Sowing date and photoperiod effects on leaf appearance in field-grown wheat

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Hotsonyame ◽  
L. A. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Supported Work ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Rate of leaf appearance is a characteristic that can impact on the rate of development of a crop canopy. For wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), it is generally thought to be constant within a sowing date, but to vary among sowing dates. Such variation has been variously attributed to differences in the rate of change of photoperiod, the absolute photoperiod, or the mean air temperature. This study was undertaken to provide further information on the photoperiod and temperature effects on rate of leaf appearance in wheat. Field studies were conducted at Elora, Ontario at five sowing dates under natural and extended (20 h) photoperiod conditions. Two genotypes each of spring and winter wheat were grown under 0 and 150 kg ha−1 nitrogen fertilization. The results indicated that variations in rate of leaf appearance were not due to rate of change in photoperiod or absolute photoperiod at emergence. The change in rate of leaf appearance during a growth cycle was constant when mean air temperature during growth varied in a narrow range (less than 10 °C), but varied when there were wider ranges (over 10 °C) of temperature variation. Rate of leaf appearance was lower for the September seeding, at which time temperatures were around 5 °C, but were quite similar for May, June, July and August seedings even though temperatures ranged from approximately 15 °C (May) to 23 °C (June). The results suggested that the leaf appearance rate–temperature response curve is curvilinear, as found in some growth room studies, and supported work indicating that the phyllochron would depend on the temperature at the time of measurement. Key words: Wheat, photoperiod, temperature, nitrogen, sowing date, leaf appearance rate

Temperature response function for leaf appearance rate in wheat and corn

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. W. Jame ◽  
H. W. Cutforth ◽  
J. T. Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
Response Function ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Beta Function ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

The ability to predict leaf appearance would enhance our capability of modeling plant development and the rate of leaf area expansion. Many crop models use the constant thermal time for successive leaf tip appearance (which is often termed a phyllochron) as one model parameter to predict total number of leaves and date of anthesis. However, many researchers have found that phyllochron is not constant, but is dependent upon environment. The problem could be related to the simplified assumption that the daily leaf appearance rate is linearly related to temperature (and hence, phyllochron is constant, independent of temperature). In reality, the temperature response function for the development of a biological system is nonlinear. Thus, we fitted daily leaf appearance rate–temperature relationships obtained from growth room studies for both wheat (Triticum aestivum) and corn (Zea mays L.) to a nonlinear beta function with 0 °C as the base temperature and 42 °C as the upper critical temperature. The function described the relationships very well over the full range of temperatures for plant development. Other variables that are used to describe the duration and rate of leaf appearance, such as calendar days, phyllochron, and thermal rate of leaf appearance, are related to the daily leaf appearance rate, eliminating the need to develop various mathematical functions to independently describe the response of these variables to temperature. Because of the nonlinear nature of the temperature response function, we demonstrated that more accurate determinations of daily leaf appearance rates can be achieved by calculating rates over relatively short periods (i.e., hourly) and summing these to get the mean daily rate. Many environmental factors other than temperature also affect leaf appearance rate. However, once the proper temperature response function for leaf appearance rate is determined, it is much easier to determine when and how other factors are involved to modify the leaf appearance rate under a given environment.Key words: Temperature, leaf appearance rate, phyllochron, wheat, corn, beta function

scholarly journals Interactions between two QTLs for time to anthesis on spike development and fertility in wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka A. Basavaraddi ◽  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Luzie U Wingen ◽  
Stefano Bencivenga ◽  
Alexandra M. Przewieslik-Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Spike Development ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Allelic Status ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

AbstractEarliness per se (Eps) genes are reported to be important in fine-tuning flowering time in wheat independently of photoperiod (Ppd) and vernalisation (Vrn). Unlike Ppd and Vrn genes, Eps have relatively small effects and their physiological effect along with chromosomal position are not well defined. We evaluated eight lines derived from crossing Paragon and Baj (late and early flowering respectively), vernalisation insensitive, to study the detailed effects of two newly identified QTLs, Eps-7D and Eps-2B and their interactions under field conditions. The effect of both QTLs were minor but their effect was modulated by the allelic status of the other. While the magnitude of effect of these QTLs on anthesis was similar, they are associated with very different profiles of pre-anthesis development which also depends on their interaction. Eps-7D affected both duration before and after terminal spikelet while not affecting final leaf number (FLN) so Eps-7D-early had a faster rate of leaf appearance. Eps-2B acted more specifically in the early reproductive phase and slightly altered FLN without affecting the leaf appearance rate. Both Eps-7D and 2B affected the spike fertility by altering the rate of floret development and mortality. The effect of the latter was very small but consistent in that the -late allele tended to produced more fertile florets.

scholarly journals Daily Tall Fescue Leaf Appearance Rate in Relation to Environmental Factors

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.B. McCarty ◽  
J.R. Haun ◽  
L.C. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

Methods for detecting and mathematically regressing daily tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) leaf appearance on environmental variables are presented. Morphological stages of leaf development were quantified and the rate of leaf appearance was linearly regressed on environmental variables. The following model was developed to predict daily tall fescue leaf appearance and was successfully tested on unrelated data: Daily leaf appearance rate = 0.016 – (2.48 × 10-4 × solar radiation) + (0.015 × precipitation 2-day lag) + (0.117 × soil moisture 3-day lag) + (8.79 × 1 0-6 × maximum air temperature × solar radiation) - (3.61 × 10-' × maximum air temperature × age) + (0.00307 × minimum air temperature × precipitation) – (4.39 × 10-4 × precipitation × age), (R2 = 0.78). Growers of tall fescue and researchers will benefit in the identification of environmental characteristics and cultural practices that significantly influence leaf appearance rate.

Leaf appearance rate and associated characters in some Mexican and Australian wheats

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Syme
Keyword(s):  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Polygenic Control ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Backcross Populations ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance ◽  
High Yield Potential

Three Mexican cultivars of high yield potential were compared in four field sowings with three Australian varieties of similar flowering time. The cultivars had different numbers of leaves on the main stem, associated mainly with differences in rate of leaf appearance rather than duration of leaf production. The Mexican cultivars produced leaves more quickly throughout growth, and this was repeated under glasshouse conditions. A fast rate of leaf appearance was associated with more spikelets and with faster tillering. Analysis of parental, F1, F2 and backcross populations of one cross showed leaf production rate to be under polygenic control with moderate heritability.

scholarly journals Interactions between two QTLs for time to anthesis on spike development and fertility in wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka A. Basavaraddi ◽  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Luzie U. Wingen ◽  
Stefano Bencivenga ◽  
Alexandra M. Przewieslik-Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Spike Development ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Allelic Status ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

AbstractEarliness per se (Eps) genes are reported to be important in fine-tuning flowering time in wheat independently of photoperiod (Ppd) and vernalisation (Vrn). Unlike Ppd and Vrn genes, Eps have relatively small effects and their physiological effect along with chromosomal position are not well defined. We evaluated eight lines derived from crossing two vernalisation insensitive lines, Paragon and Baj (late and early flowering respectively), to study the detailed effects of two newly identified QTLs, Eps-7D and Eps-2B and their interactions under field conditions. The effect of both QTLs was minor and was affected by the allelic status of the other. While the magnitude of effect of these QTLs on anthesis was similar, they are associated with very different profiles of pre-anthesis development which also depends on their interaction. Eps-7D affected both duration before and after terminal spikelet while not affecting final leaf number (FLN) so Eps-7D-early had a faster rate of leaf appearance. Eps-2B acted more specifically in the early reproductive phase and slightly altered FLN without affecting the leaf appearance rate. Both QTLs affected the spike fertility by altering the rate of floret development and mortality. The effect of Eps-2B was very small but consistent in that -late allele tended to produce more fertile florets.

scholarly journals Leaf appearance rate and final main stem leaf number as affected by temperature and photoperiod in cereals grown in Mediterranean environment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezio Riggi ◽  
Danilo Scordia ◽  
Concetta Foti Cuzzola ◽  
Giorgio Testa ◽  
Salvatore L. Cosentino
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Stem Leaf

In the present study, a two-year field trial was carried out with the aim to evaluate daylength and air temperature effects on leaf appearance and related rates in two durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, using six different sowing dates (SD). Significant effects of SD on final main stem leaf number (FLN), thermal leaf appearance rate (TLAR), daily leaf appearance rate (DLAR) and phyllochron (PhL) were found. Cultivars resulted inversely correlated to mean air temperature in the interval emergence - fifth leaf full expansion (E-V). Linear response of leaf number over days after sowing was shown for all SD and cultivars, with R2 higher than 0.95. FLN linearly decreased from the first to the last SD for durum wheat, while more variable behaviour was observed in bread wheat. TLAR and DLAR showed a linear increment of the rate from the first to the last SD in durum wheat, while did not for bread wheat and barley. PhL in durum wheat decreased from the first to the last SD. Barley and bread wheat showed the highest values on those SDs which did not reach flowering. The increase of TLAR was affected by photoperiod and photothermal units in durum wheat, while by temperatures only in barley and bread wheat. Present results might find practical application in the improvement of phenology simulation models for durum wheat, bread wheat and barley grown in Mediterranean area in absence of water and nutrient stress.

scholarly journals Modeling leaf appearance rate for Canada Western Red Spring wheat cultivars

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wang ◽  
H. Cutforth ◽  
R M DePauw ◽  
T. McCaig ◽  
G. McLeod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Semiarid Environment ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

The rate of leaf appearance [LAR (d-1)] was observed for two older (Marquis and Neepawa) and two newer (AC Barrie and AC Elsa) Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown in a semiarid environment on the Canadian prairies for four years. Although the newer cultivars significantly increased yield LAR did not change when compared with the older cultivars. A simulation model developed by Jame et al. (1998a), and using coefficients for Neepawa determined from a previous study adequately predicted LAR for all four cultivars.Key words: Wheat, leaf appearance rate, temperature, daylength, model

Rate of leaf appearance in sugarcane, including a comparison of a range of varieties

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Bonnett
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Large Change ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Linear Polynomial ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Biological Explanation ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Leaf appearance rate is a major determinant of canopy establishment, radiation interception and therefore yield. The effect of genotype on leaf appearance rate in sugarcane is largely unknown. Leaf appearance rate was recorded for the mainstems of pot grown sugarcane plants of nine commercial varieties, over 10 months in Townsville, Australia. Bi-phasic linear, polynomial and power-law models were fitted to data describing leaf appearance with thermal time. The bi-phasic model (previously used for sugarcane) had a single large change in phyllochron for which no biological explanation is apparent. Polynomials were less likely to predict leaf appearance accurately outside the range of fitted data. The power-law model gave a continuously increasing thermal time between the appearance of successive leaves (phyllochron) and was used to compare the varieties. An increasing phyllochron for the first 15 leaves could be explained, in part, by the increasing length of lamina each successive leaf had to grow through. However, an explanation for an increasing phyllochron throughout ontogeny has yet to be found. The rate of leaf appearance was significantly different between the varieties. After 5000˚Cd the number of leaves predicted to have appeared ranged from 35 to 46. These variety specific parameters make an important contribution to describing how different varieties produce leaf area.

Leaf emergence rates of wheat in a mediterranean environment

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
EJM Kirby ◽  
MW Perry
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Zero Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance

Rates of leaf appearance on the main stem were measured for various wheat varieties for five to ten sowing dates in three field experiments in Western Australia.Rate of leaf appearance was constant in relation to thermal time for any given variety and sowing date, and ranged from 0.0064 to 0.0132 leaves (�C day)-1. Most of this variation could be accounted for as a response to sowing date or rate of change of daylength, although the response was complicated by interactions with variety and year.Because successive measurements were made on the same plants, it was possible to estimate directly the effects of temperature on the rate of leaf emergence. In the three years, mean rates of leaf emergence were 0.008, 0.008 and 0.011 leaves day-1 �C-1 with base temperatures (temperatures at zero rate) of 0.08, -1.2 and 0.4�C respectively. Contrary to expectation, rate of leaf emergence decreased as temperatures increased in late sowings due probably to depression of leaf emergence as daytime temperatures exceeded 25�C.For Gamenya, the only variety common to the three years, the rate of leaf emergence (RLE) on the main stem was related to the rate of change of daylength (-DL, min day-1 negative when daylength shortening) by the equationRLE = 0.00949 + 0.000988 (-DL).For crops emerging in late June (-DL approximately zero) in southern Australia, this implies a constant thermal time for leaf appearance of 105�C day leaf-1.

GENETIC CONTROL OF VARIATION IN A SELECTED POPULATION OF ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS (ELYMUS ANGUSTUS)

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. LAWRENCE
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Seedling Characters ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Additive Control ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

Progenies from a six-genotype diallel cross in Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.) were studied to assess the pattern of genetic control for F1 seed weight and a number of seedling and adult plant characters. Variation in F1 seed weight was largely determined by the maternal parent, but some control by the pollen parent was apparent. Gene action was additive, but some nonadditive genetic effects were also present. All of the seedling characters, days to emerge, rate of leaf appearance, rate of tiller appearance and seedling dry matter yield showed additive control which is amenable to direct selection. Diallel analyses indicated that the adult plant characters, days to inflorescence appearance, digestible organic matter, total dry matter yield and total seed yield were controlled by strong additive control which is amenable to direct selection. The seedling characters, rate of leaf appearance, rate of tiller appearance and seedling dry matter yield were interrelated but only rate of tiller appearance was associated with adult plant yield.

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