Extractable phosphorus in alkaline soils amended with high rates of organic and inorganic phosphorus

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abul Kashem ◽  
Olalekan Oluwole Akinremi ◽  
Geza Joseph Racz
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Available P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
P Application ◽  
Plant Available P

Information on the extractable P in soils treated with different organic amendments and how it changes with time is important to a sound management of manure addition to agriculture soils. This laboratory study investigated the impact of adding municipal biosolids, hog and cattle manures and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) on extractable P in soils. Phosphorus was added at rates of 0, 110, 220, 440 and 880 mg P kg-1 for the Osborne soil (Gleysolic Humic Vertisol), and 0, 123, 307 and 614 mg P kg-1 for the Lakeland soil (Gleyed Rego Black Chernozem) in the form of biosolids, hog manure, cattle manure and MAP. The soils were incubated at field capacity for 1, 4, 16 and 32 wk after which they were extracted using H2O, NH4Cl, NaHCO3 (Olsen P), and the Kelowna and Mehlich-3 extracts. Regardless of extractant and soil, extractable P was small 1 wk after adding biosolids (17-93 mg kg-1 as Olsen P) and large with MAP (59-672 mg kg-1 as Olsen P) while hog and cattle manures were intermediate between biosolids and MAP (20-461 mg kg-1 as Olsen P). In biosolids-amended soils, extractable P increased slightly with increasing incubation time indicating net P mineralization. With MAP, extractable P declined from 672 mg kg-1 after 1 wk to 157 mg kg-1 after 16 wk of incubation at the highest P application rate in the Osborne soil. In the Lakeland soil, the decrease in extractable P with MAP addition was small (from 398 to 332 mg kg-1) and was similar to the changes with cattle manure P with incubation time. Extractable P with cattle manure in the Osborne soil and with hog manure in the Lakeland soil did not change with incubation time. In both soils, extraction efficiency was in the order of H2O < NH4Cl < NaHCO3 < Kelowna < Mehlich-3. Across P application rates, the efficiency of added P as measured by NaHCO3 increased only with biosol ids from 12% after 1 wk to 21% after 32 wk of incubation, while it decreased in the same period from 55 to 44% with hog manure, from 34 to 32% with cattle manure and from 74 to 17% with MAP in the Osborne soil. Soil samples taken 4 wk following addition o f hog and cattle manures should reflect plant-available P, while soil samples taken within the same period following the application of biosolids are likely to underestimate plant-available P. Key words: Extractable phosphorus, organic amendments, soils, single extraction, incubation

Depletion, accumulation and availability of soil phosphorus in the Askov long-term field experiment

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musibau O. Azeez ◽  
Gitte Holton Rubæk ◽  
Ingeborg Frøsig Pedersen ◽  
Bent T. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Available P ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Application ◽  
Plant Available P ◽  
Water Extractable

Soil phosphorus (P) reserves, built up over decades of intensive agriculture, may account for most of the crop P uptake, provided adequate supply of other plant nutrients. Whether crops grown on soils with reduced supply of other nutrients obtain similar use-efficiency of soil P reserves remains unclear. In treatments of the Askov Long-Term Experiment (initiated in 1894 on light sandy loam), we quantified changes in soil total P and in plant-available P (Olsen P, water extractable P and P offtake in wheat grains) when P-depleted soil started receiving P in rock phosphate and when P application to soil with moderate P levels ceased during 1997–2017. Additionally we studied treatments with soil kept unfertilised for &gt;100 years and with soil first being P depleted and then exposed to surplus dressings of P, nitrogen (N) and potassium in cattle manure. For soil kept unfertilised for &gt;100 years, average grain P offtake was 6 kg ha–1 and Olsen P averaged 4.6 mg kg–1, representing the lower asymptotic level of plant-available P. Adding igneous rock phosphate to severely P-depleted soil with no N fertilisation had little effect on Olsen P, water extractable P (Pw), grain yields and P offtake. For soils with moderate levels of available P, withholding P application for 20 years reduced contents of Olsen P by 56% (from 16 to 7 mg P kg–1) and of Pw by 63% (from 4.5 to 1.7 mg P kg–1). However, the level of plant-available P was still above that of unfertilised soil. Application of animal manure to P-depleted soil gradually raised soil P availability, grain yield and P offtake, but it took 20 years to restore levels of plant-available P. Our study suggests symmetry between rates of depletion and accumulation of plant-available P in soil.

The effects of addition of bauxite red mud to soil on P uptake by plants

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Snars ◽  
J. C. Hughes ◽  
R. J. Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Red Mud ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Application ◽  
Very High ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Plant Available P ◽  
P Retention

The chemical properties of red mud, a byproduct of Bayer process refining of bauxite to alumina, make disposal of the material problematic. It is very alkaline (pH > 11), contains a large amount of sesquioxides, and thus has a very high P retention capacity. These characteristics have encouraged its use as a soil amendment to enhance P retention in sandy soils. A glasshouse experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of red mud on plant-available P. Leached red mud (LRM) (pH 7.24) was mixed at rates of 0, 5, 10, and 20 t/ha with a very sandy soil, provided with a full basal fertiliser and various rates of phosphate, and then sown with perennial ryegrass. Five harvests were obtained over a period of 245 days. At the end of the experiment the highest rate of addition of LRM gave an increase in soil pH of less than one unit and the electrical conductivity had not changed substantially or systematically. Bicarbonate-extractable P (bic-P) had decreased considerably from the initial values. However, there were no significant differences between bic-P values at the different levels of red mud application for the same rate of P application. Plant yield was not significantly different between treatments. Addition of red mud (a) decreased the P concentration of plants for the same amount of P applied; and (b) required a larger amount of bic-P to maintain a constant level of P in the plant. The red mud had adsorbed both applied and existing P and reduced the plant availability of bic-P. The economic impact of these processes needs evaluation.

The use of isometric log ratios to classify phosphorus attributes in composts

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-457
Author(s):  
Bernard Gagnon ◽  
Serge-Étienne Parent ◽  
Dalel Abdi ◽  
Noura Ziadi ◽  
Léon-Étienne Parent
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Available P ◽  
Processing Wastes ◽  
Log Ratio ◽  
Cluster 2 ◽  
Plant Available P ◽  
Total P

This research aimed to classify 16 horticultural composts collected across Canada into management group according to their phosphorus (P) fractions and carbon (C) content using isometric log ratio (ilr) and to interpret the clusters against the total P content and C-to-P ratio indices. The ilr approach was found to be more discriminant for grouping the composts compared with the conventional statistical analysis. The C-to-P ratio index was representative of cluster 1 only. This cluster included organic amendments with C-to-P ratios higher than 100 and high capacity to increase soil organic matter content without excessive P dosage. Total P separated clusters 2 and 3 despite the amalgamation of P forms into total P. Cluster 2 showed high total P (>10 g P kg−1) and low C-to-P ratios (24–38), whereas cluster 3 showed variable C-to-P ratios (18–78) and total P <9 g kg−1after excluding one compost close to cluster 2. Clusters 2 and 3 were considered as potential sources of plant-available P. The ilr approach suggests that composts made of municipal biosolids and poultry manures in cluster 2 have the highest potential as plant-available P source compared with those made of other livestock manures or food processing wastes.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Phosphorus Changes in Soil and Soil Water after Cultivation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Watkins ◽  
Hayley Castlehouse ◽  
Murray Hannah ◽  
David M. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Total P

Untilled dairy pasture has the potential to release more phosphorus to the environment than a regularly ploughed pasture. In this paper we report the initial results of a study comparing the effects of cultivation, phosphorus (P) fertiliser (10, 35, and 100 kg P/ha), and two types of vegetation (ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or ryegrass mixed with clover (Trifolium repens)) in a randomised complete block design. Phosphorus was measured in soil samples taken from depths of 0–20 mm and 0–100 mm. Waters extracted from the 0–20 mm samples were also analysed. In all cases, the P concentrations (Olsen P, Colwell P, Total P, CaCl2extractable P, Dissolved Reactive P, and Total Dissolved P) in the top 20 mm declined with ploughing. Dissolved Reactive P measured in the soil water was 70% less overall in the ploughed plots compared with the unploughed plots, and by 35 weeks after P treatments the decrease in Dissolved Reactive P was 66%. The effects of the fertiliser and pasture treatments were inconclusive. The data suggest that ploughing can lower the risk of P exports from intensive dairy farms in the trial area.

Phosphorus fractions in soil amended with organic and inorganic phosphorus sources

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abul Kashem ◽  
Olalekan Oluwole Akinremi ◽  
Geza Joseph Racz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Phosphorus Fractions ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Residual P ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Amended Soil

Information on the P fractions in soils treated with different organic amendments is needed to better manage land application of organic amendments to agricultural soils. This study investigated the forms and distribution of P after 1, 4 and 16 wk in a Lakeland silty clay loam soil using a sequential fractionation procedure. Phosphorus was added at rates of 0, 123, 307 and 614 mg P kg-1 in the form of biosolids, hog manure, cattle manure and fertilizer P. The largest difference among the amendments was in the water-extractable P fraction, which was significantly lower in soil amended with biosolids. Regression analysis showed that the slope of P increment in the H2O fraction as a function of P application rate was four times lower for biosolids (0.06) than for hog manure (0.24) and seven times lower than for fertilizer (0.42) amended soils. In the biosolids-amended soil, there was a net increase of H2O-P, NaOH-Pi and HCl-P fractions at the expense of organic P (NaOH-Po) and residual P fractions after 16 wk of incubation, signifying net P mineralization. In hog manure amended soil, H2O-P decreased by 128 mg kg-1 with a corresponding increase in the NaHCO3-P, possibly due to P sorption during the 16 wk of incubation. The results for cattle manure indicated net immobilization of P as the H2O-P and NaHCO3-P declined while the inorganic P (NaOHPi), HCl-P and residual P increased with incubation time. The transformation of P in fertilizer-amended soil was similar to that of hog manure amended soil. The amount of labile P (defined as H2O-P plus NaHCO3-P) in amended soils followed the order of fertilizer P > hog manure > cattle manure > biosolids. Key words: Phosphorus fractions, sequential P extraction, incubation, organic amendments

Elution of inorganic and organic phosphorus from surface applied organic amendments

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-718
Author(s):  
M K Idowu ◽  
D V Ige ◽  
O O Akinremi
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Total P

Understanding the effects of organic amendments on the movement of organic and inorganic phosphorus (P) in soils is important for effective P management in agricultural soils. Thus, the effects of beef cattle manure, hog manure and biosolids on the downward movement of organic (Porg) and inorganic (Pi) P in Lakeland and Osborne soils were investigated. The amendments were added to the soils at the rate of 0, 200, 400 and 800 kg P ha-1 by mixing with the top 1 cm of soil in a column. The column was eluted with 20 pore volumes (PV) of 0.01 M CaCl2. The amount of total P (PT), Porg and Pi in the effluent was determined. The concentrations of Porg and Pi in the effluent increased as the rate of amendment application increased. A greater percentage of PT was lost as Pi in the soils amended with hog manure and biosolids, while in the soil amended with beef cattle manure, Porg constituted a greater portion of the total P eluted. As much as 63% of total P eluted from the Lakeland soil at the highest rate of beef cattle manure was in the form of Porg. Lakeland soil retained more Pi than the Osborne soil due to its greater P retention capacity. Organic P was lost within the 2nd and the 4th PV in the two soils, which illustrated the ease of Porg movement through the soil. In conclusion, both organic and inorganic P can move through the soil in organically amended soils and the risk of losing organic P by leaching is greater in soils amended with high rates of beef cattle manure. Key words: Biosolids, hog manure, beef cattle manure, elution, organic phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus

Changes in the forms and distribution of soil phosphorus due to long-term corn production

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Richards ◽  
Thomas E. Bates ◽  
S. C. Sheppard
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Extraction ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Application

Long-term fertilizer-P application affects soil-P distribution and forms. These effects must be characterized to use fertilizer P most efficiently. In three southern Ontario soils of varying texture, we determined changes in soil organic P (Po) and inorganic P (Pi) caused by fertilizer P application (0–90 kg broadcast P ha−1 yr−1 during 10 yr of corn production. Soil P was characterized by (1) annual measurement of 0.5 M NaHCO3-extractable P (Olsen-P) and (2) sequential extraction from soil taken at the beginning of the experiment and after receiving 0 to 90 kg broadcast P ha−1 yr−1 for 10 yr. Fertilizer P increased Olsen-P concentrations in all soils. The increases were proportional to the cumulative amount of P applied. Based on all three soils, 16 kg P ha−1 was required to increase Olsen-P concentrations by 1 mg L−1 soil. After 10 yr of 90 kg broadcast P ha−1 yr−1, labile Pi fractions (resin P and NaHCO3 P) were increased, as was NaOH-extractable Pi in all soils. On the most P-deficient soil (Conestogo SiL), where corn grain yields were increased by fertilizer P, P fertilization also increased HCl-Pi, residual P (H2O2-H2SO4 extractable P) and labile Po (NaHCO3-Po and NaOH-Po). A P balance was calculated, which accounted for additions to, removals from, and changes in the total P status of the 0–20 cm layer. When no broadcast P was applied, there was an unaccounted-for input (possibly from the subsoil), of 20.9 kg P ha−1 yr−1 on the Conestogo SiL. When 90 kg broadcast P ha−1 yr−1 was applied to the Fox SL, the coarsest soil studied, there was a deficit of 30.9 kg P ha−1 yr−1 and elevated Olsen-P concentrations in the 25–36 cm depth, suggesting downward movement on fertilizer P. It appears that subsoil P was involved in the P cycle of these two soils. Key words: Continuous corn, P fertilization, sequential extraction, organic phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus, labile phosphorus, subsoil P, leaching

scholarly journals Effects of withholding fertiliser on pasture production and phosphate cycling in hill country

1990 ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
J.S. Rowarth ◽  
A.G. Gillingham
Keyword(s):  
P Uptake ◽  
Available P ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
Dung Decomposition ◽  
Plant Available P

A large-scale phosphate (P) fertiliser grazing trial was carried out at Whatawhata Research Centre between 1980 and 1984. The effect of 5 fertiliser rates (10, 20 30, 50 or 100 kg P/ha) on pasture production, plant P uptake, dung P distribution, dung decomposition and Olsen P concentration were monitored on 4 slope groups (campsites, O-10"; easy, 1 I-20"; moderate, 21-30" and steep, 31" +). Soils collected from each slope and fertiliser treatment were used in a pot trial to investigate the size of the plant available P pool. Results can be used to interpret data from field trials where fertiliser has been withheld. Initially, pasture production or Olsen P will change little because the most productive areas of the paddock receive large amounts of dung P which buffer the effect of fertiliser withdrawal. On these areas P is cycled more rapidly than on steep slopes, further buffering the system against P deficiency. Small changes in Olsen P do not reflect the more rapid changes in inorganic P or plant-available P. As inorganic P becomes depleted, plant P uptake decreases. The associated decrease in dung P return and the slower rate of dung decomposition contribute to a slowing of the P cycle. The net effect is less feed and slower regrowth after grazing. Recovering from this state will require not only P fertiliser but also time for high producing pasture species to regenerate. Keywords phosphate cycling, topdressing, fertiliser, pasture production, hill country, dung

Build-up in soil available P and yield response of spring wheat to seed-placed P in a 24-year study in the Brown Soil zone

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
F. Selles
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Available P ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Soil Available P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Responses

Producers in western Canada have applied phosphorus (P) fertilizer to annual crops for many years. This has increased soil available P and gradually decreased the expected yield response to P fertilization, but yield responses to small amounts of P placed with the seed are still reported regardless of soil available P levels. Controlled growth chamber studies suggest that the P responses should be most apparent during cool, wet springs. This 24-yr field study compared the yields of two fallow–spring wheat–spring wheat (F–W–W) systems, one fertilized with N and P each crop year, and the other fertilized with only N. The study, which was part of a long-term crop rotation experiment, was conducted on an Orthic Brown Chernozemic loam at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Bicarbonate-extractable P (Olsen P) in the 0- to 15-cm depth in spring of the treatment receiving no P remained relatively constant (about 19 kg ha−1) throughout the study, while P fertilizer application at 6.5 kg ha−1 yr−1 increased extractable soil P by about 0.9 kg ha−1 yr−1. However, this increase in available P has not reduced yield responses to seed-placed P over the years. Regression analysis showed that yield response to P on fallow soil was positively related to temperature between emergence and the three-leaf stage and to precipitation at dough stage, but negatively related to precipitation near seeding time. For wheat grown on stubble, response to P was negatively related to temperature between 10 and 16 June (i.e., about the three- to four-leaf stage) and positively to precipitation received at anthesis stage. We concluded that, although available P in prairie soils has probably increased in recent years, producers can still expect to receive a 10% yield increase when small amounts of P are applied with the seed.Key words: Crop rotations, bicarbonate-extractable P, Olsen P, temperature effects, effect of precipitation

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