Nitrogen supply of a Dark Brown Chernozem soil and its utilization by wheat

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y K Soon ◽  
S A Brandt ◽  
S S Malhi
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Available N ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Use Efficiency

Environment and management effects on the N supply to crops are not well understood. We assessed the influence of tillage system (conventional tillage or no-till), N fertilizer (0 or 60 kg N ha-1) and year on N sources and supply of a Dark Brown Chernozem loam soil, and N utilization by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 2 yr. The main N source was mineralized N; only 14–23% of wheat N was derived from fertilizer, and non-exchangeable ammonium made no measurable contribution. Soil NO3 and exchangeable NH4 content at sowing and net N mineralization during the growing season (Nmin) were influenced more by year than by N addition and tillage. Nmin was 90–100 kg N ha-1 in 1999, a moist growing season but only 21–39 kg N ha-1 in 2000, a drier year. In both years, soil inorganic N to 60 cm at sowing averaged about 60 kg N ha-1 of which half was N mineralized since the previous harvest. Year accounted for 65–81% of the variation in N uptake. Fertilization increased N uptake and wheat yields, especially in 2000, but fertilization and tillage had no effect on post-heading N uptake and N translocation. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and N recovery were lower with N applied and not affected by tillage. Our study indicated that available N was affected more by environment than management. In dry conditions, when Nmin is low, N application may be more effective in increasing yield and N uptake than in wet years, an observation that may merit further attention. Key words: Available N, N mineralization, N recovery, N use efficiency, non-exchangeable ammonium, tillage

scholarly journals Yield, Nitrogen Dynamics, and Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Machine-harvested Cucumber

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1712-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Van Eerd ◽  
Kelsey A. O'Reilly
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Budget ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Use Efficiency

The increase in fertilizer costs as well as environmental concerns has stimulated growers to re-evaluate their fertilizer applications to optimize nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) while maintaining crop yields and minimizing N losses. With these objectives, field trials were conducted at seven sites with five N rates (0 to 220 kg N/ha) of ammonium-nitrate applied preplant broadcast and incorporated as well as a split application treatment of 65 + 45 kg N/ha. In three contrasting years (i.e., cool/wet versus warm/dry versus average), N treatment had no observable effect on grade size distribution or brine quality. Based on the zero N control treatment, the limited yield response to fertilizer N was the result of sufficient plant-available N over the growing season. In the N budget, there was no difference between N treatments in crop N removal, but there was a positive linear relationship between N applied and the quantity of N in crop residue as well as in the soil after harvest. As expected, apparent fertilizer N recovery and N uptake efficiency were lower at 220 versus 110 kg N/ha applied preplant or split. The preplant and split applications of 110 kg N/ha were not different in yield, overall N budget, or NUE. Considering the short growing season, planting into warm soils, and the generally productive, nonresponsive soils in the region, growers should consider reducing or eliminating fertilizer N applications in machine-harvested cucumber.

REGRESSIONS FOR ESTIMATING STRAW YIELDS AND N AND P CONTENTS OF SPRING WHEAT AND N MINERALIZATION IN A BROWN LOAM SOIL

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
R. P. ZENTNER ◽  
F. SELLES
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

Data from an 18-yr crop rotation study carried out on a Brown loam soil at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, were used to estimate equations that relate spring wheat straw yields, and N and P content of grain and straw to moisture use (MU). Moisture use was defined as soil moisture content in 0- to 120-cm depth at seeding, less soil moisture content at harvest, plus growing season precipitation. Grain yields were also related to straw yields and to N content of the straw. Potential net N mineralization (Nmin) in summerfallow (periods during the growing season with negative Nmin omitted) was related (r = 0.74**) to precipitation received during the spring to fall period. An attempt to relate apparent net Nmin (determined by N balance) in cropped systems to growing season precipitation or to MU was not successful. Highly significant linear regressions were obtained for straw yields, grain N and P contents vs. MU, and for grain yield vs. straw yield (r = 0.66** – 0.83**), but the other relationships were less reliable (r = 0.41** – 0.55**) though still significant. We discussed how these relationships might be used to estimate fertilizer N requirements, for examining N immobilization-mineralization, and for estimating residue sufficiency for erosion control on summerfallowed land. Key words: Straw:grain ratio, N uptake, P uptake, crop residues, N mineralization

scholarly journals Nutrients Use Efficiency and Uptake Characteristics of Panicum virgatum for Fodder Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Kyriakos Giannoulis ◽  
Dimitrios Bartzialis ◽  
Elpiniki Skoufogianni ◽  
Nicholaos Danalatos
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Recovery Fraction ◽  
Fodder Production ◽  
Use Efficiency

Panicum virgatum could produce cattle feed with lower costs due to the low input requirements and its perennial nature. Dry biomass yield vs. N-P-K nutrient uptake relations as well as the N-mineralization and the N-fertilization recovery fraction for Panicum virgatum (cv. Alamo) were determined under field conditions for four N-fertilization (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha-1) and two irrigation levels (0 and 250 mm), οn two soils in central Greece with rather different moisture status. It was found that the dry fodder yield on the aquic soil may reach 14 t ha-1 using supplemental irrigation; while on the xeric soil a lower yield of 9-10 t ha-1 may be produced only under supplemental irrigation. Moreover, the average N, P and K concentration was 1.3%, 0.14% and 1.3% in leaves, and 0.5%, 0.85%, and 1.5% in stems, respectively, showing the very low crop requirements. Furthermore, linear biomass yield-nutrient uptake relationships were found with high R2, pointing to nutrient use efficiency of 132 and 75 kg kg-1, for N and K respectively. The base N-uptake ranged from 71-74 kg ha-1 on the aquic to 60 kg ha-1 or less on the xeric soil. Finally, it was found that N-recovery fraction was 20% on the aquic soil and lower on the xeric. Therefore, it could be conclude that Panicum virgatum seems to be a very promising crop for fodder production and its introduction in land use systems (especially οn aquic soils of similar environments) should be taken into consideration.

Use of hot KCl-NH4-N to estimate fertilizer N requirements

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
Y. W. Jamel ◽  
A. Jalil ◽  
J. Schoenau
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Order Rate Constant ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Mineralizable N ◽  
Potentially Mineralizable N

We need an easy-to-use chemical index for estimating the amount of N that becomes available during the growing season, to improve N use efficiency. This paper discusses how producers may, in future, use crop growth models that incorporate indices of soil N availability, to make more accurate, risk-sensitive estimates of fertilizer N requirements. In a previous study, we developed an equation, using 42 diverse Saskatchewan soils, that related potentially mineralizable N (N0) to NH4N extracted with hot 2 M KCl (X), (i.e., N0 = 37.7 + 7.7X, r2 = 0.78). We also established that the first order rate constant (k) for N mineralization at 35°C is indeed a constant for arable prairie soils (k = 0.067 wk−1). We modified the N submodel of CERES-wheat to include k and N0 (values of N0 were derived from the hot KCl test). With long-term weather data (precipitation and temperature) as input, this model was used to estimate probable N mineralization during a growing season and yield of wheat (grown on fallow or stubble), in response to fertilizer N rates at Swift Current. The model output indicated that the amount of N mineralized in a growing season for wheat on fallow was similar to that for wheat on stubble, as we hypothesized. Further the model indicated that rate of fertilizer N had only minimal effect on N mineralized. We concluded that, despite the importance of knowing the Nmin capability of a soil, it is available water, initial levels of available N and rate of fertilizer N that are the main determinants of yield in this semiarid environment. The theoretical approach we have proposed must be validated under field conditions before it can be adopted for use. Key words: N mineralization, Hot KCl-NH4-N, potentially mineralizable N, CERES-wheat model

Empirical relationships between temperature and nitrogen availability across North American forests

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiwei Yin
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Published Data ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Pool

Published data were analyzed to examine whether nitrogen (N) availability varies along macroclimatic gradients in North America. Extractable N produced during 8-week aerobic laboratory incubation was used as an index of potential net N mineralization. Mean extractable N during the growing season in the forest floor plus top mineral soil was used as an index of the available N pool. Using multiple regression, potential net N mineralization was shown to increase with available N and with litter-fall N (R2 = 0.722). Available N increased with increasing total soil N and with decreasing mean January and July air temperatures (R2 = 0.770). These relationships appeared to hold also for deciduous and coniferous forests separately across regions. Results suggest that net N mineralization output under uniform temperature and moisture conditions can be generally expressed by variations of N input (litter fall) and the available soil N pool, and that the available soil N pool is predictable along a temperature gradient at a regional scale.

scholarly journals Fertilization expression via nitrogen indices in soybean crop under two system tillage

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 799-813
Author(s):  
Ioanna KAKABOUKI ◽  
Antigolena FOLINA ◽  
Charikleia ZISI ◽  
Stella KARYDOGIANNI
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Agronomic Efficiency ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Efficiency Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Harvest

Soybean (Glycine max L.) constitutes a crop that is currently of interest both for its nutritional properties in humans and animals and for its contribution to soil nitrogen. It belongs to legumes, that means that it can take N2 and channel it to the soil, to be assimilable from plants. In addition, its high oil and protein content makes it important because of its nutritional properties. Moreover, soybean is a crop that has a major impact on nitrogen indicators. In this study, set up two same experiments in 2018-2019, in Western Greece. There were identified the effects of different fertilizer application (Control, N80, N100, N120), and different tillage (conventional tillage (CT), no tillage (NT)), on soil (organic matter, root density, no nodules/soil) and in agronomic (LAI, height, N% in upper parts, Yield, N% in seeds, N uptake in upper parts, N uptake in seed, N total uptake) characteristics. As well as in nitrogen indicators (nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, effects of absorption, effects of uptake). Soil properties were affected mainly by the tillage. However agronomic characteristics presented more differences between the different fertilizer application and finally the indicators were affected on both the parameters.

Performance of nitrate compared with urea fertilizer in a semiarid climate of the northern Great Plains

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-355
Author(s):  
Richard E. Engel ◽  
Carlos M. Romero ◽  
Patrick Carr ◽  
Jessica A. Torrion
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Semiarid Regions

Fertilizer NO3-N may represent a benefit over NH4-N containing sources in semiarid regions where rainfall is often not sufficient to leach fertilizer-N out of crop rooting zones, denitrification concerns are not great, and when NH3 volatilization concerns exist. The objective of our study was to contrast plant-N derived from fertilizer-15N (15Ndff), fertilizer-15N recovery (F15NR), total N uptake, grain yield, and protein of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from spring-applied NaNO3 relative to urea and urea augmented with urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT). We established six fertilizer-N field trials widespread within the state of Montana between 2012 and 2017. The trials incorporated different experimental designs and 15N-labeled fertilizer-N sources, including NaNO3, NH4NO3, urea, and urea + NBPT. Overall, F15NR and 15Ndff in mature crop biomass were significantly greater for NaNO3 than urea or urea + NBPT (P < 0.05). Crop 15Ndff averaged 53.8%, 43.9%, and 44.7% across locations for NaNO3, urea, and urea + NBPT, respectively. Likewise, crop F15NR averaged 52.2%, 35.8%, and 38.6% for NaNO3, urea, and urea + NBPT, respectively. Soil 15N recovered in the surface layer (0–15 cm) was lower for NaNO3 compared with urea and urea + NBPT. Wheat grain yield and protein were generally not sensitive to improvements in 15Ndff, F15NR, or total N uptake. Our study hypothesis that NaNO3 would result in similar or better performance than urea or urea + NBPT was confirmed. Use of NO3-N fertilizer might be an alternative strategy to mitigate fertilizer-N induced soil acidity in semiarid regions of the northern Great Plains.

scholarly journals Rate of Nitrogen Rather Than Timing of Application Influence Yield and NUE of Canola in South Australian Mediterranean Environments

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1505
Author(s):  
Amritbir Riar ◽  
Gurjeet Gill ◽  
Glenn K. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Management ◽  
The Impact

Canola has a high nitrogen requirement and optimal nitrogen (N) management in environments with variable rainfall is a challenge. This study investigated the impact of timing of N as a single or split application at different growth stages on seed yield, N uptake and water-use efficiency in canola. Nitrogen rates of 100 and 200 kg ha−1 were applied after sowing when two leaves were unfolded or equally split between the rosette, green bud and first flower stages. The experiments were conducted at two sites with contrasting rainfall and a supplementary irrigation treatment at the low rainfall site, generating a third environment. Nitrogen application increased seed yield by up to 20% at a high rainfall site and by up to 77% at a medium rainfall site, but the timing of N did not significantly affect the yield response to N. Seed yield was closely associated with total dry matter production and seed m−2. N-use efficiency was influenced more by N recovery and uptake efficiency, rather than physiological efficiency, which highlights the importance of soil moisture availability and the ability of the crop to exploit soil water and N reserves. The results suggest that better use of subsoil moisture by overcoming some of the subsoil constraints may be an avenue for further improvements in yield and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) of canola in this environment.

Soil nitrogen dynamics as affected by landscape position and nitrogen fertilizer

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. Soon ◽  
S. S. Malhi
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Landscape Position ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Upper Slope

The influence o f landscape position on the dynamics of N in the soil-plant system has not been adequately studied. Our aim with this study on a predominantly Black Chernozem soil was to evaluate the effect of slope position (upper vs. lower) and N fertilizer application (none vs. 60 kg N ha-1) on soil and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) N through the growing season. Landscape position had a dominant effect on soil NO3− and soluble organic N (SON) concentrations, especially in the surface 15 cm. These pools of soil N and net N mineralization were greater at the lower than at the upper slope position. The landscape effect is attributed to higher organic matter content (as measured by organic C) and water availability in lower compared with upper slope positions. Nitrogen application had no measurable effect on soil NO3− and SON concentrations. Exchangeable and non-exchangeable NH4+ were little affected by slope position or N fertilization. Nitrogen application increased wheat N uptake; however, its influence was less than that of slope position, especially on N accumulation in wheat heads during grain-filling. Although N application increased wheat yields, landscape position exerted the greater influence: grain yield was less on upper than lower slope positions due to earlier onset of crop maturity. During grain filling, net N mineralization was suppressed at the upper slope position and by N application. The increase in crop yield and N uptake due to N application was not significantly different between slope positions. This study demonstrated that landscape position had a greater influence on N dynamics and availability than the application of typical amounts of fertilizer N and that the two effects were mostly independent of each other. Key words: Available N, landscape position, N uptake, net N mineralization, soluble organic N

Wheat genotypes with high early vigour accumulate more nitrogen and have higher photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency during early growth

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayin Pang ◽  
Jairo A. Palta ◽  
Gregory J. Rebetzke ◽  
Stephen P. Milroy
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Early Vigour ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

Genotypic differences in early growth and nitrogen (N) uptake among 24 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were assessed in a field trial. At late tillering, large genetic variation was observed for shoot biomass (23–56 g m–2 ground area) and N uptake (1.1–1.8 g m–2 ground area). A strong correlation between aboveground biomass and N uptake was observed. Variation around this relationship was also found, with some genotypes having similar N uptake but large differences in aboveground biomass. A controlled environment experiment was conducted to investigate the underlying mechanisms for this variation in aboveground biomass using three vigorous genotypes (38–19, 92–11 and CV97) and a non-vigorous commercial cultivar (Janz). Vigorous genotypes had lower specific leaf N in the youngest fully expanded leaf than Janz. However, there was no difference in chlorophyll content, maximum Rubisco activity or the rate of electron transport per unit area. This suggests that Janz invested more N in non-photosynthetic components than the vigorous lines, which could explain the higher photosynthetic N use efficiency of the vigorous genotypes. The results suggest that the utilisation of wheat genotypes with high early vigour could improve the efficiency of N use for biomass production in addition to improving N uptake during early growth.

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