scholarly journals The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 5. Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. [= Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr.]

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob N. Barney ◽  
Nishanth Tharayil ◽  
Antonio DiTommaso ◽  
Prasanta C. Bhowmik
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Polygonum Cuspidatum ◽  
Japanese Knotweed ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Fallopia Japonica ◽  
Riparian Corridors ◽  
Primary Means

Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed) is an introduced perennial geophyte in the buckwheat family (Polygonaceae). The phytogeographic distribution of P. cuspidatum in North America suggests a large number of intentional introductions via ornamental plantings from 1870 to 2000, followed by secondary spread from these foci. This species is most pernicious along riparian corridors and road and railroad rights-of-way, reducing visibility, displacing native species, negatively affecting native wildlife, and causing alterations in natural hydrologic processes. Although non-hybrid seed recruitment has not been observed in Europe because of the presence of male-sterile clones only, dispersal of seeds and stem and rhizome fragments by flowing water does occur in North America and populations are readily established from these sources. The primary means of local and regional range expansion is human-mediated transport of rhizome-infested soil. Hybridization is common with the congener P. sachalinense in the introduced ranges of North America and Europe resulting in the equally noxious P. × bohemicum. Key words: Japanese knotweed, Mexican bamboo, Polygonum, Fallopia, Reynoutria, POLCU, invasive plant, weed biology

ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM COMPLEX IN CANADA AND PORTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Mulligan ◽  
I. John Bassett
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
The United States ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
The Pacific

The chromosome numbers of plants of the Achillea millefolium complex from 27 locations in North America are reported. The levels of polyploidy found are correlated with diameters of the pollen grains. Measurements of pollen grains from more than 300 herbarium specimens are used as an indication of the occurrence of tetraploid and hexaploid species of Achillea in Canada. The results of some crossing experiments are also reported. It is concluded that the common Achillea of North America is tetraploid and is the native A. lanulosa Nutt. It extends from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts, as far south as California in the west and Pennsylvania in the east, and to northern Canada and Alaska. Another native species, hexaploid Achillea borealis Bong., extends along the Pacific coast from southern California to the Aleutian Islands and along the northern shorelines of Alaska and Canada. A Eurasiatic hexaploid, A. millefolium L. s. str., has been sparingly introduced into Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and perhaps elsewhere along the Atlantic seaboard. In eastern Canada a male-sterile purple-flowered hexaploid also occurs. This hexaploid escapes from cultivation and forms localized patches. It undoubtedly has been selected from the Eurasiatic A. millefolium L. s str.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Phenolic Content in the Buds of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc.

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mădălina LAZURCA ◽  
Dumitru LAZURCA ◽  
Florinela FETEA ◽  
Floricuta RANGA ◽  
Carmen SOCACIU
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Polygonum Cuspidatum ◽  
Japanese Knotweed

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc. (Japanese knotweed)  is considered an invasive plant in several countries in Europe, whilst being used in the Traditional Chinese Medicine for various inflammatory diseases, hepatitis, tumors, diarrhea, suppurative dermatitis, gonorrhea, hyperlipidemia, favus athlete’s foot, osteomyelitis. The present study is focused on the characterization of different extracts of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.  buds, by determination of the influence of different solvents on the extraction yield, the phenolic content and their antioxidant capacity. The solvents used were ethanol, propylene glycol, methanol, acid water and alkaline water, in different combinations. The UV-Vis spectra were recorded and the total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method, comparing the extraction yields with the total phenolic contents. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The extracts analyzed had total phenolic values from  1048 mg/100g to 1426 mg/100g fresh buds, expressed as gallic acid equivalents, the highest extraction index being 96.3, in good agreement with the antioxidant capacity. These data suggest that Polygonum cupidatum  Sieb.et Zucc. buds could be a rich source of natural antioxidants and a good candidate as an ingredient in functional food, cosmetics and drugs for the prevention of  the negative effects of oxidative stress on humans.

scholarly journals Occurrence of the Common Amber Snail Succinea Putris (L.) (Gastropoda: Styllomatophora) on Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia Japonica [Houtt.] Ronse Decraene) in Slovenia - Possible Weed Biocontrol Agent?

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Ziga Laznik ◽  
Stanislav Trdan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Japanese Knotweed ◽  
Alien Plant ◽  
Fallopia Japonica ◽  
Weed Biocontrol ◽  
Invasive Alien Plant ◽  
The Common ◽  
Indigenous Natural Enemies

Japanese knotweed, Fallopia japonica is one of the most troublesome invasive alien plant in Europe and North America. In 2012 we started monitoring for possible indigenous natural enemies of Japanese knotweed in Slovenia. In Zgornji Log, near Litija (46°4′38.09″N, 14°49′31.65″E; 245 m) on the river Sava, we recorded several plants of F. japonica damaged by the common amber snail Succinea putris. In this paper we discuss the possibility of the biological control of Japanese knotweed with S. putris.

Sequential Aminopyralid and Imazapyr Applications for Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) Management

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan S. Boyd ◽  
Scott N. White ◽  
Todd Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Additional Benefit ◽  
Shoreline Erosion ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Japanese Knotweed ◽  
Fallopia Japonica ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Disturbed Areas

Japanese knotweed is an invasive plant that occurs along waterways, highways, abandoned agricultural land, and other disturbed areas. It reduces plant diversity and can increase shoreline erosion. An experiment was conducted in Bible Hill and Antigonish, NS, Canada to evaluate early POST aminopyralid at 120 g ae ha−1 and POST imazapyr applications at 720 g ae ha−1 at maximum shoot height, flowering, senescence, maximum height+flowering, maximum height+senescence, flowering+senescence, and maximum height+flowering+senescence. Early POST aminopyralid only provided 10% to 15% control at 52 wk after treatment (WAT) whereas 83% to 100% control occurred following imazapyr applications at all application timings. Percent control at 2, 4, and 8 WAT tended to be higher where imazapyr followed aminopyralid. By 52 WAT, equivalent damage ratings and reductions in stem density occurred at both sites in all plots where imazapyr was applied. The use of aminopyralid or multiple imazapyr applications provided no additional benefit over a single imazapyr application. We conclude that early POST aminopyralid suppresses knotweed growth, which should facilitate late-season imazapyr applications, especially in large stands.

scholarly journals First Report of Rhizoctonia spp. Causing a Root Rot of the Invasive Rangeland Weed Lepidium draba in North America

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 1278-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Caesar ◽  
R. T. Lartey ◽  
T. Caesar-TonThat ◽  
J. Gaskin
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Native Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
First Report ◽  
Lepidium Draba

The exotic, invasive perennial rangeland weed Lepidium draba spreads rapidly and reduces native species diversity. The extensive root system of L. draba constitutes 76% of its biomass (4). Thus, searches have been done for biocontrol agents that target root tissue or that may interact with a weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, that causes galls in the crown area of L. draba. An association of Rhizoctonia spp. with root tissue of plants galled by the weevil has been documented in Europe (3). The possible presence of soilborne pathogens similar to those found in the native range has been the subject of L. draba surveys in the United States. One such survey in 2008 detected a few plants with reddened and chlorotic foliage in a stand near Shepherd, MT. Such symptoms typically indicate the occurrence of soilborne diseases on L. draba in the native range of the weed (2). The site had shown a gradual increase in the range of detectable pathogens beginning with foliar pathogens in 1997. In 2010, at the Shepherd site, L. draba plants with similar (but more severe) symptoms to those seen in 2008 were noted in a different area of the stand. Excavation of the roots in both years revealed brown, sunken crown and root cankers. Pieces of root tissue were excised from the lesions and plated on acidified PDA and Ko and Hora medium. A non-sporulating fungus was isolated from three plants. Colonies of the isolates on PDA were typical of known Rhizoctonia spp. The 2010 isolates were determined to be multinucleate using DAPI and were paired with 14 tester (including subgroups) isolates of AG-1 to AG-4 on water agar. Anastomosis was observed between the multinucleate isolates and the AG-2-1 tester isolate. Sequence analysis of ITS of the rDNA of a multinucleate isolate (GenBank KJ545577) indicated 99% similarity with an accession of R. solani AG 2-1 (AB547381). The 2008 isolates were binucleate. A binucleate isolate, KJ545578, had 100% similarity with an isolate of Rhizoctonia spp. AG-A (AY927356). Pathogenicity tests consisted of planting 6-week-old seedlings of L. draba, one per pot, in ten 85-cm-diameter pots of pasteurized soil mix infested with Rhizoctonia-colonized barley grain that had been dried and milled. An inoculum level of ~8 CFU/g (1) of air-dried soil was established by most probable number calculations from fourfold dilutions of infested soil. Controls were the same number of plants in pasteurized potting mix. Results were recorded after 3 months in a greenhouse at 20–25°C. The test was repeated. Typically, R. solani caused mortality of six to eight plants, from which it was re-isolated, whereas binuclate isolates caused stunting and lower dry weight of L. draba. Control plants remained asymptomatic. This is the first report of R. solani and binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. on L. draba in North America. References: (1) A. J. Caesar et al. Plant Dis. 93:1350, 2009. (2) A. J. Caesar et al. Biol. Control 52:140, 2010. (3) A. J. Caesar et al. Plant Dis. 96:145, 2011. (4) R. F. Miller et al. Agronomy J. 86:487, 1994.

Planting Native Species to Control Site Reinfestation by Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica)

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Skinner ◽  
M. van der Grinten ◽  
A. E. Gover
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Japanese Knotweed ◽  
Fallopia Japonica

Knotweed (Fallopia spp.) Invasion of North America Utilizes Hybridization, Epigenetics, Seed Dispersal (Unexpectedly), and an Arsenal of Physiological Tactics

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Gillies ◽  
David R. Clements ◽  
Jennifer Grenz
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Japanese Knotweed ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Ability To Regenerate ◽  
Bohemian Knotweed ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Giant Knotweed

AbstractMore than 100 years ago, Japanese knotweed was introduced to North America. Given its vigorous rhizome system and capability to grow from rhizome and stem fragments, it persists and spreads locally, forming monotypic stands. The Japanese knotweed clone originally introduced was a male sterile female clone; thus, early in the invasion, reproduction from seed was not an issue. The implication was that long-distance dispersal was relatively rare. However, recently, widespread hybridization between Japanese knotweed and Sakhalin (giant) knotweed has been reported, with the hybrid species, Bohemian knotweed, forming the majority of knotweed plants in many areas and possessing higher variability than the parent species. The hybrids produce large numbers of wind-dispersed viable seeds that germinate at rates approaching 100% in some populations. As temperatures increase, knotweed is predicted to expand its range farther north and to higher elevations. With the ability to regenerate from vegetative fragments and disperse via seeds, invasive knotweed species are on the move. An arsenal of chemical weapons, the ability to shade out competitors, and the ability to adapt rapidly through epigenetic change makes knotweed a formidable invader. We observed that knotweed species clearly possess 8 of the 12 ideal weed characteristics, with Bohemian knotweed likely exhibiting still more because of prolific seed production. More research is needed to answer pressing questions. How does hybridization affect knotweed epigenetics? Under what conditions might seed production become more frequent? What kind of niche expansion is possible with the increased variability? Given the considerable challenges posed by knotweed species that promise to become even greater with the proliferation and spread of Bohemian ecotypes, only a thoroughly researched, well-informed approach to knotweed management across North America can be successful.

scholarly journals Invasive Plants in Support of Urban Farming: Fermentation-Based Organic Fertilizer from Japanese Knotweed

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1232
Author(s):  
Rozalija Cvejić ◽  
Susanne Klages ◽  
Marina Pintar ◽  
Lara Resman ◽  
Ana Slatnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Japanese Knotweed ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Fallopia Japonica ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Average Mass

In this study, fermentation-based organic fertilizer (OF) was produced from the aboveground parts of Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. The quantity of N in OF (17.2 kg t−1 fresh lactic-fermented OF) was higher than average in cattle farmyard manure, but on a comparable level to solid poultry and rabbit manure. The OF was applied on a field to evaluate its effect on Chinese cabbage. The applied nutrients with OF N159 were 159, 44 and 121 kg ha−1 for N, P, and K, respectively. The applied nutrients with OF N317 were 317, 38, and 200 kg ha−1 for N, P, and K, respectively. The average mass of marketable Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr.) single heads ranged from 253 g with N0 treatment to 602 g with N317 treatment. The nutrient recovery efficiency REN,P,K was 37, 20, and 50% for N317 and 55, 48, and 77% for N159. The OF was found to be a suitable alternative to farmyard manure. Additionally, OF produced from F. japonica could complement existing approaches to limit the spread of invasive species in cities. Further research should focus on perennial crop rotations and cropping patterns, different soil types, and a greater variety of crops and consider the possible retention of urban farmers using fertilizer from invasive plants.

The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 4. Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Page ◽  
Ronald E. Wall ◽  
Stephen J. Darbyshire ◽  
Gerald A. Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Alien Plant ◽  
Invasive Alien Plant ◽  
Heracleum Mantegazzianum

Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) is an invasive alien plant of management concern in southern Canada where it has escaped from horticulture and established and spread in natural, ruderal, and agricultural ecosystems. It poses a threat to natural ecosystems and human health, and is also a weed in agricultural and urban areas. It is a member of the Carrot family (Apiaceae) and is closely related to the native species Heracleum maximum Bartram (cow-parsnip). It is a monocarpic perennial, which generally flowers in its 3rd or 4th year. Large size, leaf shape, dark reddish pigments in patches on stems and petioles, and fruit characteristics readily distinguish H. mantegazzianum from other plants in Canada. It is increasingly common in riparian areas, floodplains, and forest edges in or near urban areas in southwestern British Columbia and southern Ontario. Based on herbarium specimens, H. mantegazzianum was first recorded in Ontario in 1949, British Columbia in 1964, Nova Scotia in 1980, Quebec in 1990, and New Brunswick in 2000. The development of dense stands of H. mantegazzianum can also reduce the richness of native plants. Contact with H. mantegazzianum can cause phytophotodermatitis, a serious skin inflammation caused by UV photo-activation of furanocoumarins present in the sap. Control methods include herbicide application, mechanical cutting, and animal grazing, but strategies to address seed dispersal and re-establishment from dormant seed must also be adopted. Widespread establishment in southern Canada suggests that eradication is unlikely. However, range expansion and rapid population growth can be prevented through strategic management including public education. Key words: Giant hogweed, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Apiaceae, HERMZ, invasive plant, weed biology, furanocoumarins

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