Changes in phosphorus fractions of a Humic Gleysol as influenced by cropping systems and nutrient sources

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiming Zheng ◽  
Régis R Simard ◽  
Jean Lafond ◽  
Léon E Parent
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Sequential Fractionation ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Labile P

Information about the dynamics of soil P fractions is useful to predict their bioavailability and risk of P transfer from soils to surface waters. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of cropping systems and nutrient sources on P fractions in a Labarre silty clay (Humic Gleysol). Soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected in 1989, 1994 and 1997 from a field with four cropping systems, combining two crop rotations, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) monoculture and 3-yr barley-forage rotation, with two tillage operations (chisel and moldboard plowing) as main plots, and two nutrient sources (mineral fertilizer and liquid dairy manure) as subplots. A modified Hedley sequential fractionation scheme was used. The inorganic P (Pi) fractions (resin-P, NaHCO3-Pi, and NaOH-Pi) increase with time in all cropping system and nutrient source combinations. Organic (Po) fraction (NaHCO3-Po and NaOH-Po) changes were related to C inputs and total soil C contents. The barley monoculture combined with mineral fertilizer slightly reduced NaHCO3-Po and NaOH-Po. The barley-forage rotation increased labile Po fractions. Rotation, chisel plowing and liquid dairy manure addition result in a buildup of labile P. A larger labile P increment per unit of P added, in surplus to plant exports, was observed with dairy manure than for mineral fertilizer, suggesting a higher risk of surface water contamination by P. Cropping systems and nutrient sources have a large influence on the changes in P fractions in this fine-textured Gleysolic soil. Key words: P fractions, crop rotations, liquid dairy manure, chisel plowing, moldboard plowing

Phosphorus status of a Humic Gleysol after 10 year of cultivation under contrasting cropping practices

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiming Zheng, John A. MacLeod ◽  
Jean Lafond, J. Brian Sanderson ◽  
Allan J. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Cropping Practices ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Labile P

Cropping practices interactively affect soil P status. Previous studies mostly focused on cropping practices individually and limited assessments within the plow layer. This study assessed the P status of a Labarre silty clay (Humic Gleysol) profile after 10 yr cultivation under contrasting practices. Soils of 0–15, 15–30, 30–60, and 60–90 cm layers were sampled from a split-plot experiment comprising barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) monoculture and a 3-yr barley-red clover-timothy rotation both tilled with either chisel or moldboard plow as main plots, and receiving fertilizer P or liquid dairy manure as subplots. A modified Hedley sequential fractionation was used to characterize soil P status. Labile P pools were more affected than stable ones by cropping practices. The P fractions depended more on nutrient sources than cropping systems in the 0- to 30-cm soil layer, whereas the impacts were predominated by cropping systems in the subsoil. Compared to the manure, fertilizer P resulted in higher contents of Mehlich III extractable P, resin-P, NaHCO3-Pi and NaOH-Pi, and lower contents of NaHCO3-Po, NaOH-Po and H2SO4-P in the 0- to 30-cm layers. The rotation produced larger labile P fractions than the monoculture in the 30- to 60-cm layer. The impacts of the investigated cropping practices on labile P fractions extended deeper in the soil profile than the depth disturbed by primary tillage. Crop sequence, primary tillage and nutrient source had large effects on P status in the soil profile, of this clayey and poorly drained soil. Key words: rotation; primary tillage; liquid dairy manure; P forms, Mehlich III extractable P (M3P)

The effect of farming systems on the relationship of corn root growth to grain yields

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter A. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Root Health ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial has been comparing different farming systems on two farm sites in southern Wisconsin since 1989. Inexplicable differences in the yields of corn grown in three systems stimulated research on the relationship between yield and the dynamics of root growth. The three systems were continuous corn with mineral fertilizer (CS1), corn—soybean—winter wheat—red clover (CS3), and corn—oat + alfalfa—alfalfa with dairy manure applied (CS5). Four or five sequential root samplings were taken each growing season on two sites for 3 years. Soil monoliths were taken from around the base of the plant and washed out over a 1-mm sieve. Estimates were obtained of the length and health of roots from different nodes that were attached to the crown of the plant. The seasonal accumulation of root length was estimated by summing the maximal root length produced at each root node. Corn grown in monoculture averaged 7.5 Mg of grain/ha, which was similar to corn grown after red clover green manure (7.3 Mg/ha) but less than corn grown after alfalfa with manure (8.5 Mg/ha). Contrary to expectations, corn grown in monoculture averaged 26% more root length over the season than CS3 and 12% more length than CS5. The differences were mostly due to increased production of later sets of roots (nodes 6–9) for the corn in monoculture. However, for the first sets of nodes (seminal—node 5) the percentage of healthy roots was lower in the monoculture system (59%) than in CS3 (63%) or CS5 (76%). The increased root growth associated with corn grown in monoculture may be a response to poor root health. Regressions with root growth accounted for a large amount of the variation in grain yields. Corn grown after alfalfa with manure achieved higher yields with less roots than did corn grown in monoculture. Yields in the former system plateaued at root lengths of 1 cm/cm3 and greater, producing grain yields that ranged from 8 to 10 Mg/ha. Corn grown in CS1 and CS3 showed curvilinear responses with calculated yield maxima of 8.7 and 9.9 Mg/ha at root lengths of 2.12 and 1.74 cm/cm3, respectively. Intensifying the use of rotations and organic manures seemed to increase the ability of the corn rooting system to support grain yields. The cause for this greater efficiency is not yet clear, though root health may be an important factor.

Soil P fractions as affected by on-farm composts in a controlled incubation study

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gagnon and R. R. Simard
Keyword(s):  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
P Availability ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
P Fractionation ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Fraction ◽  
Labile P ◽  
On Farm

Information on the different forms and availability of P following compost addition to soil may help to better manage manure in respect to plant growth and the environment. An experiment was conducted to investigate through a sequential extraction procedure the availability of P of fresh dairy manure and several on-farm compost-soil mixtures after a 13 wk incubation in glass jars at 35°C. Materials were mixed at a rate of 200 mg N kg-1 with an Arago sandy loam (Humo-Ferric Podzol), supplying from 64 to 301 mg P kg-1. Fresh dairy manure gave the highest net increase of resin-P and labile P fractions in terms of percentage of total P added, whereas poultry litter compost was the most efficient in increasing NaHCO3-inorganic P (-Pi). Among compost materials, poultry litter, vegetable residue and sheep manure increased labile P fraction the most. The contribution of the young dairy manure compost to this fraction was largely negative, and lower than those of fresh manure or partially and well-decomposed manure composts. A large part of added P was found in the moderately labile P fraction. The organic P (Po) fractions in the soil were less affected by manure or compost addition. This study indicated that the material P availability was reduced by composting, and was more affected by the origin of residue than by manure management. Key words: Composting, farm manure, soil P fractionation

Effect The Treatments of Biofertilizer and Mineral Fertilizer on Content of N P K of Soil Cultivated With Crop Corn (Zea Mays L).

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-256
Author(s):  
Mohammed Aajmi Salman ◽  
Jawad A. Kamal Al-Shibani
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Fall Season ◽  
Loam Soil

Beneficial microorganisms play a key role in the availability of ions minerals in the soil and use Randomized Complete Block Desing ( R.C.B.D ). The objective of this paper to the study effect of the of biofertilizer and miniral treatments on availability of NPK for crop corn zea mays L.Two types of biofertilizer are Bacterial Bacillus subtilis and Fungal Trichoderma harianum. Three levels of potassium fertilizer are (2.9533, 0.4000 and 2.9533). A field experiment in fall season of 2018 Has been conducted in silty clay loam soil. The experimental Results indicated that Bacillus and Trichoderma inoculation separately or together Have made a significant effect to increase in the availability of N P K in the soil compare to other treatments. The grain yield is where (2.9533, 0.4000 and 2.9533) of bacterial and fungal bio-fertilizer and potassium fertilizers respectively as compared to the control.

scholarly journals Influence of Application of Organic Residues of Different Biochemical Quality on Phosphorus Fractions in a Tropical Sandy Soil

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Tanabhat-Sakorn Sukitprapanon ◽  
Metawee Jantamenchai ◽  
Duangsamorn Tulaphitak ◽  
Nattaporn Prakongkep ◽  
Robert John Gilkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Organic Residue ◽  
Residue Quality ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Residual P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Fraction ◽  
Labile P

Understanding phosphorus (P) dynamics in tropical sandy soil treated with organic residues of contrasting quality is crucial for P management using organic amendments. This research determined P fractions in a tropical sandy soil under the application of organic residues of different quality, including groundnut stover (GN), tamarind leaf litter (TM), dipterocarp leaf litter (DP), and rice straw (RS). The organic residues were applied at the rate of 10 t DM ha−1 year−1. The P fractions were examined by a sequential extraction procedure. Organic residue application, regardless of residue quality, resulted in P accumulation in soils. For unamended soil, 55% of total P was mainly associated with Al (hydr)oxides. Organic residue application, regardless of residue quality, diminished the NH4F-extractable P (Al-P) fraction, but it had a nonsignificant effect on NaOH-extractable P (Fe-P). The majority of Al-P and Fe-P fractions were associated with crystalline Al and Fe (hydr)oxides. NH4Cl-extractable P (labile P), NaHCO3-extractable P (exchangeable P and mineralizable organic P), HCl-extractable P (Ca-P), and residual P fractions in soil were significantly increased as a result of the incorporation of organic residues. The application of organic residues, particularly those high in ash alkalinity, increase soil pH, labile P, and Ca-P fractions. In contrast, applications of residues high in lignin and polyphenols increase residual P fraction, which is associated with organo-mineral complexes and clay mineral kaolinite.

scholarly journals Tillage systems and nutrient sources affecting soil cover, temperature and moisture in a clayey oxisol under corn

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 2011-2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton da Veiga ◽  
Dalvan José Reinert ◽  
José Miguel Reichert
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Tillage affects soil physical properties, e.g., porosity, and leads to different amounts of mulch on the soil surface. Consequently, tillage is related to the soil temperature and moisture regime. Soil cover, temperature and moisture were measured under corn (Zea mays) in the tenth year of five tillage systems (NT = no-tillage; CP = chisel plow and single secondary disking; CT = primary and double secondary disking; CTb = CT with crop residues burned; and CTr = CT with crop residues removed). The tillage systems were combined with five nutrient sources (C = control; MF = mineral fertilizer; PL = poultry litter; CS = cattle slurry; and SS = swine slurry). Soil cover after sowing was greatest in NT (88 %), medium in CP (38 %) and lowest in CT treatments (< 10 %), but differences decreased after corn emergence. Soil temperature was related with soil cover, and significant differences among tillage were observed at the beginning of the growing season and at corn maturity. Differences in soil temperature and moisture in the surface layer of the tilled treatments were greater during the corn cycle than in untilled treatments, due to differences in intensity of soil mobilization and mulch remaining after soil management. Nutrient sources affected soil temperature and moisture in the most intense part of the corn growth period, and were related to the variation of the corn leaf area index among treatments

scholarly journals Use of Crop Rotations, Cover Crops and Green Manures for Disease Suppression in Potato Cropping Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 153-168
Author(s):  
Robert P. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Rotation Crops

Crop rotations and the inclusion of cover crops and green manures are primary tools in the sustainable management of soil-borne diseases in crop production systems. Crop rotations can reduce soil-borne disease through three general mechanisms: (1) serving as a break in the host-pathogen cycle; (2) by altering the soil physical, chemical, or biological characteristics to stimulate microbial activity and diversity; or (3) directly inhibiting pathogens through the release of suppressive or toxic compounds or the enhancement of specific antagonists. Brassicas, sudangrass, and related plant types are disease-suppressive crops well-known for their biofumigation potential but also have other effects on soil microbiology that are important in disease suppression. The efficacy of rotations for reducing soil-borne diseases is dependent on several factors, including crop type, rotation length, rotation sequence, and use of the crop (as full-season rotation, cover crop, or green manure). Years of field research with Brassica and non-Brassica rotation crops in potato cropping systems in Maine have documented the efficacy of Brassica green manures for the reduction of multiple soil-borne diseases. However, they have also indicated that these crops can provide disease control even when not incorporated as green manures and that other non-biofumigant crops (such as barley, ryegrass, and buckwheat) can also be effective in disease suppression. In general, all crops provided better disease control when used as green manure vs. as a cover crop, but the addition of a cover crop can improve control provided by most rotation crops. In long-term cropping system trials, rotations incorporating multiple soil health management practices, such as longer rotations, disease-suppressive rotation crops, cover crops, and green manures, and/or organic amendments have resulted in greater yield and microbial activity and fewer disease problems than standard rotations. These results indicate that improved cropping systems may enhance productivity, sustainability, and economic viability.

Combining perennial grass-legume forages and liquid dairy manure contributes to nitrogen accumulation in a clayey soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle D’Amours ◽  
Martin H. Chantigny ◽  
Anne Vanasse ◽  
Émilie Maillard ◽  
Jean Lafond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Tillage Practices

Repeated applications of liquid dairy manure (LDM) and perennial crops generally favor nitrogen (N) stocks in soils, but in ways that may differ with soil type and other management practices. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term (21 yr) changes in soil N stocks (0–50 cm) of a silty clay soil, in a cool humid climate, in response to mineral fertilization (MIN) or LDM, combined with two tillage practices (chisel plow [CP], or moldboard plow [MP]), and two crop rotations (cereal monoculture [monoculture] or cereal-perennial forage rotation [forage-based rotation].) The forage-based rotation favoured a greater accumulation of N in the first 20 cm of soil (+50 kg N ha-1 y-1) when compared to the monoculture. Tillage practices did not impact N stock in the whole soil profile, but influenced its vertical distribution, with greater accumulation at the surface with CP, and at depth with MP. Annual input of LDM increased N stocks at the surface (0–20 cm) compared to MIN, especially when combined with the forage-based rotation. After 21 yr, soil N stocks (0-50 cm) with LDM were 32% (+2 t N ha-1) higher in the forage-based rotation than in the monoculture, suggesting better retention and more efficient use of manure-N with perennial forages than cereals. Comparisons between the N mass balance computed for each cropping system and the changes in soil N stocks indicated that accumulation of N under the forage-based rotation was largely due to symbiotic fixation by legumes in the forage mixture.

Effects of two crop rotations on seasonal runoff and soil loss in the Peace River region

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. P. Van Vliet ◽  
J. W. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Snowmelt Runoff ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Peace River ◽  
Residual Variation ◽  
River Region ◽  
Seasonal Runoff ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss ◽  
Soil Losses

Four erosion plots were monitored from 1983 to 1989 (6 yr) to evaluate the effects of two crop rotations and their constituent crops on runoff and soil loss under natural precipitation near Fort St. John in the Peace River region of British Columbia. Rotation 1 consisted of two cycles of summerfallow — canola (Brassica rapa)-barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and Rotation 2 included summerfallow — canola-barley-barley underseed to red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)-fescue-fescue. Rainfall and snowmelt runoff were collected and sampled throughout the year to determine seasonal runoff and soil losses. Over the 6 yr, the cumulative runoff and soil losses were consistently greater under Rotation 1 than under Rotation 2. There was a greater than fourfold difference in total soil loss, and 33–35% more total runoff. Rainfall-induced runoff and soil losses were significantly higher for Rotation 1 than for Rotation 2. Snowmelt runoff accounted for 90 and 96% of the total annual runoff and for 39 and 80% of the total annual soil loss from Rotations 1 and 2, respectively. Two large rainfall events during 1983 and 1987, each causing a soil loss in excess of 2000 kg ha−1, accounted for between 85 and 91% of the 6-yr total rainfall-induced erosion from Rotation 1. No differences in runoff or soil loss were detected among crops but the comparisons were insensitive because of high residual variation. Key words: Runoff, soil loss, erosion plots, crop rotations

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