scholarly journals Wheat root dynamics as affected by landscape position

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
R M.A. Block ◽  
K C.J. Van Rees

The effects of landscape position on root production and mortality were assessed in a 90-cm-deep soil profile at a shoulder and footslope landscape position seeded to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Root length was measured over eight sampling dates using a minirhizotron system, and soil water content and temperature were recorded at various depths at each landscape position. The shoulder position was drier than the footslope position in the upper 30 cm due to a greater frequency and duration of soil temperatures > 20°C, and at depth (> 75 cm). Mean root length was greatest at the footslope position and was concentrated in the upper 20 cm of the profile, while the shoulder position had the greatest root length at the 40- to 60-cm depth. Mean daily root production peaked at 5.0 to 6.0 m m-2 d-1 at the 43rd day after planting (DAP) for both landscape positions, which corresponded to the time of booting. Daily rates for root mortality ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 m m-2 d-1. Soil water content and daily root production at the 10-cm depth were positively correlated at both landscape positions. Information on landscape position differences in root productivity and mortality could help to improve placement of inorganic fertilizers, and estimation of below-ground carbon sequestration. Key words: Wheat, roots, minirhizotron, landscape position

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
WS Meyer ◽  
HD Barrs

Transient waterlogging associated with spring irrigations on slowly draining soils causes yield reduction in irrigated wheat. Physiological responses to short-term flooding are not well understood. The aim of this experiment was to monitor above- and below-ground responses of wheat to single waterlogging events during and after stem elongation and to assess the sensitivity of the crop at these growth stages to flooding. Wheat (cv. Bindawarra) was grown in drainage lysimeters of undisturbed cores of Marah clay loam soil. A control treatment (F0) was well-watered throughout the season without surface flooding, while three others were flooded for 96 h at stem elongation (Fl), flag leaf emergence (F2) and anthesis (F3), respectively. Soil water content, soil O2, root length density, leaf and stem growth, apparent photosynthesis (APS), plant nutrient status and grain yield were measured. Soil water content increased and soil O2 levels decreased following flooding; the rate of soil O2 depletion increasing with crop age and root length. Leaf and stem growth and APS increased immediately following flooding, the magnitude of the increases was in the order F1 >F2>F3. A similar order existed in the effect of flooding which decreased the number of roots. Subsequently, leaf and stem growth decreased below that of F0 plants in F1, and briefly in F2. Decreases in APS of treated plants compared to F0 plants appeared to be due to their greater sensitivity to soil water deficit. There was no effect of flooding on grain yield. It is suggested that, while plant sensitivity to flooding decreased with age, flooding at stem elongation had no lasting detrimental effect on yield when post-flood watering was well controlled.


2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Searles ◽  
Diego A. Saravia ◽  
M. Cecilia Rousseaux

Several studies have evaluated many above-ground aspects of olive production, but essential root system characteristics have been little examined. The objective of our study was to evaluate root length density (RLD) and root distribution relative to soil water content in three commercial orchards (north-west Argentina). Depending on the orchard, the different drip emitter arrangements included either: (1) emitters spaced continuously at 1-m intervals along the drip line (CE-4; 4 emitters per tree); (2) 4 emitters per tree spaced at 1-m intervals, but with a space of 2 m between emitters of neighbouring trees (E-4); or (3) 2 emitters per tree with 4 m between emitters of neighbouring trees (E-2). All of the orchards included either var. Manzanilla fina or Manzanilla reina trees (5–8 years old) growing in sandy soils, although the specific characteristics of each orchard differed. Root length density values (2.5–3.5 cm/cm3) in the upper soil depth (0–0.5 m) were fairly uniform along the drip line in the continuous emitter (CE-4) orchard. In contrast, roots were more concentrated in the E-4 and E-2 orchards, in some cases with maximum RLD values of up to 7 cm/cm3. Approximately 70% of the root system was located in the upper 0.5 m of soil depth, and most of the roots were within 0.5 m of the drip line. For each of the three orchards, significant linear relationships between soil water content and RLD were detected based on 42 sampling positions that included various distances from the trunk and soil depths. Values of RLD averaged over the entire rooting zone and total tree root length per leaf area for the three orchards were estimated to range from 0.19 to 0.48 cm/cm3 and from 1.8 to 3.5 km/m2, respectively. These results should reduce the uncertainty associated with the magnitude of RLD values under drip irrigation as intensively managed olive orchards continue to expand in established and new growing regions.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guohua Wang ◽  
Qianqian Gou ◽  
Yulian Hao ◽  
Huimin Zhao ◽  
Xiafang Zhang

An understanding of soil water content dynamics is important for vegetation restoration in an arid desert-oasis ecotone under different landscapes. In this study, the dynamics of soil water content under three typical landscapes (i.e., desert, sand-binding shrubland, and farmland shelter woodland) were investigated in the Hexi Corridor, northwest China, during the growing season from 2002 to 2013. The results showed that the soil water content in the deep layers decreased from 20–30% to a stable low level of 3–5% in the desert and shrubland. For the farmland shelter woodland, the soil water content at the deep layers also decreased, but the decrease rate was much smaller than the desert and shrubland. The decrease of soil water content in the deep soil layers among desert–shrubland–woodland was strongly associated with the increase of groundwater depths. The greatest increase of groundwater depths mainly occurred during 2008–2011, while the largest decrease of soil water content took place during the years 2009–2011, with a time-lag in response to increase in groundwater depths. This study provides new insight into the long-term dynamics of soil water content in a typical desert oasis ecotone under different landscape components from the influence of overexploiting groundwater that cannot be inferred from a short-term study. The findings demonstrate that the sharp increase of groundwater depths could be the main reason behind the reduction of soil water content in the clay interlayers, and sustainable development of groundwater resources exploitation is very important for the management of desert-oasis ecotone from a long-term perspective.


1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Fukai ◽  
P Inthapan

Several physiological responses were compared, under irrigated and water-stressed conditions, in an attempt to explain the reasons for the greater reduction in dry matter production of rice compared with maize and sorghum in a water-limiting environment. Leaf water potential and leaf rolling were determined weekly, soil water profiles and root length density twice, and leaf osmotic potential once during a long dry period. Root length density of rice was at least as high as that of maize and sorghum in the top 0.6 m layer of soil in both the wet and dry trials. There was no difference in water extraction among the 3 species from this layer, while rice extracted less water than did the other species from below 0.6 m. High variability among replicates precluded any conclusion being drawn regarding root length in the deeper layer. Leaf water potential, measured in the early afternoon, was consistently lower in rice than in maize and sorghum, even when soil water content was high, indicating high internal resistance to the flow of water in the rice plants. The low leaf water potential in rice was accompanied by low osmotic potential, and this assisted in maintenance of turgor and dry matter growth when soil water content was relatively high. As soil water content decreased, however, leaf water potential became very low (less than - 2.5 MPa) and, for rice, leaves rolled tightly.


Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Yaping Wang ◽  
Weiming Yan ◽  
Xiaoyang Han ◽  
Feifei Pan ◽  
Liping Cheng ◽  
...  

Soil water has become a major limiting factor in agriculture and forestry development on the Loess Plateau of China. In the past 20–30 years, large areas of apple orchards have been built in this region, which have resulted in excessive consumption of deep soil water and soil desiccation. To evaluate the effects of orchard development on deep soil water content (SWC), a meta-analysis of 162 sampling sites on the loess tableland from 44 peer-reviewed publications was conducted in this study. The results showed that the deep SWC in orchards depended on stand age, planting density and annual precipitation. In regions with 550–600 mm precipitation, the orchard with lower planting density showed no soil desiccation in young and early fruiting stages, while deep soil (>2 m) desiccation occurred in full fruiting and old orchards. The effect of planting density on deep SWC varied with stand age. There were significant differences in SWC among different planting densities in early fruiting orchards (p < 0.05), in which soil desiccation occurred in orchards with higher planting density. However, with the continuous consumption of soil water by apple trees, deep soil desiccation occurred in old orchards regardless of planting density. Further, affected by the spatial variation of annual precipitation, deep SWC in orchards significantly decreased with annual precipitation from 650 to 500 mm among the 44 study sites (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that the planting density should be reasonably regulated on the level of annual precipitation, and apple trees need to be pruned appropriately with a goal of moderate productivity, so as to achieve the sustainable use of regional water resources, food security and economic development.


1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Robitaille ◽  
Robert Boutin ◽  
Denis Lachance

Mature dominant and codominant sugar maples (Acersaccharum Marsh.) at the Duchesnay Experimental Forest (Quebec, Canada) were subjected to deep soil freezing (DF), superficial freezing (SF), and superficial freezing with drought (SFD) during the 1990–1991 and 1991–1992 seasons. Soil temperatures below the DF trees reached lows of −6 °C at 20 cm depth and were significantly lower than the controls. Compared with the controls, unfrozen soil water content was lower (10%, v/v) below the DF trees. During the dry summer of 1991, soil water content remained high below the DF trees at 30% (v/v); controls reached 10% (v/v). Deep frost treated trees had significantly lower sap flow rates, total sap volume, and less total sugar per tree than other treatments for at least 2 years after treatment. These lower values were likely related to the condition of the DF trees (increased canopy transparency; branch dieback). Percent sugar was significantly higher in the DF trees in 1992. Drought did not seem to have a significant effect on sap flow rate as values obtained for 1991 to 1993 followed the same pattern as that for the control trees. Sap in SF trees tended to flow more than in control trees in 1991. Sap in DF-treated trees that did not show visual symptoms of dieback had a lower flow rate than control trees. Soil freezing, which is concomitant with severe reductions in soil water availability, had a negative effect on spring sap flow. A sufficient source of soil water at the moment of stem recharge seems to be critical during the conditioning period to maintain stem pressure and sap flow.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijie Yu ◽  
Juying Jiao

Soil desiccation of the deep soil layer is considered one of the main limiting factors to achieving sustainable development of ecosystems in the hill and gully Loess Plateau region. In this study, slope croplands were selected as the control, and deep soil water was studied on abandoned slopes, including natural abandoned slopes, Robinia pseudoacacia plantations, and Caragana korshinskii plantations. Then, we explored deep soil water characteristics of different vegetation types and slope aspects and the variation tendencies of deep soil water at different recovery stages. The results showed that there were no significant differences in deep soil water content between sunny and shady slopes, and thus, slope aspect was not the key impact factor affecting deep soil water. Deep soil water content on R. pseudoacacia plantations and C. korshinskii plantations was lower than that on natural abandoned slopes; there were no significant differences in soil water content between the natural abandoned slopes and slope croplands. Soil desiccation did not exist on natural abandoned slopes; thus, natural vegetation restoration is an appropriate way to achieve a sustainable ecosystem with respect to deep soil water. In contrast, soil desiccation intensified until it was difficult for vegetation to obtain available water in the deep soil layer on the plantations; soil desiccation began to appear at the 11–20-year stage, and it became increasingly severe until the deep soil water was close to the wilting coefficient at the ≥30-year stage on R. pseudoacacia plantations. Deep soil water was rapidly consumed, and soil desiccation began to appear at the 1–10-year stage and then was close to the wilting coefficient in the later stages on C. korshinskii plantations. According to the results, the plantations needed to be managed in a timely manner to prevent or reduce soil desiccation.


Irriga ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Duruoha ◽  
Cassio Roberto Piffer ◽  
Paulo Arbex Silva

CORN ROOT LENGTH DENSITY AND ROOT DIAMETER AS AFFECTED BY SOIL COMPACTION AND SOIL WATER CONTENT  Charles Duruoha1; Cassio Roberto Piffer2; Paulo Arbex Silva2(1) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Auburn, AL - U.S.A, [email protected] (2) Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Botucatu, SP  1 ABSTRACT Negative effects of soil compaction have been recognized as one of the problems restricting the root system and consequently impairing yields, especially in the Southern Coastal Plain of the USA. Simulations of the root restricting layers in green house studies are necessary for the development of mechanism which alleviates soil compaction problems in these soils. The selection of three distinct bulk densities based on the standard proctor test is also an important factor to determine which bulk density restricts the root layer. The experiment was conducted to assess the root length density and root diameter of the corn (Zea mays L.) crop as a function of bulk density and water stress, characterized by the soil density (1.2; 1.4, and 1.6 g cm-3), and two levels of the water content, approximately (70 and 90% field capacity). The statistical design adopted was completely randomized design, with four replicates in a factorial pattern of (3 x 2). The PVC tubes were superimposed with an internal diameter of 20 cm with a height of 40 cm (the upper tube 20 cm, compacted and inferior tube 10 cm), the hardpan with different levels of soil compaction were located between 20 and 30 cm of the depth of the pot. Results showed that: the main effects of subsoil mechanical impedance were observed on the top layer indicating that the plants had to penetrate beyond the favorable soil conditions before root growth was affected from 3.16; 2.41 to 1.37 cm cm-3 (P<0.005). There was a significant difference at the hardpan layer for the two levels of water and 90% field capacity reduced the root growth from 0.91 to 0.60 cm cm-3 (P<0.005). The root length density and root diameter were affected by increasing soil bulk density from 1.2 to 1.6 g cm-3 which caused penetration resistance to increase to 1.4 MPa. Soil water content of 70% field capacity furnished better root growth in all the layers studied. The increase in root length density resulted in increased root volume. It can also be concluded that the effect of soil compaction impaired the root diameter mostly at the hardpan layer. Soil temperature had detrimental effect on the root growth mostly with higher bulk densities. KEYWORDS: Soil compaction, water, bulk density, soil strength, root growth.  DURUOHA, C.; PIFFER, C. R.; SILVA, P. A. COMPRIMENTO E DIÂMETRO RADICULAR DO MILHO, EM FUNÇÃO DA COMPACTAÇÃO E DO TEOR DE ÁGUA NO SOLO     2 RESUMO Os efeitos negativos da compactação do solo vêm sendo reconhecidos como um dos problemas que restringe o sistema radicular e conseqüentemente, impede a produção agrícola, especialmente no sudoeste dos Estados Unidos. Simulações de camadas de restrição de raízes, em casa de vegetação, são necessárias para desenvolver mecanismos que reduzam problemas de compactação dos solos. A seleção de três diferentes densidades de solo, baseadas no ensaio de Proctor é também um fator importante para determinar qual densidade restringe a penetração da raiz. O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o comprimento e diâmetro radicular da cultura do milho (Zea mays L.), em função da densidade do solo e do estresse hídrico, caracterizado pelas densidades (1,2; 1,4 e 1,6 cm-3) e dois níveis de teor de água (70 e 90 % da capacidade de campo). O método estatístico utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial (3 x 2). Os vasos foram montados em tubos de PVC, com diâmetro interno de 20 cm, sobrepostos, totalizando 40 cm de altura (anel superior com 20 cm e anéis compactado e inferior com 10 cm), a camada com diferentes níveis de solo compactado foi instalada entre 20 e 30 cm de profundidade nos vasos. Os resultados indicaram, através da resistência mecânica que na camada superior as raízes conseguiram penetrar até onde havia condições favoráveis do solo, antes que o sistema radicular fosse afetado de 3,16; 2,41 e 1,37 cm cm-3 (P<0.005). Ocorreu diferença significativa na camada compactada para os dois níveis de teor de água, sendo que a 90 % da capacidade de campo houve uma redução do crescimento radicular de 0,91 para 0,60 cm cm-3 (P<0,005). O comprimento e o diâmetro radicular foram afetados pelo aumento da densidade do solo de 1,2 a 1,6 g cm-3, com resistência à penetração de 1.4 MPa. O teor de água de 70 % da capacidade de campo proporcionou maior comprimento radicular em todas as densidades estudadas.  O aumento no comprimento radicular resultou em maior volume radicular. Concluiu-se também que os efeitos da compactação do solo prejudicaram o diâmetro radicular, principalmente na camada compactada. A temperatura do solo afetou o crescimento radicular, principalmente nas camadas com densidade elevada. UNITERMOS: compactação do solo, teor de água, densidade do solo, resistência à penetração, crescimento radicular.


2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunqiang Wang ◽  
Ming'an Shao ◽  
Zhipeng Liu ◽  
David N. Warrington

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