Naturally occurring gamma-emitting isotopes, radon release and properties of parent materials of Saskatchewan soils

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. de Jong ◽  
D. F. Acton ◽  
L. M. Kozak

Mineral composition of the parent material is a major factor controlling natural radioactivity of soils. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the natural radioactivity of 18 till and six lacustrine parent materials and their properties measured during soil surveys. Gamma spectroscopy was used to estimate 40K and daughters of 238U and 232Th; neutron activation analysis was used to determine total U; and alpha counting was used to measure 222Rn release from the soil. The amounts of the various radioisotopes were positively correlated with each other and with clay content; the correlation with sand content was negative; and the correlations with silt and inorganic C content were generally not significant. Adding the fine/total clay ratio as a further independent variable considerably improved the correlation between 40K and clay content. The data suggested considerable disequilibrium in the 238U decay chain, which appeared to be in part related to the mode of deposition of the parent materials. Soil survey information — in particular, texture — thus appears a readily available tool for preliminary screening of terrestrial radiation in Saskatchewan. Key words: Radioactivity, 40K, uranium, thorium, radon, texture

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 476-789
Author(s):  
Hengameh Javadi ◽  
Reza Sokouti ◽  
Ebrahim Pazira ◽  
Mohammad Hassan Massihabbadi

Different soils with various properties and sometimes with different types of limitations can be formed which is necessary to investigate the conditions of soil formation and evolution for their optimal use. In this study, we studied the relationship between soil, topography in terms of slope and elevation, and parent material with the land morphology and physical and chemical properties of soil, how the soil formed and evolved. From 19 control soil profiles, 57 soil samples were obtained from three layers and some soil characteristics including Acidity, Salinity, Gypsum, Lime, Texture and Organic matter were measured. Using NEWHALL software, the soil temperature and moisture regime was determined. To study the conditions of topography, the digital elevation map and slope was prepared, the characteristics of geological formations were determined and based on the Gower index and Jacquard index, the relationship between soil evolution factors with topography and parent materials were studied. The diversity of soils classification was studied using richness, uniformity of Shannon and Simpson indices. Based on the results obtained from Gower and jacquard similarity indices, the effect of topography and parent materials on soil diversity was proved. Soil diversity indices showed an increasing trend from the soil order level to the soil family. The increase in the Richness index was higher at the soil family level, so that the highest soil diversity observed at the soil family level. Also, soil diversity is mainly affected by intrinsic factors and to some extent by environmental factors. Soil profile development is mostly influenced by slope, parent materials and in some areas by groundwater level.


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisson Cesar Da Cunha Souza ◽  
Márcio Luiz Da Silva

A identificação e mapeamento dos solos servem como subsidio para planejamentos agrícolas, levantamentos do uso da terra, estudos de terras para irrigação, estudos de preservação, análise e recuperação ambientais, predição de desastres naturais como o monitoramento de processos erosivos, dentre outros. Nesse sentido, os levantamentos e avaliações de solo, para fins agrícolas ou não, ganham importância, pois através deles é possível conhecer as propriedades desse recurso natural, permitindo sua utilização de forma consciente e adequada. O uso de sistemas de informações geográficas tem introduzido novos métodos para o levantamento e mapeamento de solos, por meio de modelagens, a partir da utilização de mapas temáticos básicos e modelos numéricos de terreno ou modelos digitais de elevação, que possibilitam, principalmente, a compreensão das relações entre a paisagem e as classes de solo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a realização do levantamento e mapeamento dos solos do município de Inconfidentes - MG, utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento, e a classificação pedológica até o quarto nível categórico através da generalização, a partir da descrição morfológica e determinações analíticas de perfis de solos representativos. Foi realizada a caracterização da área de estudos, a aquisição e tratamento de dados cartográficos. A descrição morfológica dos perfis foi realizada em pontos previamente definidos, representativos das distintas classes de solo do município. As análises físico-químicas foram realizadas em todas as amostras dos horizontes dos perfis de solos coletados em campo. A generalização do levantamento de solos foi elaborada através do processamento dos dados cartográficos e obtidos em campo, com a utilização do software ArGIS 9.3. O mapeamento pedológico do município foi então o resultado da integração e correlação dos dados altimétricos, da declividade, da rede de drenagem, do canal fluvial, do relevo e da litologia, associados com a caracterização feita em campo e as determinações analíticas. Como resultado, foi possível mapear as áreas de ocorrência de Latossolos, Gleissolos e Cambissolos, as três ordens de solos mais representativos do município, classificando-os até o quarto nível categórico. O uso das ferramentas de geotecnologia se mostrou muito útil para a caracterização das classes pedológicas e posterior generalização, uma vez que através delas foi possível inferir as condições ambientais de formação dos solos e integrá-los com dados de campo e análises laboratoriais.  ABSTRACT The identification and mapping of soils serve as subsidy for agricultural planning, land use surveys, land studies for irrigation, preservation studies, environmental analysis and recovery, prediction of natural disasters such as monitoring erosion, among others. In this sense, soil surveys and assessments, for agricultural purposes or not, become important because through them you can know the properties of this natural resource, allowing its use consciously and appropriately. The use of geographic information systems has introduced new methods to survey and soil mapping, through modeling, from the use of basic thematic maps and numerical terrain models and digital elevation models, which enable, especially, understanding the relationship between the landscape and the soil classes. The objective of this work was the completion of the survey and mapping of soils of city of Inconfidentes - MG, using geoprocessing techniques, and the pedological classification until the fourth categorical level by generalising from the morphological description and analytical profiles determinations representative soil. It was carried out to characterize their field of study, the acquisition and processing of cartographic data. The morphological description of the profiles was held in fixed locations, representative of the different soil classes of the municipality. The physicochemical analyzes were performed on all samples from the horizons of soil profiles collected in the field. Widespread soil survey was prepared by processing the cartographic data obtained in the field and, with the use of ArGIS 9.3 software. The pedological mapping of the municipality was then the result of the integration and correlation of altimetry data, the slope, the drainage network, the river channel, relief and lithology associated with the characterization made in the field and the analytical determinations. As a result, it was possible to map the areas of occurrence of Ferrasols, Cambisols and Gleysols, the three most representative soils of the municipality orders, sorting them until the fourth categorical level. The use of geotechnology tools proved very useful for the characterization of soil classes and subsequent generalization, since through them it was possible to infer the environmental conditions of soil formation and integrate them with field data and laboratory analysis. Keywords: Cambisols, Gleysols, Ferrasols, classification, hillslope.


Author(s):  
Shane Robert Furze ◽  
Paul Arp

There is a growing demand for standardized, easily accessible and detailed information pertaining to soil and its variability across the landscape. Typically, this information is only available for select areas in the form of local or regional soil surveys reports which are difficult, and costly, to develop. Additionally, soil surveying protocols have changed with time, resulting in inconsistencies between surveys conducted over different periods. This article describes systematic procedures applied to generate an aspatial, terminologically- and unit-consistent, database for forest soils from county-based soil survey reports for the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The procedures involved (i) amalgamating data from individual soil surveys following a hierarchical framework, (ii) summarizing and grouping soil information by soil associations, (iii) assigning correct soil associates to each association, with each soil associate distinguished by drainage classification, (iv) assigning pedologically-correct horizon sequences, as identified in the original soil surveys, to each soil associate, (v) assigning horizon descriptors and measured soil properties to each horizon, as outlined by the Canadian System of Soil Classification, and (vi) harmonizing units of measurement for individual soil properties. Identification and summarization of all soil associations (and corresponding soil associates) was completed with reference to the principal soil-forming factors, namely soil parent material, topographic surface expressions, soil drainage, and dominant vegetation type(s). This procedure, utilizing 17 soil surveys, resulted in an amalgamated database containing 106 soil associations, 243 soil associates, and 522 soil horizon sequences summarizing the variability of forest soil conditions across New Brunswick.


1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Miljkovic ◽  
B. C. Matthews ◽  
M. H. Miller

The available boron content of the genetic horizons of eight Ontario soils was determined using a hot-water extraction and a sunflower test. The available boron was highest in the surface horizons and decreased in the zones of eluviation to a level equal to or lower than that in the parent material. The content in the horizons was generally higher than that in the C horizons.The water-soluble boron was closely related to the organic matter content in a quadratic regression (R2 = 0.691). When pH and clay content were included in regressions, a positive organic matter × pH component was the single most important variable, explaining 64.4% of the variability. Additional terms involving clay content and pH did not greatly increase the R2 value.


1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-391
Author(s):  
C. L. Bascomb ◽  
A. D. Todd

SummaryA statistical analysis is presented of published laboratory data on 4407 soil horizon samples collected by the Soil Survey of England and Wales during 1950–73, to typify soil taxa. Seventy-five percent of the profiles have fine textured parent materials in both calcareous and non-calcareous categories. Moderate to large increases in clay content down the profile, which could indicate argillio horizons, are found in 56% of the profiles but the influence of lithological discontinuities has not been eliminated. Argillic horizons are commonest on calcareous or low grade metamorphic rocks and non-calcareous clayey or silty sediments. Less than half the average frequency of clay increase between middle and bottom horizons is shown in the igneous and high grade metamorphic lithological type.pH gradient down the profile is not clearly related to altitude. The pH change (0·7) between top and bottom horizons in profiles from calcareous and igneous parent materials is twice as great as in other non-calcareous profiles. There is usually less clay in the top horizons than in others; the top horizon contains more than 35% clay about half as frequently as the lower horizons. Clay content categories have closely similar frequency in middle and bottom horizons. Gleying in horizon 1 is observed somewhat less frequently with increasing CaCO3. No consistent trend is found in the other horizons. Soil pH in 0·01 M-CaCl2 (pH8) is between 5·1 and 7·0 in 51% of all samples. pH5, values less than 4 occur in only 8% and are twice as common in top horizons (more than 5 cm thick) as in deeper ones. pH8, values greater than 7 are nearly twice as frequent (31%) in the bottom horizon as in the upper ones. Correlation of pH in water (pHw) with pH8 always exceeds 0·93 irrespective of lithological type. The difference of pHw from pH8 (δpH) calculated from the regression equation is 0·7–0·8 at pH6 values less than 4; it varies inversely with pH8, up to a value of 0·4–0·5 at pH6 greater than 7. Neutrality (pHw, 7) corresponds to pH8 6·5–6·6. There is no indication that δpH is related to altitude or gleying intensity but it varies according to lithological type by about 0·1 unit. Organic-matter content, as indicated by loss on ignition (950 °C) minus 10% of the measured clay percentage (LOIadj%) is little affected by lithological type; decrease with depth is steeper at pH8 less than 4 than at higher pH. Gleyed top horizons contain more organic matter than ungleyed; gradient down the profile is positively related to gleying intensity.The overall multiple regression of cation exchange capacity (CEC) on clay percentage and organic matter (LOIadj%) is (CEC = 1·21 + 0·40 clay% + 1·32 LOIadj), accounting for 61·4% of the total variance. When lithological types are considered separately the partial regression coefficients for clay percentages are greater in the two calcareous lithological types than in the non-calcareous. With lithological type 5 the large constant term and small coefficient of clay percentage indicate considerable contribution to CEC from particles or aggregates larger than 2 μm. Partial regression coefficients (lithological types 1–4 taken together), although similar both within horizon and within gley category are nevertheless shown to be significantly different. Within pH8 category, both partial regression coefficients increase directly with pH. Calculation of mean values of CEC on a clay basis for horizon 3, where contribution from organic matter is minimal, does not show significant differences between pH8 categories or gley categories.Although quantification of relationships has been possible, correlations are rarely high, so that predictive power is limited. Availability of soil group or subgroup categorizations using constant definitions based on objective measurements is suggested as a useful way of increasing predictive power within resulting smaller groups. The calculation of geographic (areal) distribution is probably the most useful purpose of a data bank of routine measurements, but the selection of samples to typify soil taxa used in this study would preclude such a use.


1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Nolin ◽  
M. J. Caillier ◽  
C. Wang

In order to estimate variability of soil information presented in detailed soil surveys of the Montreal lowlands area, more than 2000 samples were collected along stratified random transects in 133 mapping units. The coefficient of variation (CV) was used as variability criteria. Variability of selected soil characteristics of the plow layer was studied according to phases of surface texture. The CV of clay, silt, pH, CEC and exchangeable cations decrease with an increase in clay content. The CV of sand content follows the opposite direction. Four modes of deposition (marine, fluvial, till and estuarine) were compared according to the variability within taxon (soil series or variant) of soil characteristics of the A, B and C horizons. More samples are needed to estimate the population mean value with the same relative error and the same confidence level for soils developed in fluvial deposits than in those formed in marine sediments. At the 90% confidence level, the allocation of 15 samples per map unit allows one to estimate the population mean with a relative error ranging from 5 to 30% for most soils and variables studied. Quality standards are proposed for soil sampling in future soil survey projects. Key words: Soil variability, accuracy, sampling, taxon, mapping unit


1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. DE JONG ◽  
D. F. ACTON ◽  
H. B. STONEHOUSE

The soil water contents at the liquid and plastic limits (the Atterberg limits) are widely used in the classification of soils for engineering purposes. Approximately 500 soil samples (129 Ap horizons and 417 B and C horizons) collected over several years as part of the ongoing soil survey program in Saskatchewan were analyzed for texture and Atterberg limits. On about half of the samples water retention (−33 kPa and −1500 kPa matric potential and air dryness), and organic and inorganic C were also determined. The relationship between the Atterberg limits and soil properties was explored through correlation and regression analysis. Clay and organic matter content explained most of the observed variation in the Atterberg limits of the Ap horizons. Clay was the most important independent variable in the B and C horizons, while inorganic C had only a relatively small impact. Key words: Atterberg limits, texture, organic and inorganic C


2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 202-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Akbas ◽  
H. Gunal ◽  
N. Acir

Information on the spatial distribution of plant nutrients is a prerequisite to predict their behaviour and to monitor the fertility in a watershed. This study was conducted to evaluate variations of plant available potassium (PAK) and non-exchangeable potassium (NEK) of a watershed with different land use and parent materials. Eight hundred soil samples were taken from 0–30 and 30–60 cm depths across the Kazova watershed of 20 656 ha in size. Average PAK was 152.8 mg/K kg in surface layers and 167.2 mg/kg in subsurface layers. NEK was 925 mg K/kg in surface and 167.2 mg K/kg in subsurface layers. All forms of K were the lowest in soils formed over serpentinite. Soils in pastures had the highest PAK and NEK. Both K forms were positively related to clay content. Spatial variability patterns of PAK and NEK were similar and consistent at both soil depths. The variation in parent material and land use is considered as the main cause for large variations of potassium forms.


1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. LUTWICK ◽  
J. F. DORMAAR

Three pairs of soil profiles developed on calcareous parent materials and two pairs of soil profiles developed on acidic parent materials were chosen morphologically in the field to represent Brunisolic/Luvisolic and Brunisolic/Podzolic features, respectively. Oxalate-, pyrophosphate-, and dithionite-extractable Fe were determined for each horizon. Also, Fe was partitioned into crystalline, "aged" and "gel" amorphous hydrous oxides, and organic forms. Humic acids extracted from each horizon with alkali were characterized by infrared absorption spectroscopy. Soils developed on acidic parent materials contained more extractable Fe than did those developed on calcareous parent materials. Only one horizon fitted the requirements of the chemical definition of a Bf horizon. All three reagents indicated zones of depletion and accumulation of Fe in soils developed on calcareous parent materials; oxalate and pyrophosphate did but dithionite did not show these relationships for soils developed on acidic parent materials. With exceptions, extractable Fe was correlated with clay content on the soils with calcareous parent material but was correlated with organic carbon on the soils with acidic parent materials. Well-crystallized Fe showed horizon differentiation in soils with calcareous parent materials and is therefore a weathering product. In soils with acidic parent materials, crystallized Fe was the source of weathering product forms of Fe. Humic acids of soils with acidic parent materials were more highly oxidized and hence more capable of reacting with Fe than were those of soils with calcareous parent materials.


2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
J N Shaw ◽  
L T West ◽  
B F Hajek

The nature of parent materials strongly influences soil development in the southeastern US Piedmont. In this region, most parent materials (saprolite) form from metamorphic and igneous felsic and mafic rocks. Although most soils in felsic terrains are acid and kaolinitic, soils formed from mafic parent materials range from kaolinitic Ultisols to Alfisols with smectite. Because it is sometimes difficult in soils developed in mixed terrains to determine parent material influence, exchangeable Ca/Mg ratios were used to elucidate soil-parent material relationships. Establishment of Ca/Mg signatures diagnostic of soil-parent material suites could facilitate soil mapping activities and forest fertilization regimes. Characterization data collected as part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey (mainly Georgia and Alabama) were evaluated, and soils were grouped by parent material type. The Ca/Mg ratios did not prove to be diagnostic for separating parent materials; however, significant depth trends existed. In most of the groupings, Ca/Mg ratios decreased with depth in the solum, which was most likely due to selective retention of Ca2+ and the effects of bio-cycling. The ratio either increased below the solum (mafic soils), or continued to decrease (felsic soils). Thus, these ratios are useful for identifying solum depth in some of these soils. The (Ca + K)/Mg ratios were more diagnostic with regard to parent material. These data suggest soils possessing ratios of (Ca + K)/Mg < 2 within the solum (excluding surface horizons) have been significantly influenced by mafic parent materials. Key words: Piedmont, Ca-Mg ratios, Ultisols, Alfisols, pedogenesis


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document