Optimizing soil and plant responses to land-applied manure nutrients in the Great Plains of North America

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
J J Schoenau ◽  
J G Davis
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Available N ◽  
Animal Manures ◽  
Beneficial Management Practices

Animal manures are recognized as valuable sources of plant nutrients in cropping systems and also play a role in soil improvement through the input of organic matter. Using recent research examples from Saskatchewan and Colorado, this paper covers beneficial management practices for effective recycling of manure nutrients applicable to the Great Plains region of North America. Challenges in using animal manures as fertilizers include low nutrient content per unit weight, variability and availability of nutrient content, and a balance of available nutrients that often does not meet the relative nutrient requirements of the crop. Examples of imbalances that may arise requiring special management considerations include low available N content relative to available P for many solid manures, and low available S relative to N for some liquid manures. Application decisions are best supported by manure and soil analyses, with nutrient balance issues addressed by rate adjustments and the addition of supplemental commercial fertilizer to avoid deficiency or loading of specific nutrients. Placement of manure into the soil by injection or incorporation is desirable in that nutrient losses by volatilization and runoff are reduced and crop recovery is increased. Balancing the rate of nutrient application with crop requirement and removal over time is key to avoiding nutrient loading on soils receiving repeated applications of manure. Key words: Manure management, nutrient cycling, beneficial management practices, Great Plains

Productivity and Profitability of Fodder Cowpea Cultivars under Various Zinc Management Practices in IGP of India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manisha . ◽  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
Hardev Ram ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Meena ◽  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Available N ◽  
Cowpea Cultivars ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Green Fodder ◽  
Fodder Yield

Background: Soils of North-Western Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) are deficient in zinc content which may lead to lower forage yield of cowpea. Henceforth, the adequate supply of zinc either through soil or foliar spray and selection of suitable cultivar of cowpea could enhance the fodder productivity.Methods: A field experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design during Kharif season, 2019 to assess the effect of different zinc management practices (control; 10 kg ZnSO4; 20 kg ZnSO4; 0.5% ZnSO4 foliar spray at 20 DAS; 0.5% ZnSO4 foliar spray at 20 and 40 DAS) on productivity and profitability of cowpea cultivars (C-152; MFC-08-14; MFC-09-1) and post-harvest fertility status of soil.Result: Cowpea cv. C-152 showed the highest growth attributes, green fodder yield, nutrient content as well as uptake and net returns. Among different zinc management practices, the application of 20 kg ZnSO4 as basal application or 0.5% ZnSO4 foliar spray at 20 and 40 DAS recorded significantly highest growth, green fodder yield, nutrient content as well as uptake and net returns. Significantly highest soil OC, available N, K and Zn were also noted under these treatments. It is inferred that cowpea cv. C-152 and application of either 20 kg ZnSO4 as basal or 0.5% ZnSO4 as foliar spray at 20 and 40 DAS were found the most productive and profitable approach and sustained the soil fertility status.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Elite Wheat Germ Plasm for Resistance to Tan Spot

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 1320-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Singh ◽  
M. Mergoum ◽  
S. Ali ◽  
T. B. Adhikari ◽  
E. M. Elias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tan Spot ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Resistant Varieties

Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is a serious foliar disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in North America. Control of tan spot through management practices and fungicide application is possible; however, the use of resistant varieties is the most effective and economical means of controlling tan spot. This study was conducted to determine the disease reaction of 126 elite hard red spring, white, and durum wheat varieties and advanced breeding lines collected from the northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada to individual races/toxins of P. tritici-repentis. Seedling evaluation of the 126 genotypes was done under controlled environmental conditions with virulent races 2, 3, and 5 of P. tritici-repentis and toxins Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB. Based on disease reactions, two resistant varieties and two advanced breeding lines adapted to the northern Great Plains were found to be resistant to all the races and insensitive to the toxins tested. Additionally, six genetically diverse lines/varieties were identified to be resistant to tan spot; however, these sources may not be well adapted to the northern Great Plains. These results suggest that the wheat germ plasm contains a broad genetic base for resistance to the most prevalent races of P. tritici-repentis in North America, and the resistant sources identified in this study may be utilized in wheat breeding programs to develop tan spot resistant varieties.

scholarly journals Soil nutrient content in relation to women's agricultural knowledge in the urban gardens of Kisumu, Kenya

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolette Tamara R. J. M. Jonkman ◽  
Esmee D. Kooijman ◽  
Boris Jansen ◽  
Nicky R. M. Pouw ◽  
Karsten Kalbitz
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Agricultural Management ◽  
Urban Gardens ◽  
Available N ◽  
Agricultural Knowledge ◽  
Soil Nutrient Content

Abstract. Agricultural production in Kenya has been declining since the 1980s, either because soils are mismanaged or because they lack nutrients. In Kisumu, just under 50 % of the workers in the urban gardens are female. On average, women spend more hours a day in the gardens than men. To increase yields, women’s knowledge has to be considered in agricultural management. However, women face greater obstacles in land ownership, investment, and farm inputs due to social and cultural constraints as consequence of their gender. This case study aimed to determine the nutrient content in soils of the urban gardens of Kisumu, the agricultural knowledge of the women farmers and how their knowledge influences soil nutrient content through their management. Soils were sampled in Nyalenda, one of Kisumu's informal settlements where urban gardening is practised, to determine soil nutrient content. To determine how agricultural management practices influences total C and N, available N and P, and exchangeable K, Mg and Ca in the soil, two prevailing practices were compared: (1) applying manure only, and: (2) applying manure while intercropping with cowpeas. Interviews and focus group discussions were organised to determine what knowledge the female vegetable farmers possess, and where they acquired their knowledge. Soil analysis showed that agricultural management had significant effects on nutrient presence and availability. Intercropping led to significantly lower total soil nutrient contents than when only manure was applied. However, due to socio-economic factors, such as poverty, intercropping was applied in a way that did not increase soil nutrients but diversified revenue. The knowledge of the female vegetable growers was found to be limited to practical and sensory knowledge. This shows that in addition to socio-economic and cultural context, gendered knowledge differentiation has to be acknowledged and used in agricultural training when aiming to improve soil nutrient status and agricultural yields.

scholarly journals Kentucky Bluegrass Response to Use of Aquatic Plants as a Soil Amendment

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fortuna ◽  
P.E. Rieke ◽  
L.W. Jacobs ◽  
B. Leinauer ◽  
D.E. Karcher
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Aquatic Plant ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Available N

Rapid aquatic plant growth in Michigan's smaller lakes has reduced their navigability and recreational use. Harvested aquatic weeds have posed a new waste disposal issue for municipalities. Application of lake weeds as a soil amendment on area farms was viewed as a possible waste management option that might benefit local sod producers. The objectives of this study were to 1) estimate the amount of plant-available N (PAN) released from lake weed material, 2) determine the chemical composition of aquatic plant tissues and their effect on plant-available moisture, and 3) study turfgrass response to lake weed applications using the criteria of turfgrass quality, growth, and N uptake. Rates of lake weed refuse applied to field plots were 96, 161, and 206 Mg·ha-1. Two 47-day laboratory incubations were conducted with the same rates of refuse. Relative to biosolids, the metal content of the lake weeds was low and the nutrient content high. One megagram of lake weeds contained 0.37 kg of P and 2.5 kg of K. The decay constant for the C fraction in lake weeds was 8 to 10 days and 16 days for the N fraction. Estimates of the N supplied by lake weeds (570, 960, and 1200 kg PAN/ha) were based on data from C and N incubations. Application of lake weeds significantly increased plant-available soil moisture and significantly enhanced sod establishment and turf density, resulting in decreased weed pressure. However, excess N was present at higher application rates. Management concerns during the application of lake weeds should focus on nutrient loading and the timing of plant-available N release. Depending on methods of weed harvesting, we observed that large amounts of unwanted trash present in the plant biomass could discourage use by growers. Land application of lake weed refuse could ease waste disposal problems, reduce fertilizer inputs for sod growers, and improve the moisture status of sands. Further, this information can be of value to environmental regulatory agencies in determining safe and proper use of such waste materials.

scholarly journals What is Rose Rosette Disease?

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Brent Pemberton ◽  
Kevin Ong ◽  
Mark Windham ◽  
Jennifer Olson ◽  
David H. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Specialty Crops ◽  
Rose Rosette ◽  
Rose Rosette Disease

Rose rosette disease (RRD) is incited by a negative-sense RNA virus (genus Emaravirus), which is vectored by a wind-transported eriophyid mite (Phyllocoptes fructiphilus). Symptoms include witches broom/rosette-type growth, excessive prickles (thorns), discolored and distorted growth, and, unlike most other rose diseases, usually results in plant death. RRD is endemic to North America and was first described in Manitoba, Wyoming, and California in the 1940s. It has spread east with the aid of a naturalized rose species host and has become epidemic from the Great Plains to the East Coast of North America on garden roses in home and commercial landscapes where losses have been high. The disease was suggested to be incited by a virus from the beginning, but only recently has this been confirmed and the virus identified. The presence of the vector mite on roses has been associated with RRD since the first symptoms were described. However, more recently, the mite was demonstrated to be the vector of the disease and confirmed to transmit the virus itself. As a result of the RRD epidemic in North America and its effects on the national production and consumer markets for roses, a research team comprising five major universities (Texas, Florida, Tennessee, Oklahoma, and Delaware), a dozen growers and nurseries (all regions), six rose breeding programs (California, Wisconsin, Texas, and Pennsylvania), the major rose testing programs (Earth-Kind and AGRS), the major rose organization (American Rose Society), and the major trade organization AmericanHort has formed. This research project has been funded by the Specialty Crops Research Initiative through the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) with the short-term objective of improving and disseminating best management practices (BMPs) and the long-term goal of identifying additional sources of resistance and developing the genetic tools to quickly transfer resistance into the elite commercial rose germplasm.

scholarly journals A Cross-sectional Survey of the North American Skull Base Society: Current Practice Patterns of Vestibular Schwannoma Evaluation and Management in North America

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (03) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Van Gompel ◽  
R. Wiet ◽  
Nicole Tombers ◽  
Anand Devaiah ◽  
Devyani Lal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Skull Base ◽  
Vestibular Schwannoma ◽  
North American ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range

Background Very few studies have examined vestibular schwannoma (VS) management trends across centers and between providers. The objective of this study is to examine current practice trends, variance in treatment philosophies, and nuanced or controversial aspects of VS care across North America. Methods This is a cross-sectional survey of North American Skull Base Society (NASBS) members who report regular involvement in VS care. Results A total of 57 completed surveys were returned. Most respondents claimed to have over 20 years of experience and the majority reported working in an academic practice with an affiliated otolaryngology and/or neurosurgery residency program. Sixty-three percent of respondents claimed to evaluate VS patients in clinic with both an otolaryngologist and neurosurgeon involved. Eighty-six percent of respondents claimed to operate on VS with both an otolaryngologist and neurosurgeon involved, while only 18% of neurosurgeons and 9% of otolaryngologists performed surgery alone. There was a wide range in the number of cases evaluated at each center annually. Similarly, there was wide variation in the number of patients treated with microsurgery and radiation at each center. Additional details regarding management preferences for microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, stereotactic radiotherapy, and conservative observation are presented. Conclusion VS management practices vary between providers and centers. Overall, most centers employ a multidisciplinary approach to management with collaboration between otolaryngology and neurosurgery. Overall, survey responses concur with previous studies suggesting a shift toward conservatism in management.

The Neogene transition from C3 to C4 grasslands in North America: assemblage analysis of fossil phytoliths

Paleobiology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline A. E. Strömberg ◽  
Francesca A. McInerney
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotopes ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Grassland Ecosystems ◽  
Isotopic Records

The rapid ecological expansion of grasses with C4 photosynthesis at the end of the Neogene (8–2 Ma) is well documented in the fossil record of stable carbon isotopes. As one of the most profound vegetation changes to occur in recent geologic time, it paved the way for modern tropical grassland ecosystems. Changes in CO2 levels, seasonality, aridity, herbivory, and fire regime have all been suggested as potential triggers for this broadly synchronous change, long after the evolutionary origin of the C4 pathway in grasses. To date, these hypotheses have suffered from a lack of direct evidence for floral composition and structure during this important transition. This study aimed to remedy the problem by providing the first direct, relatively continuous record of vegetation change for the Great Plains of North America for the critical interval (ca. 12–2 Ma) using plant silica (phytolith) assemblages.Phytoliths were extracted from late Miocene-Pliocene paleosols in Nebraska and Kansas. Quantitative phytolith analysis of the 14 best-preserved assemblages indicates that habitats varied substantially in openness during the middle to late Miocene but became more uniformly open, corresponding to relatively open grassland or savanna, during the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Phytolith data also point to a marked increase of grass short cells typical of chloridoid and other potentially C4 grasses of the PACMAD clade between 8 and 5 Ma; these data suggest that the proportion of these grasses reached up to ∼50–60% of grasses, resulting in mixed C3-C4 and highly heterogeneous grassland communities by 5.5 Ma. This scenario is consistent with interpretations of isotopic records from paleosol carbonates and ungulate tooth enamel. The rise in abundance of chloridoids, which were present in the central Great Plains since the early Miocene, demonstrates that the “globally” observed lag between C4 grass evolution/taxonomic diversification and ecological expansion occurred at the regional scale. These patterns of vegetation alteration imply that environmental change during the late Miocene-Pliocene played a major role in the C3-C4 shift in the Great Plains. Specifically, the importance of chloridoids as well as a decline in the relative abundance of forest indicator taxa, including palms, point to climatic drying as a key trigger for C4 dominance.

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