M. Sainju ◽  
K.C. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Cover Cropping ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Sustainable practices are needed in vegetable production to maintain yield and to reduce the potential for soil erosion and N leaching. We examined the effects of tillage [no-till (NT), chisel plowing (CP), and moldboard plowing (MP)], cover cropping [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) vs. winter weeds], N fertilization (0, 90, and 180 kg·ha-1 N), and date of sampling on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yield, N uptake, and soil inorganic N in a Norfolk sandy loam in Fort Valley, Ga. for 2 years. Yield was greater with CP and MP than with NT in 1996 and was greater with 90 and 180 than with 0 kg·ha-1 N in 1996 and 1997. Similarly, aboveground tomato biomass (dry weight of stems + leaves + fruits) and N uptake were greater with CP and MP than with NT from 40 to 118 days after transplanting (DAT) in 1996; greater with hairy vetch than with winter weeds at 82 DAT in 1997; and greater with 90 or 180 than with 0 kg·ha-1 N at 97 DAT in 1996 and at 82 DAT in 1997. Soil inorganic N was greater with NT or CP than with MP at 0- to 10-cm depth at 0 and 30 DAT in 1996; greater with hairy vetch than with winter weeds at 0- to 10-cm and at 10- to 30-cm at 0 DAT in 1996 and 1997, respectively; and greater with 90 or 180 than with 0 kg·ha-1 N from 30 to 116 DAT in 1996 and 1997. Levels of soil inorganic N and tomato N uptake indicated that N release from cover crop residues was synchronized with N need by tomato, and that N fertilization should be done within 8 weeks of transplanting. Similar tomato yield, biomass, and N uptake with CP vs. MP and with 90 vs. 180 kg·ha-1 N suggests that minimum tillage, such as CP, and 90 kg·ha-1 N can better sustain tomato yield and reduce potentials for soil erosion and N leaching than can conventional tillage, such as MP, and 180 kg·ha-1 N, respectively. Because of increased vegetative cover in the winter, followed by increased mulch and soil N in the summer, hairy vetch can reduce the potential for soil erosion and the amount of N fertilization required for tomato better than can winter weeds.

scholarly journals The strength of the biotic compartment to retain nitrogen additions prevents nitrogen losses from a Mediterranean maquis

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 8041-8065
Author(s):  
T. Dias ◽  
M. A. Martins-Loução ◽  
L. Sheppard ◽  
C. Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Initial Response ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Mediterranean Maquis ◽  
N Additions ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) is one of the nutrients most limiting to ecosystem productivity. However, N availability is increasing globally, which may affect ecosystem functions and stability. To understand the role of each ecosystem compartment in the cycling of increased N, we studied the initial response of a nutrient-poor ecosystem, a Mediterranean maquis, to increased N. N availability (dose and forms) was modified by three N additions along the year (spring, summer and middle autumn/winter). Soil inorganic N pools (nitrate in particular) strongly reflected the N additions in autumn, almost matching the total N added along the three additions. Cistus ladanifer, the dominant plant species, responded to the increased N (cover and N concentration in leaves and litter), and given that leaf shedding occurs in the summer, the importance of this N pool returning to the soil through litter decomposition on the total soil inorganic N in autumn was investigated. Data suggest that living plants and litter have a crucial role in preventing N losses from Mediterranean maquis. This is the first integrated field study on how European Mediterranean ecosystems retain increased N of different forms and doses, however longer-term studies are needed to explore the generality of this study's observations.

Soil nitrogen and moisture as influenced by composts and inorganic fertilizer rate

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gagnon ◽  
R. R. Simard ◽  
M. Goulet ◽  
R. Robitaille ◽  
R. Rioux
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Inorganic

The addition of compost may mitigate soil degradation and contribute to the soil nutrient supply in spring cereal monoculture. A field study was carried out in eastern Quebec, Canada, to assess the impact of composts from four sources and ammonium nitrate (AN) applied at different rates in spring on soil moisture and inorganic N in spring wheat production (Triticum aestivum L. 'Messier'). The experiment was conducted in 1994 and 1995 on two different soils: a Kamouraska clay (Orthic Humic Gleysol) and a Saint-André sandy loam (Fragic Humo-Ferric Podzol). Composts were applied at rates of 0, 90, 180 and 360 kg total N ha−1. Ammonium nitrate was applied at 0, 45, 90 and 180 kg N ha–1. Treatments in which AN was added to composts were also included. Thirty days after N application, profile soil inorganic N increased linearly with rates of commercial composts and AN but not with farm composts, whereas at harvest, residual soil N was not affected by composts but was increased by AN. The relative contribution of the compost organic fraction was negligible in the first year of application. Soil inorganic N at 30 d after fertilizer applications was significantly related to plant N uptake at harvest (r2 = 0.74), suggesting useful index of compost N availability. Large amounts of compost raised soil moisture content of the sandy loam by 3–5%, particularly under dry climatic conditions. Commercial composts have a small N fertilizer value, whereas composted dairy manure should be considered preferable as a soil amendment. Key words: Dairy manure compost, shrimp wastes, peat moss, wheat

scholarly journals AN EVALUATION OF THE T-SUM METHOD FOR EFFICIENT TIMING OF SPRING NITROGEN APPLICATIONS ON FORAGE PRODUCTION IN SOUTH COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1179-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. KOWALENKO ◽  
S. FREYMAN ◽  
D. L. BATES ◽  
N. E. HOLBEK
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Seven field trials were conducted over 3 years (1984–1986) at two locations (Agassiz and Oyster River) in south coastal British Columbia to determine forage response to 100 kg N ha−1 applied at various time intervals in the spring according to the accumulation of average air temperatures above 0 °C from 1 Jan. (T-sum). A T-sum of 200 has been reported to be the optimum time for N application in western Europe and the United Kingdom. Both urea and ammonium nitrate were applied at the Oyster River location, while only ammonium nitrate was applied at Agassiz. First-cut forage dry matter production responded to the timing of N application in a variety of ways in the seven trials, with a decrease in growth as N was applied later in the season in most cases. In one trial, dry matter production was lowest at T-100 and T-150 compared to later times of application. Although there were variations among the trials, overall the highest yields occurred when N was applied at T-200 to T-300. Crop quality (%N or crude protein content), however, tended to increase as N was applied later in the season. Recovery of N in the plant and soil at harvest was relatively uniform for all times of N application and the distribution of extractable inorganic N in the soil profile suggested little N leaching. The dominant form of inorganic N found in the soil was ammonium. The cool soil temperatures and flush of plant and microbial activity probably contributed to the apparent lack of leaching and response of the grass to the N applied at various times early in the growing season. The timing of N application in the spring resulted in varying residual effects, whether N was applied or not after the first cut.Key words: N fertilization, yield, quality, timing, N recovery

Effect of composts and inorganic fertilizers on spring wheat growth and N uptake

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gagnon ◽  
R. R. Simard ◽  
R. Robitaille ◽  
M. Goulet ◽  
R. Rioux
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Total N

The nutrient availability of composts has to be known for their safe use in crop production. A field study was carried out to assess the effect of a spring application of composts and inorganic fertilizers on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Messier') growth and N uptake in eastern Québec (Canada). The experiment was conducted in 1994 and 1995 on two different soils: a Kamouraska clay (Orthic Humic Gleysol) and a Saint-André sandy loam (Fragic Humo-Ferric Podzol). Four composts were applied at rates of 0, 90, 180 and 360 kg total N ha−1. Inorganic fertilizers were applied at rates of 0, 50, 100 and 200% of wheat N, P or K requirements. Treatments in which inorganic fertilizers (IN) were added to composts were also included. Grain yield was increased by N rates whereas composts alone at 90 kg total N ha–1 resulted in lower yields than the control in the first year on the sandy loam. Commercial composts resulted in higher yields than dairy manure composts. Wheat showed no significant response to P and K fertilizers on either soil. Compost rates had no effect on grain N content but commercial composts increased straw N by 36 to 63%. Addition of IN to composts increased grain yield by 0.1 to 1.5 Mg ha−1 and N uptake by 4 to 55 kg N ha−1, depending on soil and weather conditions. Apparent recovery efficiency of added N for composts was −14 to 15% whereas it ranged from 24 to 56% for IN. In spring wheat production, composts should be considered more as organic matter amendments because of their limited N efficiency. Key words: Composted dairy manure, shrimp wastes, peat moss, apparent N recovery

scholarly journals Predicting Nitrogen Availability in Irrigated Potato Systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Snapp ◽  
A.M. Fortuna
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Growers lack practical decision aides that accurately predict nitrogen (N) credits for organic sources to adjust fertilizer rates. The simulation model, DSSAT, was used to predict N supply in relationship to N demand in irrigated potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). Tuber yield and soil inorganic N levels were substantially higher in the simulations than in field experiment observations, indicating the need for model improvement. DSSAT was successful at predicting relative mineralization rates and potato N uptake for different organic and inorganic N source combinations. Interestingly, both simulation and field experiment observations indicated that combining a high quality organic manure at 5000 lb/acre (5604.2 kg·ha-1), total applied N 250 lb/acre (280.2 kg·ha-1), and a fertilizer source of N 160 lb/acre (179.3 kg·ha-1) markedly increased yields and lowered leaching potential. Simulated tuber yield for the combined treatment was 660 cwt/acre (74.0 t·ha-1) with 48 lb/acre (53.8 kg·ha-1) inorganic-N in the profile at harvest, whereas the highest simulated N fertilizer response was to 235 lb/acre (263.4 kg.·ha-1), which produced 610 cwt/acre (68.4 t·ha-1) with 77 lb/acre (86.3 kg·ha-1) inorganic-N in the profile at harvest. The synchrony of N release and uptake for combined manure and fertilizer treatments may explain the efficient N uptake observed. Common soil types and weather scenarios in Michigan were simulated and indigenous soil N mineralization was predicted to be 6 lb/acre (6.7 kg·ha-1) inorganic-N in the topsoil at planting, similar to observed levels. The increasing aeration associated with a sandy versus a sandy loam soil only slightly increased the predicted rate of mineralization from organic inputs. Simulated soil inorganic N levels with different organic inputs was modestly increased in a warm spring [4.5 °F (2.50 °C) over normal temperatures] compared to a cool spring (-4.5 °F less than normal temperatures). For Michigan irrigated potato systems, DSSAT simulations indicate that the most important factor determining inorganic N supply will be the quality and quantity of organic inputs, not environmental conditions.

Nitrogen transformations and ammonia loss following injection and surface application of pig slurry: a laboratory experiment using slurry labelled with 15N-ammonium

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. CHADWICK ◽  
J. MARTINEZ ◽  
C. MAROL ◽  
F. BÉLINE
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Slurry Injection ◽  
Soil Inorganic

A laboratory experiment was designed to determine the fate of 15N-labelled slurry ammonium (15NH4-N) and compare soil inorganic-N distribution following surface applied or injected pig slurry. A system of cylindrical volatilization chambers equipped to allow continuous trapping of ammonia (NH3) was used. Undisturbed soil columns were placed in the chambers prior to the application of slurry. A nitrogen balance including soil, air and plant analysis was established for both treatments, 8 days after application. Average cumulative emissions of NH3 were 15% and 11% of the total ammoniacal-N added with the surface and injected treatments, respectively. After 8 days 55% of the 15NH4-N applied through slurry injection was recovered in the soil inorganic-N pool: 37% as 15NH4-N and 18% as 15NO3-N. These figures compare with only 25% 15NH4-N recovered with the surface applied slurry treatment: 7% as 15NH-N and 17% as 15NO3-N. Immobilization into soil organic-N accounted for 8% of the 15NH4-N applied for the injected treatment and 6% of the surface applied slurry-15N. 15N uptake by the grass was 2% and 7% for the injected and surface applied treatments, respectively. The percentage of added 15N accounted for was 76% for the injected treatment and 53% for the surface applied slurry treatment.

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