Phytophagous arthropods and silvertop levels associated with post-harvest residue treatments in three turfgrass species grown for seed

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Soroka ◽  
B. D. Gossen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
The Impact

Silvertop, which is characterized by whitish, completely sterile seed heads produced on green tillers, is a common symptom in many perennial grasses. A 3-yr study of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra subsp. rubra) grown for seed production was conducted at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to investigate the cause(s) of silvertop, the impact of residue management strategies on silvertop incidence, and the impact of silvertop on seed yield. Three residue management practices were applied in the fall of the first harvest year and again the next fall, as follows: (i) burned after harvest; (ii) clipped to 1–2 cm in height and the residue removed; or (iii) mowed to 20 cm and the residue retained. Arthropods in each plot were collected weekly from May until July by sweep sampling, counted, and identified to family level or lower, and the incidence of seed heads with and without silvertop were assessed. The majority of arthropods were thrips, leafhoppers, plant bugs, mites, or grass-dwelling flies. Grass species and residue treatment strongly affected the number of reproductive tillers and levels of silvertop. Levels of silvertop were lowest in creeping bentgrass in all 3 yr of the study, while they were similar for Kentucky bluegrass and creeping red fescue. Mown plots had fewer reproductive tillers, fewer heathy seed heads, and higher levels of silvertop than burned or clipped plots. However, arthropod species composition was generally similar across grass species and residue treatments. This indicates that a specific arthropod taxon may not be a critical factor in silvertop expression. The relationship between the number and composition of arthropods found and incidence of silvertop is discussed. Key words: Festuca rubra subsp. rubra, Poa pratensis, Agrostis palustris, seed production, arthropods, silvertop

Residue management increases seed yield of three turfgrass species on the Canadian prairies

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Gossen ◽  
J. J. Soroka ◽  
H. G. Najda
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
The Impact

Little information is available on the management of turfgrass species for seed production in the Canadian prairies. The objective of these studies was to assess the impact of residue management and row spacing on seed yield under irrigation. A factorial experiment was seeded at Saskatoon, SK, in 1993 to assess the impact of burning or scalping (very close mowing with residue removal) vs. mowing, and 20- vs. 40-cm row spacing on seed yield of Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) (Poa pratensis), creeping red fescue (CRF) (Festuca rubra subsp. rubra) and creeping bentgrass (CBG) (Agrostis palustris). Also, a residue management trial on KBG was seeded at Brooks, AB, in 1993. At Saskatoon, yield was higher at 20-cm spacing across all three species in 1994, but spacing had no impact on winter survival, stand density, tiller growth or yield in subsequent years. Burning and scalping consistently resulted in earlier spring green-up, a higher proportion of fertile tillers, and higher seed yield than mowing. Even with residue management, yield declined after one harvest in CBG and CRF, and after two harvests in KBG. At Brooks, residue management had a similar impact on yield of KBG. A second trial at Brooks examined the impact of row spacing (20, 40, 60 cm) and seeding rate (0.5 to 6 kg seed ha-1) on KBG. Seed yield was highest at 40-cm spacings in 1994, at 60 cm in 1995, and at 40 to 60 cm in 1996. Seeding rate did not have a consistent effect on yield. We conclude that a combination of residue management and 20- to 40-cm spacings provide the highest, most consistent seed yields for these turfgrass species in this region. Key words: Burning, clipping, turfgrass, seed production, row spacing, Poa, Festuca, Agrostis

Effect of Picloram on Production and Quality of Seed in Several Grasses

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
William O. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Agrostis Tenuis ◽  
Untreated Check

Twelve field trials were conducted in western Oregon during 1963 to 1966 to evaluate the effect of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) on the seed production and seed quality of eight grass species. Seed production of creeping bentgrass (Agrostics palustris Huds., vars. Penncross and Seaside), Colonial bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth., var. Highland), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., var. Linn), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., var. Gulf), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb., var. Alta) treated with picloram was not statistically different from the untreated check. Seed production of Colonial bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth., var. Astoria) was reduced by picloram at rates of 1.0 and 1.5 lb/A. Seed production of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., var. Newport) was not statistically different from the untreated check when picloram was applied in October but was significantly lower than the check following some March treatments. Seed production of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L., var. Potomac) and creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L., var. Pennlawn) was reduced by most picloram treatments made either in October or March. Germination of the creeping red fescue seed was significantly reduced when picloram was applied at 2 lb/A in March. None of the treatments affected seedling development.

Germination of Seeds of Turfgrasses as Affected by Glyphosate and Paraquat

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayton L. Klingman ◽  
J. J. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Grass Turf

Effects of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) on turfgrass seed germination were evaluated in the greenhouse. Glyphosate caused little effect on germination of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), and tall fescue (F. arundinacea Schreb.) when applied to the soil immediately before seeding or when applied directly over the seed on the soil surface. Paraquat sprayed directly over the seed on the soil surface prevented germination of most of the seeds of the three grass species. Covering seeds on the soil surface with clippings from grass turf sprayed with paraquat greatly reduced germination. About half of those that germinated either died later or were severely chlorotic. Covering seeds on the surface of the soil with clippings from turf that had been sprayed with glyphosate did not significantly reduce the number of seedlings established.

Effects of Glyphosate and Siduron on Turfgrass Establishment

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren Moshier ◽  
A. J. Turgeon ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Turfgrass Establishment

The effects of several concentrations of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and siduron [1-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-phenylurea] on germination and seedling growth of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL. ‘Nugget,’ ‘Prato,’ ‘Fylking,’ ‘Park’), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustrisHuds. Penncross,’ ‘Seaside’), and red fescue (Festuca rubraL. ‘Pennlawn,’ ‘Wintergreen’) were evaluated in petri dishes under controlled environmental conditions. A high concentration of glyphosate (10-4M) reduced shoot growth in all but two cultivars. Siduron had no effect. Glyphosate or siduron applied to the soil and incorporated did not affect turfgrass germination or growth. When the glyphosate was sprayed over the soil and on the seed lying on the soil surface, red fescue germination was reduced and shoot growth of Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and red fescue was inhibited at the high rate of glyphosate application (17.9 kg/ha). Under field conditions, none of the glyphosate treatments reduced turfgrass germination or growth.

scholarly journals Additional Host Plants of Four Species of Billbug Found on New Jersey Turfgrasses

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Johnson-Cicalese ◽  
C.R. Funk
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Red Fescue

Studies were conducted on the host plants of four billbug species (Coleoptera:Curculionidae: Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, S. venatus Chitt., S. inaequalis Say, and S. minimus Hart) found on New Jersey turfgrasses. A collection of 4803 adults from pure stands of various turfgrasses revealed all four billbugs on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and S. parvulus, S. venatus, and S. minimus on Chewings fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.). Since the presence of larvae, pupae, or teneral adults more accurately indicates the host status of a grass species, immature billbugs were collected from plugs of the various grass species and reared to adults for identification. All four species were reared from immature billbugs found in Kentucky bluegrass turf; immatures of S. venatus, S. inaequalis, and S. minimus were found in tall fescue; S. venatus and S. minimus in perennial ryegrass; and S. inaequalis in strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra). A laboratory experiment was also conducted in which billbug adults were confined in petri dishes with either Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Only minor differences were found between the four grasses in billbug survival, number of eggs laid, and amount of feeding. In general, bermudagrass was the least favored host and the other grasses were equally adequate hosts. The results of this study indicate a need for updating host-plant lists of these four billbug species.

Response of a Red Fescue-Kentucky Bluegrass Turf to Three Consecutive Annual Applications of Amidochlor, Mefluidide, and Ethephon

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanta C. Bhowmik
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Phosphonic Acid ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Greenhouse Study

A red fescue (Festuca rubraL.)- Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.) turf was treated annually with amidochlor {N-[(acetylamino)methyl]-2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide} at 2.2, 2.8, and 3.4 kg ai/ha, mefluidide {N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] amino] phenyl] acetamide} at 0.4 kg ai/ha, and ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] at 5.6 kg ai/ha for three consecutive years. Recuperative potential of treated turfgrass was determined in the field and in a greenhouse study. Amidochlor and mefluidide treatments injured turfgrass (11 to 64%) four weeks after application. However, turfgrass recovered after eight weeks. Amidochlor at 2.8 to 3.4 kg/ha and mefluidide at 0.4 kg/ha suppressed (75 to 100%) seedhead development. Ethephon at 5.6 kg/ha was ineffective. Turfgrass recovered normally each spring after amidochlor treatments, with no delay in spring green-up. Root length, root weight, and root:shoot weight ratio of the plugs from the greenhouse study were unaffected by three consecutive annual applications of amidochlor, mefluidide, and ethephon. One annual spring application of amidochlor, mefluidide, and ethephon for three consecutive years caused no adverse effects that would limit their use on red fescue-Kentucky bluegrass turf.

Differential Response of Ditchbank Grasses to Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-423
Author(s):  
J. M. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Smooth Brome ◽  
Red Fescue

Herbicides were evaluated for selectivity between three tall coarse grasses and three short fine grasses. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceaL.), quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.], and smooth brome (Bromus inermisLeyss) were consistently more susceptible to amitrole-NH4CN (3-amino-s-triazole-ammonium thiocyanate) than three desirable short grasses, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.), creeping red fescue (Festuca rubraL.), and redtop (Agrostis albaL.). Reed canarygrass and redtop were more susceptible to dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) than creeping red fescue. Amitrole-NH4CN and dalapon combinations were more toxic to reed canarygrass, smooth brome, and redtop than creeping red fescue. Pyriclor (2,3,5-trichloro-4-pyridinol) was quite toxic to all grasses with Kentucky bluegrass showing the most tolerance. When TCA (trichloroacetic acid) was combined with amitrole-NH4CN results were similar to the dalapon combination but overall toxicity was reduced.

COLD HARDINESS AND ICE TOLERANCE OF PASTURE GRASSES GROWN AND TESTED IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. GUDLEIFSSON ◽  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
H. BJORNSSON
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Wide Range

A number of forage grass species were tested for cold hardiness and ice tolerance after growth and cold hardening under controlled conditions. Tests exposing cold-hardened plants to a single level of stress separated species into statistically similar groups but, in a number of cases, the stress was not sufficient to kill plants so the true cultivar rankings were obscured. Derivation of the 50% kill point from a wide range of levels of stress served to identify cold hardiness and ice tolerance levels of cultivars of 10 species. Ranked according to the most hardy cultivar of the species tested were: timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa L.), creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus L.), berings hairgrass (Deschampsia beringensis L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae). LT50 values varied from −15.7 °C for timothy to −4.7 °C for reed canarygrass. Cold hardiness and ice tolerance were only loosely associated (r = 0.36). The most ice-tolerant species were berings and tufted hairgrasses and timothy with LI50 values of 50, 39 and 44 d, respectively.Key words: Acclimation, encasement, freezing, resistance

Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Control in Cool Season Turfgrass

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.W. Bingham
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Poor Control ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Dry Conditions

Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) control with herbicides was evaluated with and without competition from turfgrasses. Postemergence applications of cyperquat (1-methyl-4-phenylpryidinium) provided safe selective control of yellow nutsedge in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL. ‘Merion’), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Manhatten’), and red fescue (Festuca rubraL. ‘Pennlawn’). Pre- and post-emergence applications of perfluidone {1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide} controlled yellow nutsedge when rainfall or irrigation was adequate for good turfgrass growth. Under dry conditions, perfluidone slightly injured Kentucky bluegrass and gave poor control of yellow nutsedge. Bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one2,2-dioxide] was less effective than cyperquat or perfluidone for yellow nutsedge control and required split applications. Bentazon did not injure Kentucky bluegrass. Napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] and Vel 3973 [N-(2,4-dimethyl-5-{[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino}phenyl)acetamide] did not provide adequate yellow nutsedge control. Vel 5052 {2-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl-N-[(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl] acetamide}showed promise for yellow nutsedge control.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document