Penicillium bilaii inoculation increases root-hair production in field pea

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Gulden ◽  
J. Kevin Vessey
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Hair Length ◽  
P Accumulation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hair Diameter

Under three levels of phosphorus availability, inoculation of pea plants with Penicillium bilaii in growth pouches had no effect on root length (excluding root hairs), mean root diameter, root-hair diameter, P accumulation or shoot growth. However, inoculation with P. bilaii resulted in a 22% increase in the proportion of root containing root hairs and a 33% increase in the mean root-hair length. Key words: Pea, Penicillium bilaii, Pisum sativum, phosphorus, root hairs, root morphology

scholarly journals Significance of root hairs for plant performance under contrasting field conditions and water deficit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Marin ◽  
D S Feeney ◽  
L K Brown ◽  
M Naveed ◽  
S Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Hair Length ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
P Accumulation

Abstract Background and Aims Previous laboratory studies have suggested selection for root hair traits in future crop breeding to improve resource use efficiency and stress tolerance. However, data on the interplay between root hairs and open-field systems, under contrasting soils and climate conditions, are limited. As such, this study aims to experimentally elucidate some of the impacts that root hairs have on plant performance on a field scale. Methods A field experiment was set up in Scotland for two consecutive years, under contrasting climate conditions and different soil textures (i.e. clay loam vs. sandy loam). Five barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes exhibiting variation in root hair length and density were used in the study. Root hair length, density and rhizosheath weight were measured at several growth stages, as well as shoot biomass, plant water status, shoot phosphorus (P) accumulation and grain yield. Key Results Measurements of root hair density, length and its correlation with rhizosheath weight highlighted trait robustness in the field under variable environmental conditions, although significant variations were found between soil textures as the growing season progressed. Root hairs did not confer a notable advantage to barley under optimal conditions, but under soil water deficit root hairs enhanced plant water status and stress tolerance resulting in a less negative leaf water potential and lower leaf abscisic acid concentration, while promoting shoot P accumulation. Furthermore, the presence of root hairs did not decrease yield under optimal conditions, while root hairs enhanced yield stability under drought. Conclusions Selecting for beneficial root hair traits can enhance yield stability without diminishing yield potential, overcoming the breeder’s dilemma of trying to simultaneously enhance both productivity and resilience. Therefore, the maintenance or enhancement of root hairs can represent a key trait for breeding the next generation of crops for improved drought tolerance in relation to climate change.

Does the lack of root hairs alter root system architecture of Zea mays?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Schlüter ◽  
Eva Lippold ◽  
Maxime Phalempin ◽  
Doris Vetterlein
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Defective Mutant

<p>Root hairs are one root trait among many which enables plants to adapt to environmental conditions. How different traits are coordinated and whether some are mutually exclusive is currently poorly understood. Comparing a root hair defective mutant with its corresponding wild-type we explored if and how the mutant exhibited root growth adaption strategies and as to how far this depended on the substrate.</p><p>Zea mays root hair defective mutant (rth3) and the corresponding wild-type siblings were grown on two substrates with contrasting texture and hence nutrient mobility. Root system architecture was investigated over time using repeated X-ray computed tomography.</p><p>There was no plastic adaption of root system architecture to the lack of root hairs, which resulted in lower uptake in particular in the substrate with low P mobility. The function of the root hairs for anchoring did not result in different depth profiles of the root length density between genotypes. Both maize genotypes showed a marked response to substrate. This was well reflected in the spatiotemporal development of rhizosphere volume fraction but especially in the strong response of root diameter to substrate, irrespective of genotype.</p><p>The most salient root plasticity trait was root diameter in response to substrate, whereas coping mechanisms for missing root hairs were less evident. Further experiments are required to elucidate whether observed differences can be explained by mechanical properties beyond mechanical impedance, root or microbiome ethylene production or differences in diffusion processes within the root or the rhizosphere.</p>

Relationships among arbuscular mycorrhizas, root morphology and seedling growth of tropical native woody species in southern Brazil

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldemar Zangaro ◽  
Fabio Rodrigo Nishidate ◽  
Flavia Regina Spago Camargo ◽  
Graziela Gorete Romagnoli ◽  
Julia Vandressen
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Native Woody Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Response

The relationships between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root morphological characteristics were studied under greenhouse conditions of 78 tropical native woody species and 47 seedling species collected in the field. Seedlings of native woody pioneer and early secondary species that generally exhibited fine roots with a dense cover of long root hairs showed higher mycorrhizal response and root mycorrhizal colonization than late-secondary and climax species with coarse roots with a sparse cover of short root hairs. Root-hair length and incidence decreased with the progression among the successional groups while fine-root diameter increased, both in the greenhouse and in the field. The mycorrhizal response was highly correlated to root mycorrhizal colonization in the greenhouse and in the field. These parameters were inversely correlated with the seed mass and fine-root diameter, but directly correlated with root-hair incidence, both in the greenhouse and in the field. Mycorrhizal response and root mycorrhizal colonization were also directly correlated with the root-hair length and root/shoot ratio of uninoculated plants. The seedling mycorrhizal status of the early successional woody species suggests that the root traits of these fast-growing species can be more receptive to attraction, infection and colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizas than root traits of late-successional species.

Root morphological characteristics of host species having distinct mycorrhizal dependency

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Manjunath ◽  
M. Habte
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Hair Length ◽  
Mycorrhizal Dependency ◽  
Root Characteristics

Greenhouse and growth chamber investigations were undertaken using selected Leucaena and Sesbania species to determine the extent to which root morphological characteristics and rhizosphere acid production could explain differences in mycorrhizal dependency of host plants. Compared with the moderately to very highly mycorrhizal-dependent Leucaena species, the marginally to moderately dependent Sesbania species were characterized by higher root mass, higher root density, higher root surface area, higher root length, smaller root diameter, higher percentage of root hair incidence, higher shoot to root ratio, and higher total P uptake. The two groups of species were not consistently different from each other with respect to mycorrhizal colonization level, root hair diameter, root hair length, P uptake per unit root surface area, and acid production in agar media. A stepwise regression model in which mycorrhizal dependency (MD) was used as the dependent variable and root characteristics as independent variables suggested that root mass, root hair length, root diameter, root density, and root hair incidence were important determinants of MD, with root mass accounting for 65.5% of the variability. The results suggest that differences in the mycorrhizal dependency of host species can be largely predicted from root characteristics data. Key words: Brassica, Leucaena, Sesbania, P uptake, root hair, root mass.

Variation in hair characters over the body in Sahiwal Zebu and Jersey cattle

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
YS Pan
Keyword(s):  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Single Sample ◽  
Hair Length ◽  
Jersey Cattle ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
General Variation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hair Diameter

In both Sahiwals and Jerseys, mean hair length and diameter increased posteriorly. The length/diameter ratio, and diameters of non-medullated hairs, of medullated hairs, and of the medulla itself also varied between positions, as did the percentage of medullated hairs. Jerseys had greater hair length than Sahiwals at all positions (average + 80%) though in the majority of positions Sahiwals had a greater hair diameter than Jerseys (average + 12%). Coefficients of variation in hair length were similar for the two breeds. In general, variation of hair diameter within positions was slightly greater in Sahiwals, but differences between positions in the variability of hair diameter were small. In all positions, Jerseys had greater hair length/diameter ratios than Sahiwals (average + 90%). In the majority of positions, Jerseys had a greater percentage of medullated hairs than Sahiwals. The mean percentage of medullated hairs for Jerseys was 88% and for Sahiwals 85%, whilst the mean diameters of both medulla and medullated hairs were greater in Sahiwals (39.4 and 62 1 µ) than in Jerseys (26.7 and 54.2 µ). Diameters of non-medullated hairs differed little between the two breeds, being 44.40 µ for Sahiwals and 40.82 µ for Jerseys. Only differences between the two breeds in hair length, hair length/diameter ratio, and medulla diameter were statistically significant. The percentage of medullated fibres was the only character for which the commonly used midside sample provided estimates which were within 10% of the mean over all positions for each breed. Estimates of means and coefficients of variation for other characters are likely to be misleading if based on a single sample from this region. Positions providing better estimates for other traits are: mean hair length in Sahiwals, position 2; C.V. of mean hair length in Jerseys, position 12; mean hair diameter in Sahiwals, position 4; C.V. of mean hair diameter in Jerseys, position 4; mean hair length/diameter ratio in Sahiwals, position 8.

The utility of phenotypic plasticity of root hair length for phosphorus acquisition

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinming Zhu ◽  
Chaochun Zhang ◽  
Jonathan P. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Hair Length ◽  
Phosphorus Acquisition ◽  
Root Hair Length ◽  
Low Phosphorus

Root hairs are subcellular protrusions from the root epidermis that are important for the acquisition of immobile nutrients such as phosphorus (P). Genetic variation exists for both root hair length and the plasticity of root hair length in response to P availability, where plasticity manifests as increased root hair length in response to low P availability. Although it is known that long root hairs assist P acquisition, the utility of phenotypic plasticity for this trait is not known. To assess the utility of root hair plasticity for adaptation to low phosphorus availability, we evaluated six recombinant inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) with varying root hair lengths and root hair plasticity in a controlled environment and in the field. Genotypes with long root hairs under low P availability had significantly greater plant growth, P uptake, specific P absorption rates and lower metabolic cost-benefit ratios than short-haired genotypes. Root hair length had no direct effect on root respiration. In the controlled environment, plastic genotypes had greater biomass allocation to roots, greater reduction in specific root respiration and greater final biomass accumulation at low phosphorus availability than constitutively long-haired genotypes. In the field study, the growth of plastic and long-haired genotypes were comparable under low P, but both were superior to short-haired genotypes. We propose that root hair plasticity is a component of a broader suite of traits, including plasticity in root respiration, that permit greater root growth and phosphorus acquisition in low P soils.

scholarly journals The sensitivity of white clover root hairs to aluminium

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
D.A. Care
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Aluminium Tolerance ◽  
Hair Length ◽  
Pastoral Systems ◽  
Root Hair Length ◽  
Clover Root ◽  
Low Ionic Strength ◽  
Two Populations

Two populations of white clover, selected for long (L) and short (S) root hairs from the cultivar Tamar, were used to determine the root hair response curve to a range of aluminium (Al) concentrations similar to those found under field conditions. Seeds from the L and S populations were germinated and grown in low ionic strength hydroponic culture. Al was added to give final concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 ìM Al in solution. After 4 weeks plants were harvested and subsampled for root hair analysis. Mean root hair length, root hair number and total root hair length were recorded. Mean root hair length decreased by about 30% at 2.5 ìM Al, and by 70% at 10 ìM Al, but the most Al sensitive parameter was root hair number. Root hair numbers decreased by 70% at only 2.5 ìM Al, and at 10 ìM Al, had decreased by 99%. This pruning effect on total root hair length and number has major implications for the root hair functions of nutrient acquisition, preserving the moisture film, anchorage and nodulation. These are discussed in relation to New Zealand pastoral systems. Keywords: aluminium tolerance, nodulation, root hairs, root pulling, Trifolium repens L., white clover

scholarly journals Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization outcompetes root hairs in maize under low phosphorus availability

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-166
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Ma ◽  
Xuelian Li ◽  
Uwe Ludewig
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Transporter Gene ◽  
Hair Length ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mycorrhizal Dependency ◽  
P Deficiency

Abstract Background and Aims An increase in root hair length and density and the development of arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis are two alternative strategies of most plants to increase the root–soil surface area under phosphorus (P) deficiency. Across many plant species, root hair length and mycorrhization density are inversely correlated. Root architecture, rooting density and physiology also differ between species. This study aims to understand the relationship among root hairs, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization, plant growth, P acquisition and mycorrhizal-specific Pi transporter gene expression in maize. Methods Using nearly isogenic maize lines, the B73 wild type and the rth3 root hairless mutant, we quantified the effect of root hairs and AMF infection in a calcareous soil under P deficiency through a combined analysis of morphological, physiological and molecular factors. Key Results Wild-type root hairs extended the rhizosphere for acid phosphatase activity by 0.5 mm compared with the rth3 hairless mutant, as measured by in situ zymography. Total root length of the wild type was longer than that of rth3 under P deficiency. Higher AMF colonization and mycorrhiza-induced phosphate transporter gene expression were identified in the mutant under P deficiency, but plant growth and P acquisition were similar between mutant and the wild type. The mycorrhizal dependency of maize was 33 % higher than the root hair dependency. Conclusions The results identified larger mycorrhizal dependency than root hair dependency under P deficiency in maize. Root hairs and AMF inoculation are two alternative ways to increase Pi acquisition under P deficiency, but these two strategies compete with each other.

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