Season of year effect on response of orchardgrass to N fertilizer in a maritime climate

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bittman ◽  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
C. G. Kowalenko ◽  
D. E. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Year Effect ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations

This study compared the response of harvests taken in May, June, August and September-October in terms of crop responses (yield, N uptake, and concentrations of crude protein and nitrate) to N fertilizer and residual soil nitrate and ammonium. Three trials were conducted in south coastal British Columbia in 1990–1992 to evaluate the response of an established sward of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) to a range of N fertilizer rates. Both yields and daily crop growth rates were highest in cut 1, lowest in cut 4 and intermediate in cuts 2 and 3. For all four cuts, 95 and 90% of maximum yield was attained at about 136 and 82 kg ha-1 of applied N, respectively. Crop N supply from non-fertilizer sources ranged from 36 to 90 kg N ha-1, of which about 52% was attributed to nitrate present in the soil prior to growth and about 48% was N released from the soil, translocated from roots or deposited from the atmosphere. At 95% of maximum yield, crude protein concentrations ranged from 147 g kg-1 in the higher yielding cut 1 to 189 g kg-1 in cuts 2 and 4, while at 90% of maximum yield concentrations were 10 g kg-1 lower in each cut. Plant nitrate concentrations were close to levels that are toxic to cattle for the 95% target yield, but relatively safe at the 90% yield. The crop removed about 50 kg ha-1 more N when fertilized for 95% of maximum yield than for 90%, which translates to over 300 kg ha-1 more crude protein. High relative yield leaves behind more soil nitrate after harvest. The results suggest that the first cut should be managed for 95% of maximum yield with about 130 kg N ha-1. Cuts 2 and 3 should be managed for 90% of maximum yield, to avoid high plant nitrate concentrations, with 100–110 kg N ha-1. Cut 4 should be given no more than 50 kg N ha-1 for less than 90% of maximum yield because of the risk of residual soil nitrates. This study shows for the first time the benefits and disadvantages of applying N at different rates for each harvest over the growing season. Key words: Plant nitrate, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen recovery, Dactylis glomerata, relative yield, maximum economic yield

scholarly journals Pre-sidedress Soil Nitrate Test Is Effective for Fall Cabbage

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Heckman ◽  
Thomas Morris ◽  
J. Thomas Sims ◽  
Joseph B. Sieczka ◽  
Uta Krogmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Relationship

The pre-sidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) was evaluated in 27 fields in New Jersey, 6 in Connecticut, 5 in Delaware, and 2 on Long Island in New York for its ability to predict whether sidedress N is needed to grow fall cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) as a double crop. Soil NO3-N concentrations measured on 20 field sites on the day of transplanting and 14 days after transplanting indicated that NO3-N concentrations over this time period increased, and that residues from the previous crop were not causing immobilization of soil mineral N. The relationship between soil NO3-N concentration measured 14 days after transplanting and relative yield of marketable cabbage heads was examined using Cate-Nelson analysis to define the PSNT critical level. Soil NO3-N concentrations ≥24 mg·kg-1 were associated with relative yields >92%. The success rate for the PSNT critical concentration was 84% for predicting whether sidedress N was needed. Soil NO3-N concentrations below the PSNT critical level are useful for inversely adjusting sidedress N fertilizer recommendations. The PSNT can reliably determine whether fall cabbage needs sidedress N fertilizer and the practice of soil NO3-N testing may be extendable to other cole crops with similar N requirements.

scholarly journals Cocksfoot pasture production in relation to environmental variables

2006 ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
A. Mills ◽  
D.J. Moot ◽  
B.A. Mckenzie
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Lincoln University ◽  
Temperature Water

The effects of temperature, water and nitrogen on pasture production of an 8 year old 'Wana' cocksfoot pasture were quantified at Lincoln University, Canterbury. The maximum dry matter (DM) yield was 22.0 t/ha/yr when neither water nor N were limiting. Crude protein yield of +N pastures was 3.2-4.2 t/ha/yr compared with 1.0 t/ha in -N pastures. Metabolisable energy averaged 178*103 MJ ME/ha/yr for the +N pastures compared with 69*103 MJ ME/ha/yr for -N pastures. Seasonal differences in pasture production were explained in relation to thermal time with 7.0 kg DM/oCd for N fertilised pastures and 3.3 kg DM/oCd when no N was applied. During periods of water stress, relative yield decreased at a rate of 1.4%/mm when the soils critical limiting deficit of 78 mm was exceeded. Keywords: Dactylis glomerata, irrigation, nitrogen, thermal time.

Integration of nitrate cover crops into sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) rotations. II. Effect of cover crops on growth, yield and N requirement of sugarbeet

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. ALLISON ◽  
M. J. ARMSTRONG ◽  
K. W. JAGGARD ◽  
A. D. TODD
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Processing Quality ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Response ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Fertilizer Requirement ◽  
The Mean

Between 1989 and 1993, 17 experiments tested the effects of autumn-sown cover crops on the yield, processing quality and N nutrition of subsequent sugarbeet crops. Cover crops had no effect on sugarbeet plant population density or pesticide requirement. In nitrogen response experiments, the mean beet yield at the economic optimum was 83 t/ha. The mean N fertilizer requirement was 96 kg N/ha and the N uptake at maximum yield averaged 180 kg N/ha. Cover crops had no effect on yield, fertilizer requirement or N uptake. In addition, cover crops generally had no effect on the efficiency of N fertilizer use, the mineralization of N from the soil organic matter nor the amount of soil mineral nitrogen at sowing or at harvest of the beet crop. Processing quality was also not affected by cover crops. The cost of growing a cover crop ranged from 0 to 50 £/ha. Since these costs cannot be offset against increases in yields or reduced fertilizer application rates, cover crops need to be low cost, i.e. cheap seed and minimal cultivation. Cover crops using volunteer cereals and weeds or farm-saved grain that are established with a single stubble-cultivation should fulfil these criteria.

scholarly journals Drainage Conditions Influence Corn-Nitrogen Management in the US Upper Midwest

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2491
Author(s):  
Gabriel Dias Paiao ◽  
Fabián G. Fernández ◽  
Seth L. Naeve
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
The Us ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
N Management

Soil drainage is not considered in the N fertilizer guidelines for corn (Zea mays L.) in the US Midwest. This study investigated the influence of soil drainage on corn grain yield, N requirement, and residual soil N, and evaluated the utility of in-season soil N measurements to guide N application. This 6-year study in Minnesota, US on a corn–soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) rotation had drained and undrained conditions and six at planting (PL) (0–225 in 45 kg N ha−1 increments) and four split (SP) N fertilizer rates (at planting/V6-V8—45/45, 45/90, 45/135, 45/179 kg N ha−1). The drained compared to undrained soil produced 8% more grain yield (12.8 vs. 11.9 Mg ha−1), 12% more N uptake (169 vs. 151 kg N ha−1), 16% lower optimal N rate (ONR) (160 vs. 193 kg N ha−1), 3.1% greater grain yield at ONR (13.5 vs. 13.1 Mg ha−1), and similar in season and residual soil N. Compared to SP, PL lowered ONR (151 vs. 168 kg N ha−1) in drained soils, and the opposite occurred for undrained soils (206 vs. 189 kg N ha−1). These results substantiate the agronomic benefits of artificial drainage and the need to incorporate drainage conditions into N management guidelines.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Rate and Application Timing Affect `Beauregard' Sweetpotato Yield and Quality

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.B. Phillips ◽  
J.G. Warren ◽  
G.L. Mullins
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Requirement ◽  
N Use

Previous work suggests that `Beauregard' sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] has a much lower N requirement than other common cultivars. Over the past 10 years, `Beauregard' has become the premier sweetpotato cultivar grown in Virginia; however, N fertilizer recommendations have not been reassessed to consider the potentially lower N requirement of `Beauregard'. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of N rate and application timing on root yield, quality, and N use efficiency for `Beauregard' sweetpotato production in Virginia. A field study was conducted each year from 2000 to 2002 at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, Va. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at rates of 28, 56, and 84 kg·ha-1 either before transplanting, 2 to 3 weeks after transplanting (WAT), or 4 to 5 WAT. A check treatment that received no N fertilizer was also included. Optimum N rates varied annually; under normal precipitation, root yield was greatest at the 28-kg·ha-1 rate, while 56 kg·ha-1 was required for maximum yield in wet conditions. Of note is that this range of rates is considerably lower than the current N recommendation for Virginia sweetpotato production (56 to 84 kg·ha-1). Delaying N application until 2 to 3 WAT further increased marketable root yield compared with applying N before transplanting or 4 to 5 WAT. Crude protein and N uptake increased with increasing N rate up to 84 kg·ha-1; however, N use efficiency was highest (67%) when 28 kg·ha-1 was applied 2 to 3 WAT.

Irrigation frequency and nitrogen fertilizers modify cotton yield at Emerald, central Queensland

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
SE Ockerby ◽  
DJ Lyons ◽  
GD Keefer ◽  
FPC Blamey ◽  
DF Yule
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
N Content ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Plant Available Water ◽  
N Use

Four irrigation frequencies and six nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates (0-300 kg ha-1) were applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown on three Vertisols in the Emerald Irrigation Area, central Queensland. The purpose was to describe lint production responses to the plant available water before irrigation and N fertilizer, in terms of the crop N content and the efficiency of crop N use for lint production. Lint yield was greatest when the plant available water before irrigation was 50-80010 of the plant available water capacity (PAWC) of each soil. The rate of N fertilizer for maximum yield varied with plant available water and soil type. Plant available water before irrigation >60% and <37% PAWC, and rain after irrigation reduced the crop N content at the time of maximum leaf area index. Relative yield generally responded to 130 kg crop N ha-', although the range from 101 to 141 kg crop N ha-1 reflected differences in the maximum yield of each treatment. If the crop N was <130 kg ha-1, yield was mostly determined by the crop N content, whereas if the crop N content was >130 kg ha-1, yield and the efficiency of crop N use for lint production was determined by the plant available water before irrigation and soil type. Nitrogen fertilizer strategies to achieve the maximum yield of cotton (var. Deltapine 61) should focus on obtaining 130 kg crop N ha-1. This crop N content produced maximum yields for a range of plant available water contents before irrigation, and for three soil types.

Effects of mulch, N fertilizer, and plant density on wheat yield, wheat nitrogen uptake, and residual soil nitrate in a dryland area of China

2009 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajun Gao ◽  
Yun Li ◽  
Jianchang Zhang ◽  
Wenguo Liu ◽  
Zhanping Dang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate

EFFECTS OF FORAGE LEGUME SPECIES ON SOIL MOISTURE, NITROGEN, AND YIELD OF SUCCEEDING BARLEY CROPS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. HOYT ◽  
R. H. LEITCH
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Large Yield

Effects of five legume species grown for hay on yield of succeeding barley crops and on moisture and N status of five soils were measured. When N fertilizer was applied, yields of barley following alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, alsike clover, red clover and sweet clover were the same as those following barley grown on fallow (control). Also, soil moisture in spring and soil moisture used by barley were about the same following legumes and the control. However, without N fertilizer, the legumes caused large yield increases to barley grown on two Gray Luvisolic soils (Beryl, Davis) and a Black Solodic soil (Landry); the legumes caused little change in barley yields on another Gray Luvisolic soil (Alcan) and caused large decreases on another Black Solodic soil (Rycroft). Residual soil N contributed by the legumes, calculated from N in the succeeding barley crops, was greater for the Beryl and Landry soils than for the Alcan and Davis soils. This corresponded closely to yields of the previous hay crops on those soils. The legumes caused a decrease in residual N for the Rycroft soil. Mineral-N and Δ mineral-N in the soil were well correlated with N uptake in barley for the Alcan, Landry and Rycroft soils but were poorly correlated for the other two soils. Key words: Forage legumes, barley yields, soil nitrogen and moisture

Nitrogen management of fallow crops in Canadian prairie soils

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 1389-1401
Author(s):  
R. E. Karamanos ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
D. C. James ◽  
F. C. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Management ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Prairie Soils ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Karamanos, R. E., Selles, F., James, D. C. and Stevenson, F. C. 2012. Nitrogen management of fallow crops in Canadian prairie soils. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1389–1401. The ability of fallow to supply nitrogen (N) to crops has been questioned, particularly for crops with greater N requirements. A study was conducted to determine canola (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) responses to a range of N fertilizer rates (0–75 kg N ha−1 for canola and 0–50 kg N ha−1 for wheat) at 17 fallow sites across Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada, from 2003 to 2005. Yield and N uptake responses to progressively greater N fertilizer rates were curvilinear for both crops. Maximum yield occurred with 76 kg N ha−1 for canola yield (2190 kg ha−1) and 47 kg N ha−1 for wheat (2910 kg ha−1). Maximum N uptake occurred at about 90 kg N ha−1 for both crops. Wheat grain yield and N uptake responses were mostly associated with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at anthesis or flag leaf, whereas canola yields and N uptake were most associated with NDVI at five-leaf or bolting, or Cardy Nitrate meter at bolting. The preceding relationships were most apparent at the highest N fertilizer rates. Canola and wheat water use were not affected by N fertilizer rate, but water use efficiency increased linearly for both crops as N fertilizer rate was increased.

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