Transport of herbicides and nutrients in surface runoff from corn cropland in southern Ontario

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Bowman ◽  
G. J. Wall ◽  
D. J. King
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Surface Transport ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Runoff Losses ◽  
Water Quality Objectives

The risk of surface-water contamination by herbicides is greatest following application to cropland when the active ingredients are at the maximum concentration and the soil is the most vulnerable to erosion following cultivation. This study determined the magnitude of surface runoff losses of herbicide and nutrients at, and subsequent to, application. The first of three weekly 10-min, 2.6-cm rainfalls were simulated on triplicated 1-m plots (a set) on which corn had been planted and the herbicide (metolachlor/atrazine, 1.5:1.0) and fertilizer (28% N at 123 kg ha−1) had just been applied. Identical simulations were applied to two other adjacent plot sets (protected from rainfall) 1 and 2 wk following herbicide application. Runoff (natural, simulated) was monitored for soil, nutrient and herbicide losses. Concentrations of total phosphorus in surface runoff water and nitrate N in field-filtered samples were not significantly influenced by the time of the rainfall simulation but exceeded provincial water-quality objectives. Atrazine and metolachlor runoff losses were greatest from simulated rainfall (about 5% loss) immediately following application. Subsequent simulated rainfall usually resulted in < 1% herbicide runoff losses. Herbicide concentrations in all plot runoff samples exceeded provincial drinking-water quality objectives. Since herbicide surface transport is primarily in the solution phase (not via association with soil particles), water-management conservation technologies are the key to retaining these chemicals on cropland. Key words: Herbicide, runoff, rainfall simulation, partitioning, water quality

Prometryn Movement Across and Through the Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Baldwin ◽  
P. W. Santelmann ◽  
J. M. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Runoff Losses ◽  
Runoff Plots

Specially constructed runoff plots were used to study the effect of simulated rainfall intensity, antecedent soil moisture, and subsequent rainfall on prometryn [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylthio-s-triazine] movement across and through a field soil with a 1% slope. The first cm (45.4 L) of runoff was collected and subdivided. The initial 3.8 L of runoff water generally contained a higher concentration of prometryn than did a composite from the next 41.6 L. The sediment contained a higher prometryn concentration than did the runoff water. However, due to the greater volume of water lost compared to sediment, over 90% of the prometryn lost was in the water fraction. When prometryn was applied to a dry soil and rainfall simulated, runoff losses of prometryn were 0.5% or less of the total amount initially applied. The first runoff producing simulated rainfall caused the largest prometryn losses, but prometryn could not be detected in the runoff 1 month subsequent to application. Prometryn was never detected at soil depths greater than 5 cm. Prometryn runoff was greater from plots in which the soil was wet at the time of application.

scholarly journals SURFACE RUNOFF WATER QUALITY FROM DEVELOPED AREAS SURROUNDING A RECREATIONAL LAKE

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Jay A. Bloomfield ◽  
James W. Sutherland ◽  
James Swart ◽  
Clifford Siegfried
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Recreational Lake

scholarly journals Assessment of the Effects of Poultry Litter on Surface Runoff Water Quality from Agricultural Lands

2010 ◽  
Vol 02 (05) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudarshan K. Dutta ◽  
Shreeram P. Inamdar ◽  
J. Tom Sims ◽  
Alyssa Collins
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Runoff Water

Water Quality of Surface Runoff from Grazed Fescue Grassland Watersheds in Alberta

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Mapfumo ◽  
Walter D. Willms ◽  
David S. Chanasyk
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Heavy Grazing

Abstract A study was conducted at Stavely Research Station, Alberta, to determine the quantity and quality of surface runoff from small grassland watersheds under three grazing intensities, viz. ungrazed, heavy grazing (2.4 animal unit months per hectare, AUM ha-1) and very heavy grazing (4.8 AUM ha-1). The volume of surface runoff varied each year (1998, 1999 and 2000) and also differed across watersheds, with lower runoff in the ungrazed compared with the heavy and very heavy grazed watersheds. Total dissolved solids in surface runoff water ranged between 34 to 360 mg L-1, and that for runoff from the very heavy grazed watershed was greater than that from other watersheds. Electrical conductivity increased with increased grazing intensity on the watershed. In two of three years the very heavy grazed watershed had greater nitrate concentrations than the other two watersheds. In all three years the levels of nitrate were lower than the maximum acceptable level for drinking water (10 mg L-1 as nitrogen). Levels of orthophosphate (PO43-) in surface runoff from all three watersheds and the three years of study were less than 1 mg L-1, and mostly within the range considered typical for rivers and streams. Total carbon (up to 500 mg L-1) was greater than the amounts considered typical for streams and rivers, and most of it was organic carbon. Nuisance organisms such as algae, nematodes, Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and rotifers were detected in some surface runoff samples. However, no crustaceans were detected. The results of a canonical correlation analysis indicated that the dominant external forcing factors (meteorological and management) in influencing water quality were year of study, water temperature and grazing. Surface runoff discharge did not influence water quality measurements. The dominant water quality parameters were found to be total carbon, organic carbon, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. Overall, this study indicated that during the three years, the surface runoff volumes from the watersheds were small and grazing of these watersheds posed little risk of nutrient (e.g., nitrate, ammonia and orthophosphate) contamination of adjacent streams, but organic carbon loading and dissolved solids may be of concern. The presence of parasites was detected in two or less runoff water samples each year, and thus pose little risk of contamination of adjacent streams. However, it may be necessary to monitor parasites especially in areas under cow-calf operations.

scholarly journals Fertilizer Source Affects Nutrient Losses from Hybrid Bermudagrass during Surface Runoff

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 952-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla R. Sanders ◽  
Jeffrey S. Beasley
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Aesthetic Quality ◽  
Nutrient Runoff

Controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) provide an extended period of nutrient availability for turfgrass growth and may limit offsite nutrient losses compared with water-soluble fertilizers (WSFs). However, increasing temperatures and soil moisture accelerate nutrient release from many CRFs. As a result, turfgrass managers growing turfgrass in warm, humid climates with high rainfall question how effective CRFs are in reducing nutrient runoff losses while maintaining aesthetic quality. A study was conducted to examine the effect of three fertilizer treatments—an unfertilized control, a CRF applied at 87 lb/acre nitrogen (N), and a WSF applied at 87 lb/acre N as a split application (43.5 lb/acre N) at 0 and 45 d after initial fertilization (DAIF)—on nutrient losses from ‘Tifway’ hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) during surface runoff events. Rainfall simulations were conducted 3, 28, 56, and 84 DAIF at an intensity of 3 inches per hour to induce 30 minutes of runoff. Water samples were analyzed for inorganic N and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP). Hybrid bermudagrass quality was similar among fertilizer treatments with CRF application, resulting in slightly higher quality. Across all fertilizer treatments, hybrid bermudagrass exhibited similar runoff initiation time and volumes within each rainfall simulation event. Nutrient losses from fertilized hybrid bermudagrass were greatest at the first runoff event at 3 DAIF, with WSF having the greatest losses. The subsequent application of WSF 45 DAIF did not result in greater N and DTP losses compared with CRF application, most likely a result of water incorporation applied to prevent wilting. Hybrid bermudagrass fertilized with a single application of CRF resulted in 23.6% and 55.6% reductions in cumulative inorganic N and DTP losses, respectively, compared with hybrid bermudagrass fertilized with the a split application of WSF.

scholarly journals The Effect of Urban Land-Use Change on Runoff Water Quality: A Case Study in Hangzhou City

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10748
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Qidi Yu ◽  
Ling Gao ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Zhipeng Lu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Impervious Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Runoff Pollution

The main functions of this research are to guide the proportion of urban land that is used and the layout of the facilities on it, help understand the changes to surface runoff that are caused by land being used in urban development, and thus solve surface runoff pollution. Hangzhou City, China has been selected for the experiment, and the way in which its land is utilized as well as the grading of urban construction projects in the demonstration area are specifically analyzed. This study systematically distinguishes the definitions of impervious area based on the Sutherland equation and analyzes the impact of different impervious area subtypes on surface runoff water quality. Then, we compare the impact of impervious area subtypes with the impact of other land-use patterns on surface runoff water quality. This study shows the relationship between different land-use types and runoff water bodies: Land-use index can affect runoff water quality; Greening activities, impervious surface, and the water quality index are negatively correlated; the effective impervious area rate is positively correlated with the water quality index. The paper suggests that increasing the proportion of green spaces and permeable roads in build-up land reduces the effective impervious area (EIA) and thus controls land runoff pollution and improves runoff water quality.

Surface Runoff Water Quality in a Managed Three Zone Riparian Buffer

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1851-1859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lowrance ◽  
Joseph M. Sheridan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Riparian Buffer ◽  
Runoff Water

Nutrients and Sediments in Surface Runoff Water from Direct-Seeded Rice Fields: Implications for Nutrient Budgets and Water Quality

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1725-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Linquist ◽  
Matthew D. Ruark ◽  
Randall Mutters ◽  
Chris Greer ◽  
Jim E. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Nutrient Budgets ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Direct Seeded

Update on the Effects of a Sierran Wildfire on Surface Runoff Water Quality

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1185-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Miller ◽  
D. W. Johnson ◽  
N. Gergans ◽  
E. M. Carroll-Moore ◽  
R. F. Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Runoff Water

scholarly journals Effect of Saturated Near Surface on Nitrate and Ammonia Nitrogen Losses in Surface Runoff at the Loess Soil Hillslope

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-bin Zhang ◽  
Fen-li Zheng ◽  
Ning Cao
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Loess Soil ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Hydraulic Gradients ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

Water pollution from agricultural fields is a global problem and cause of eutrophication of surface waters. A laboratory study was designed to evaluate the effects of near-surface hydraulic gradients on NO3–N and NH4–N losses in surface runoff from soil boxes at 27% slope undersimulated rainfall of a loess soil hillslope. Experimental treatments included two near-surface hydraulic gradients (free drainage, FD; saturation, SA), three fertilizer application rates (control, no fertilizer input; low, 120 kg N ha-1; high, 240 kg N ha-1), and simulated rainfall of 100 mm h-1was applied for 70 min. The results showed that saturated near-surface soil moisture had dramatic effects on NO3–N and NH4–N losses and water quality. Under the low fertilizer treatment, average NO3–N concentrations in runoff water of SA averaged 2.2 times greater than that of FD, 1.6 times greater for NH4–N. Under the high fertilizer treatment, NO3–N concentrations in runoff water from SA averaged 5.7 times greater than that of FD, 4.3 times greater for NH4–N. Nitrogen loss formed with NO3–N is dominant during the event, but not NH4–N. Under the SA condition, the total loss of NO3–N from low fertilizer treatment was 34.2 to 42.3% of applied nitrogen, while under the FD treatment that was 3.9 to 6.9%. However, the total loss of NH4–N was less than 1% of applied nitrogen. These results showed that saturated condition could make significant contribution to water quality problems.

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