Activity of arylsulfatase in Saskatchewan soils

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. S. R. Gupta ◽  
R. E. Farrell ◽  
J. J. Germida
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Product Inhibition ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Arylsulfatase Activity ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Highly Correlated

In this study we investigated the occurrence of arylsulfatase activity in Saskatchewan soils and assessed the relationships between enzyme activity and soil properties. Thirty-nine soils representative of the five soil zones in Saskatchewan, and exhibiting a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics were studied. Arylsulfatase was detected in all the soils. Enzyme activity ranged from 14 to 770 μg ρ-nitrophenol released g−1 soil h−1. Arylsulfatase activity was highly correlated with levels of organic C (r = 0.73***), total S (r = 0.74***), HI-S (r = 0.60***), and microbial biomass C (MB-C; r = 0.56***). There was a relatively weak positive correlation (r = 0.48**) between arylsulfatase activity and the amount of SO4-S in the soils, indicating that end-product inhibition of the enzyme was not a factor at the low levels of SO4 commonly found in Saskatchewan soils. Key words: Sulfur, HI-reducible S, microbial biomass, organic C

Effects of long-term prescribed burning on the activity of select soil enzymes in an oak–hickory forest

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1799-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Eivazi ◽  
M.R. Bayan
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
The Relationship

In low-input or unmanaged ecosystems, the relationship between soil enzyme activity and plant biomass is expected and may be used as an early and sensitive indicator of soil productivity. This study was designed to (1) examine the long-term effects of burning on the activities of arylsulfatase, acid phosphatase, α- and β-glucosidase, and urease; (2) determine the relationship between microbial biomass C and enzyme activities as affected by long-term prescribed burning; and (3) study the seasonal variations in activities of the above-mentioned enzymes. Soil samples (Typic Fragiudalf) were collected from southeastern Missouri where a long-term burning experiment was established in 1949. Treatments consisted of (1) annual burning; (2) periodic burning, every 4 years; and (3) control, unburned. Soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected before and after annual and periodic burning during 1992 and seasonally in 1993. Long-term burning treatments significantly reduced the activities of enzymes studied but did not affect the pH and organic C. The microbial biomass C, total N, available P, and available S content of soil samples from both annual and periodic burning plots were significantly reduced. A significant positive correlation between soil enzyme activities and the microbial biomass was established. The treatment effects were apparent over the background seasonal variability, with reduced enzyme activity for the annual and periodic burning plots as compared with the unburned plots.

Effects of land-use change from grassland to forest on soil sulfur and arylsulfatase activity in New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Chen ◽  
L. M. Condron ◽  
M. R. Davis ◽  
R. R. Sherlock
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic S ◽  
Arylsulfatase Activity ◽  
Soil Sulfur ◽  
Effects Of Land Use

The effects of land-use change from grassland to forest on soil sulfur (S) and arylsulfatase enzyme activity were investigated by comparing soils under unimproved grassland and an adjacent 19-year-old exotic forest stand (mixture of Pinus ponderosa and P. nigra). Results showed that concentrations of organic S in topsoil under forest were significantly lower [418 µg/g (0–5 cm), 398 µg/g (5–10 cm)] than corresponding soil depths under grassland [541 µg/g (0–5 cm), 468 µg/g (5–10 cm)]. On the other hand, inorganic S concentrations were significantly higher in soil under forest at all depths compared with grassland. The inorganic S concentration in soil under grassland increased with depth, but there was no significant difference observed at different depths under forest. The decrease in organic S [and organic carbon (C)] in soil under forest was due to the enhanced mineralisation of organic components. The accumulation of inorganic S in the soil profile under forest was mainly attributed to enhanced mineralisation, although decreased leaching, increased sulfate-S adsorption, and increased atmospheric inputs by canopy interception of aerosols could have contributed. Microbial biomass C and S and arylsulfatase activity were higher in topsoil under grassland than forest. Lower arylsulfatase activities under forest compared with grassland at the time of sampling suggest that mineralisation of organic S under forest was not currently mediated primarily by enzyme activity, although enzyme activity may have been important at earlier stages of forest development. Arylsulfatase activity was significantly correlated with soil organic C, water-soluble C, microbial biomass C, total S, organic S, and microbial biomass S in soil under grassland and forest. Significant concentrations of organic S and microbial biomass S were present in the forest floor (litter and fermentation layers). These pools would be important for S cycling and availability in forest ecosystems. S mineralisation, S fractions, microbial biomass S, microbial biomass C.

Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C, soluble organic C and CO2 evolution after three years of manure application

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rochette ◽  
E. G. Gregorich
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Manure Amendments ◽  
Soluble C

Application of manure and fertilizer affects the rate and extent of mineralization and sequestration of C in soil. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of 3 yr of application of N fertilizer and different manure amendments on CO2 evolution and the dynamics of soil microbial biomass and soluble C in the field. Soil respiration, soluble organic C and microbial biomass C were measured at intervals over the growing season in maize soils amended with stockpiled or rotted manure, N fertilizer (200 kg N ha−1) and with no amendments (control). Manure amendments increased soil respiration and levels of soluble organic C and microbial biomass C by a factor of 2 to 3 compared with the control, whereas the N fertilizer had little effect on any parameter. Soil temperature explained most of the variations in CO2 flux (78 to 95%) in each treatment, but data from all treatments could not be fitted to a unique relationship. Increases in CO2 emission and soluble C resulting from manure amendments were strongly correlated (r2 = 0.75) with soil temperature. This observation confirms that soluble C is an active C pool affected by biological activity. The positive correlation between soluble organic C and soil temperature also suggests that production of soluble C increases more than mineralization of soluble C as temperature increases. The total manure-derived CO2-C was equivalent to 52% of the applied stockpiled-manure C and 67% of the applied rotted-manure C. Estimates of average turnover rates of microbial biomass ranged between 0.72 and 1.22 yr−1 and were lowest in manured soils. Manured soils also had large quantities of soluble C with a slower turnover rate than that in either fertilized or unamended soils. Key words: Soil respiration, greenhouse gas, soil carbon

Seasonal trends in selected soil biochemical attributes: Effects of crop rotation in the semiarid prairie

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
V. O. Biederbeck ◽  
G. Wen ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
J. Schoenau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Light Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C And N

Measurements of seasonal changes in soil biochemical attributes can provide valuable information on how crop management and weather variables influence soil quality. We sampled soil from the 0- to 7.5-cm depth of two long-term crop rotations [continuous wheat (Cont W) and both phases of fallow-wheat (F–W)] at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, from early May to mid-October, 11 times in 1995 and 9 times in 1996. The soil is a silt loam, Orthic Brown Chernozem with pH 6.0, in dilute CaCl2. We monitored changes in organic C (OC) and total N (TN), microbial biomass C (MBC), light fraction C and N (LFC and LFN), mineralizable C (Cmin) and N (Nmin), and water-soluble organic C (WSOC). All biochemical attributes, except MBC, showed higher values for Cont W than for F–W, reflecting the historically higher crop residue inputs, less frequent tillage, and drier conditions of Cont W. Based on the seasonal mean values for 1996, we concluded that, after 29 yr, F–W has degraded soil organic C and total N by about 15% compared to Cont W. In the same period it has degraded the labile attributes, except MBC, much more. For example, WSOC is degraded by 22%, Cmin and Nmin by 45% and LFC and LFN by 60–75%. Organic C and TN were constant during the season because one year's C and N inputs are small compared to the total soil C or N. All the labile attributes varied markedly throughout the seasons. We explained most of the seasonal variability in soil biochemical attributes in terms of C and N inputs from crop residues and rhizodeposition, and the influences of soil moisture, precipitation and temperature. Using multiple regression, we related the biochemical attributes to soil moisture and the weather variables, accounting for 20% of the variability in MBC, 27% of that of Nmin, 29% for LFC, 52% for Cmin, and 66% for WSOC. In all cases the biochemical attributes were negatively related to precipitation, soil moisture, temperature and their interactions. We interpreted this to mean that conditions favouring decomposition of organic matter in situ result in decreases in these attributes when they are measured subsequently under laboratory conditions. We concluded that when assessing changes in OC or TN over years, measurements can be made at any time during a year. However, if assessing changes in the labile soil attributes, several measurements should be made during a season or, measurements be made near the same time each year. Key words: Microbial biomass, carbon, nitrogen, mineralization, water-soluble-C, light fraction, weather variables

Short-term effects on soil of biogas digestate, biochar and their combinations

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cardelli ◽  
Gabriele Giussani ◽  
Fausto Marchini ◽  
Alessandro Saviozzi
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil Microbial

The use of the residual material from waste aerobic digestion and biochar as amendments is currently discussed in the literature concerning the positive and negative effects on soil quality. We assessed the suitability of digestate (D) from biogas production and green biochar (B) to improve soil biological activity and antioxidant capacity and investigated whether there is an interaction between digestate and biochar applied to soil in combination. In a short-term (100-days) laboratory incubation, we monitored soil chemical and biological parameters. We compared soil amendments with 1% D (D1), 5% D (D5), 1% B (B), digestate–biochar combinations (D1+B and D5+B), and soil with no amendment. In D5, CO2 production, antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and dehydrogenase activity (DH-ase) and the contents of microbial biomass C, DOC and alkali-soluble phenols increased to the highest level. The biochar increased the total organic C (TOC) and TEAC of soil but decreased DOC, CO2 production, microbial biomass C, and DH-ase. The addition of biochar to digestate reduced soluble compounds (DOC and phenols), thus limiting the amount and activity of the soil microbial biomass (CO2 production and DH-ase). After 100 days of incubation D5+B showed the highest TOC content (82.8% of the initial amount). Both applied alone and in combination with digestate, the biochar appears to enrich the soil C sink by reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Biochemical indicators of soil fertility in vineyards with different conservative management systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 04009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Mondini ◽  
Giovanni Bigot ◽  
Tania Sinicco ◽  
Davide Mosetti
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Conservative Management ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Biochemical Indicators ◽  
Conservative Systems

Biochemical parameters are particularly suited to evaluate soil fertility because soil microorganisms play a pivotal role in determining soil quality and functionand are very sensitive to changes in soil management and environmental conditions. For such reasons, in this work, we used several biochemical indexes to assess the effect on soil fertility of 3 different conservative management systems of vineyards. The managements compared were chemical weed control vs permanent grass (CWC/MWC), land levelling vs undisturbed soil (LL/US), conventional farming vs organic farming (CON/ORG). The following parameters were determined in 2014 and 2015 on soil samples: total organic C (TOC), extractable N (EN), soil basal respiration (SBR), microbial biomass C (BC), microbial quotient (BC/TOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO2 = SBR/BC). Results showed that biochemical indicators were effective in detecting changes in soil fertility between compared systems. In particular, conservative systems (MWC, US and ORG) showed a larger and more efficient microbial biomass and enhanced EN content in comparison to the relative conventional systems. Furthermore BC/TOC and qCO2 indicated higher C use efficiency in conservative systems. Results as a whole indicate that conservative management systems aimed to maintain and enhance soil organic matter displayed a higher level of soil fertility.

Effects of the herbicides fluometuron and prometryn on Rhizoctonia solani in soil cultures

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wayne Beam ◽  
E. A. Curl ◽  
R. Rodriguez-Kabana
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Soil Enzyme Activity ◽  
Galactosidase Activity ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Highly Correlated

Responses of Rhizoctonia solani to herbicides in soil cultures were assessed by measuring soil enzyme activity and other growth-related factors. Both β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) and phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1, 3.1.3.2) activities were highly correlated with amounts of mycelium in soil. Both enzyme activities were reduced significantly by either fluometuron or prometryn at 40 μg/g of soil; the pathogen was more distinctly suppressed by fluometuron and showed a stronger tendency to overcome the effects of prometryn with time. Inhibition was also reflected in reduced utilization of glucose and less CO2-C evolved. Except for an increase in β-galactosidase activity in the presence of 1 μg fluometuron, low levels of either herbicide had little effect on the pathogen.

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