Early changes in water-stable aggregation induced by rotation and tillage in a soil under barley production

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Angers ◽  
N. Samson ◽  
A. Légère
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Soil Aggregation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Water Stable Aggregates

Crop rotations and tillage practices can alter the structure of die soil through their effects on soil disturbance and mixing and on organic matter (OM) accumulation and mineralization. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in soil water-stable aggregation induced by 4 yr of different rotation and tillage practices on a Kamouraska clay at La Pocatière, Quebec. The influence of soil water content (WC) at time of sampling and of different biological and biochemical properties on soil aggregation was also examined. Two rotations (continuous barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) vs. a 2-yr barley–red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) rotation) and three tillage treatments (moldboard plowing (MP) chisel plowing (CP) and no-tillage (NT)) were compared in a split-plot design. Measurements of the size distribution of water-stable aggregates were made on surface (0–7.5 cm) soil samples taken periodically during the 4-yr period. Rotations had no effect on soil aggregation. The mean-weight diameter (MWD) of water-stable aggregates did not vary significantly with time under the NT treatment during the study but decreased significantly under the MP and CP treatments. In the fourth growing season, MWD values in NT plots were on average 40% higher than in MP and CP plots, which were both similar. The larger values in MWD under NT were attributable to a larger proportion of aggregates > 2 mm at the expense of smaller ones (< 1 mm). The MWD data showed important temporal fluctuations, which could in part be explained by the effects of WC at time of sampling. This effect of WC on MWD was less apparent under NT, which suggested that these aggregates were less susceptible to slaking. Among different OM fractions, the proportion of organic C present as hot-water-soluble carbohydrates was best correlated with MWD. Key words: Soil management, aggregation, slaking

scholarly journals Temporal variations of organic matter fractions of different lability in an Entic Haplustoll

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Antonela Iturri ◽  
Graciela Gloria Hevia ◽  
Montserrat Diaz Raviña ◽  
Daniel Eduardo Buschiazzo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C

Stable and labile soil organic compounds play different roles in the soil. It is a question of how far soil organic matter (SOM) fractions with different labilities vary as a function of climatic and management conditions. In order to answer this question stable (organic C -C-, total N -N-, organic P -Po-), and labile SOM fractions (total carbohydrates -CHt- and hot water soluble carbohydrates -CHw-) were measured monthly for two years in the 10-cm soil top-layer of an Entic Haplustoll, under conventional tillage (CT), vertical tillage (VT) and no-till (NT). Results showed that contents of all analyzed organic fractions were higher in NT than in VT and CT in almost all sampling dates. All organic compounds were less variable with time in NT and VT than in CT, in agreement with the smaller soil disturbance of NT and VT compared to CT. The more labile fractions varied as a function of short term changes in the climatic conditions, mainly temperature. Under soil disturbing tillage systems, the most stable fractions tended to decrease and the more labile to increase with time. This was attributed to the transformation of the more stable into the more labile fractions, possibly due to the disruption of aggregates produced by tillage that favored SOM mineralization. Po was the less variable compound, even under the most disturbing tillage conditions. The quotients C/N, CHt/C and CHw/C evolved similarly in all tillage systems, indicating that that tillage systems change the amount but not the quality of SOM.

scholarly journals Influence of long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 314-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Šimon ◽  
A. Czakó
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soluble C ◽  
Organic And Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Total Organic C

This study assesses the effect of long-term (59 years) application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil organic matter and enzyme activity. Total organic C, total organic N, hot water soluble C, microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity were evaluated in soil from the long-term field experiment in Prague-Ruzyně (Orthic Luvisol, clay loam). Total organic C and N increased significantly in soils treated with organic fertilizers (farmyard manure, compost) and in soils with a combination of organic and mineral NPK fertilizers (manure + NPK, compost + NPK, cattle manure + straw + NPK) compared to soil treated with inorganic fertilizer, cattle slurry + straw and non-fertilized control. Farmyard manure significantly increased hot water soluble C compared to the control. Dehydrogenase activity was significantly increased by all treatments compared to control. The results indicate that additions of organic matter from various sources differ in the effects on soil organic matter and biological activity. The effect of manure was the most favourable; long-term application of cattle slurry + straw is rather similar to mineral fertilization.

The question of grain content and forage quality in maize: comparisons between isogenic fertile and sterile plants

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Bunting
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Grain Formation

SUMMARYResults are presented from four experiments in which comparisons were made between isogenic sterile and fertile plants of maize to study the effects of grain content on yield and quality of shoot dry matter. In two experiments comparisons were made over a range of densities, extending from 5 to 25 plants/m2 in 1972 and 5 to 20 plants/m2 in 1973. The other two experiments, grown in 1974 at a density of 10 plants/m2, were sampled 30, 60 and 90 days after flowering.In 1972 and 1973 yield of shoot dry material was about 10% higher in fertile plants at the lowest density, 5 plants/m2, but grain formation had a negligible effect at higher densities. In 1974, at 10 plants/m2, the yield advantage for fertile plants was 6–7%. These results are in line with other European data, but show a much smaller effect of grain formation on shoot dry matter yield than is normally recorded in USA trials. The discrepancies probably reflect differences in environmental conditions.Absence of grain had little effect on contents of nitrogen, ash and in vitro digestible dry matter, and increased content of pepsin soluble material and hot water soluble carbohydrates. Percentage content of dry matter in the shoot was higher in fertile plants in 1973, and during the later stages of crop development in 1974.The results suggest that the importance attached to high grain content as an essential requirement for yield and quality in forage maize is exaggerated, and that the restriction of maize breeding and testing programmes to assessments of grain production, in the belief that the best grain varieties will also be best for forage, can no longer be justified in northern European countries.

Estimation of decay constants for crop residues measured over 15 years in conventional and reduced tillage systems in a coarse-textured soil in southern Ontario

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 985-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Beyaert ◽  
R. Paul Voroney
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Decay Constants ◽  
Tillage Practices

Beyaert, R. P. and Voroney, R. P. 2011. Estimation of decay constants for crops residues measured over 15 years in conventional and reduced tillage systems in a coarse-textured soil in southern Ontario. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 985–995. Crop residues are the primary means of sustaining soil organic matter levels in agricultural soils. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of tillage practices on the rate of decomposition of crop residues over a 15-yr period under field conditions in southern Ontario. Microplots were amended with14C-labelled above-ground residues of five annual agricultural crops: corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum L.). The crop residues were added to the soil immediately following harvest during the 1990 growing season using a simulated conventional mouldboard plough–disc management (CT) or conservation tillage management (RT), and the amounts of crop residues remaining were measured periodically. The rate of decomposition of the labile C was positively correlated to the levels of hot-water soluble C and N content and negatively correlated to the C:N ratio and hemicellulose concentration of the residues. Decomposition of the residue C was greater under CT during the initial phase of decomposition, indicating that the incorporated residues were exposed to a more favourable environment for microbial activity compared with surface-applied residues. Kinetic analysis of residue decomposition showed that residues managed under CT had a larger labile component and faster rate of decomposition and a smaller resistant component with a slower decomposition rate than RT. Comparisons of models describing the decomposition of combined crops/tillage practices did not describe the decomposition process as well as models for individual crop/tillage combinations.

scholarly journals Long – term evalutation of the organic matter balance and its relations to the organic C content in the topsoils in Ústí nad Orlicí district

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Dostál ◽  
Dana Cerhanová ◽  
Lenka Hajzlerová ◽  
Jana Martincová ◽  
Petra Pospíšilová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Hydrophobicity Index ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Organic Fertilisers

Organic matter balance in the farms located in Ústí nad Orlicí district has been investigated since 1979. As a result, so called need of organic fertilisation, has been determined and the supply of the organic fertilisers to soils, e.g. farmyard manure, slurries and also straw and green manure has been monitored over the whole time period. About 45 % of the arable land area in the district has been monitored.In addition to the organic matter balance, we determined several soil organic matter characteristics in soil samples (organic C, N and S contents, inert and decomposable C content, hot water soluble C content, hydrophobicity index calculated from the DRIFT spectrometry, available P, K, Ca and Mg contents and pH).The relationships between the organic matter supply with supplemental sources organic fertilisers and all the selected soil organic matter characteristics were statistically significant. Significant correlations were also found for the relationships between the organic matter need and all the selected soil organic matter characteristics.

Characteristics of Soil Water-Soluble Organic C and N Under Different Land Uses in Alaska

Soil Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 177 (12) ◽  
pp. 683-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiqin Zhao ◽  
Mingchu Zhang ◽  
Zhongqi He
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C And N

'Haying-off', the negative grain yield response of dryland wheat to nitrogen fertiliser III. The influence of water deficit and heat shock

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. van Herwaarden ◽  
R. A. Richards ◽  
G. D. Farquhar ◽  
J. F. Angus
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
N Status

Post-anthesis drought and heat shock have been implicated in previous studies as factors contributing to ‘haying-off’ in wheat, but their relative importance has not been investigated. To separate the effects, wheat plants were grown at 2 levels of nitrogen (N) and then exposed to different levels of post-anthesis water deficit in factorial combination with the presence or absence of heat shock. The growth, yield, leaf carbon exchange, water use, and the contents of protein and soluble carbohydrate were measured and compared with the field results reported in Papers I and II of this series. The experiment consisted of wheat plants (cv. Janz) grown in 1·2-m-long tubes outdoors through winter and spring in Canberra, with either nil or 240 kg N/ha applied. The tubes were supported in a refrigerated box to maintain temperatures representative of those of soil in the field, and arranged to form mini-canopies with a density of 29 plants/m2. After anthesis, half of the plants at both levels of N were watered according to their transpiration demand and the other half at 75% of demand to reduce gradually the store of soil water so that water deficit could be initiated at the same time as heat shock. Fifteen days after anthesis, different temperatures were imposed by moving half of the plants into an adjacent glasshouse where heat shock was imposed by raising the air temperature to maxima of ~35ºC for 3 days, to simulate the pattern of temperatures experienced in the field during a heat wave. During this time, the control plants experienced daily maxima of ~25ºC. Following the heat shock, all plants were placed outside and rewatered to enable the assessment of treatment effects on potential leaf function. Both water deficit and high temperature reduced assimilation. After these measurements were taken, well-watered control plants were irrigated according to transpiration demand and the plants with imposed water deficit were watered at 50% of this amount. Yields increased in response to N at both levels of water status and both levels of temperature. That is, there was no evidence of the haying-off reported in Papers I and II of this series. Two factors are proposed to account for the difference between the field crops and the plants grown in the mini-canopy here. Firstly, the pattern of soil-water use differed from the field studies reported in Paper I, with the high-N plants using more soil water than low-N plants during grain filling. Secondly, the level of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in the tube-grown plants of high-N status was greater than that for plants of low-N status, which was opposite to the pattern for field-grown plants reported in Paper II. In addition, the concentrations of WSC in the tube-grown plants were higher than those in the field-grown plants, apparently because lower spike density allowed better penetration of light into the mini-canopies and led to greater assimilate storage than by the denser field crops. The results confirm the conclusion of Paper I that high temperature is not necessary for haying-off, although it is likely that it would worsen the haying-off caused by post-anthesis drought and low WSC reserves in the field. The absence of the haying-off response in this experiment was mostly because the supply of WSC from the sparse canopy was adequate to ofiset the reduction of assimilation due to water deficit and heat shock. A contributing factor to haying-off in the field may therefore be dense canopies resulting in low levels of WSC

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