Burning of alfalfa stubble for insect control as it affects soil chemical properties

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Dormaar ◽  
B. D. Schaber
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Management Programme ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Pest Insects ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Subsequent Crop

Southern Alberta growers often burn fields of seed alfalfa (Medicago sp.) prior to initiation of growth in the spring as a part of an Integrated Pest Management Programme. An 8-yr study compared the effects of (a) fall-burned every year, (b) spring-burned, prior to growth, every year, (c) spring-burned, prior to growth, every other year, and (d) zero burned, on various chemical properties of the upper 50 mm of soil. Burning led to highly significant increases in carbohydrates, total N, NO3-N, and extractable K over the 8 yr. Increases were also highly significant for NH4-N under the fall-burned every year regime. Spring-burning, prior to growth, every other year, led to the least accumulations of measured parameters. Although pest insects were controlled and pedigreed alfalfa seed production was increased under the various burn treatments examined within the conditions of the experiment, changes in certain soil chemical properties identified the need to monitor subsequent crop behavior once the alfalfa fields have been ploughed. Key words: Fire, prescribed burning, pest management, seed alfalfa

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL AS AFFECTED BY A SINGLE BURN OF ALFALFA STUBBLE TO CONTROL INSECTS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. DORMAAR ◽  
B. D. SCHABER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Standing Dead

Southern Alberta growers often burn fields of seed alfalfa (Medicago sp.) prior to initiation of growth in the spring as apart of an Integrated Pest Management Program. The present study examined the effect of a single burn of the standing dead growth and debris of a 4-yr-old alfalfa crop in early spring, late spring, or autumn on various chemical properties of the upper 50 mm of soil. Burning led to small but significant increases in organic matter, NO3-N, NH4-N, available P, extractable K, EC, and pH levels immediately after the fire. The only measurable impact 1 year later was slightly higher (P < 0.05) organic matter, but after 2 years there were no differences in these levels. Even though this study portrayed a single burn event, thereby precluding predictions of the long-term effects of different fire regimes, the changes observed were only measurable for less than 1 year. If the burning of the alfalfa stubble is done every third year it is unlikely that this practice would be detrimental to the soil characteristics examined. Key words: Fire, pest management, organic matter, prescribed burning

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Kompos dan Mikoriza Terhadap Perubahan Sifat Kimia Tanah dan Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao ( Theobroma cacao. L)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
Vina Utami ◽  
Ilyas Ilyas ◽  
Munawar Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Glomus Sp

Abstrak. Pemberian kompos dan mikoriza merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan bibit kakao dan dapat memperbaiki sifat kimia tanah.  Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) pola faktorial yang terdiri atas dua faktor ( kompos dan  jenis mikoriza) dengan pola 3 x 3 dan tiga kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor tunggal kompos berpengaruh nyata terhadap N-total dan tinggi tanaman namun tidak nyata terhadap pH, C- organik, P- tersedia, Kdd, KTK, diameter batang dan luas daun. Perlakuan mikoriza secara tunggal  serta kombinasi antara kompos dan mikoriza tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap sifat kimia tanah dan pertumbuhan tanaman. Perlakuan terbaik yaitu 30 g kompos dan 10 g jenis mikoriza Glomus sp + Giga spora. The Effect of  Compost and Mycorrhizal on Changes in  Soil Chemical Properties and Growth of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)Abstract. Provision of compost and mycorrhizae is one alternative to increase the growth of cacao seedlings and can improve soil chemical properties. This study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of two factors (compost and mycorrhizal type) with a 3 x 3 pattern and three replications. The results of this study indicate that the single compost factor had a significant effect on total N and plant height but was not significant for pH, organic matter, P-available, Kdd, CEC, stem diameter and leaf area. Single mycorrhizal treatment and the combination of compost and mycorrhizae did not significantly affect soil chemistry and plant growth. The best treatments were 30 g of compost and 10 g of mycorrhizal Glomus sp + Giga spore

scholarly journals Soil Chemical Properties under Conservation Agriculture and Cereal-Based Cropping System in Eastern Tarai of Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Shukra Raj Shrestha ◽  
Jiban Shrestha ◽  
Sanjeet Kumar Jha ◽  
Dinesh Khadka ◽  
Prakash Paneru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Kidney Bean ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Total N

Field experiments were conducted for four years (2014-2017) at five locations namely Salbani, Bhokraha, Simariya, Bhaluwa and Kaptanganj of Sunsari district to assess the changes in soil chemical properties under conservation agriculture (CA)-based practices in two cropping systems namely rice-kidney bean-maize at Salbani and rice-wheat at rest of the locations. In rice-wheat cropping system, there were four treatments: (1) conventional tillage (CT) for rice transplantation and subsequent wheat sowing, (2) conventional tillage rice transplantation followed by zero tillage (ZT) wheat, (3) unpuddled rice transplantation followed by zero tillage wheat, (4) zero tillage in both rice and wheat. Similarly, in rice-kidney bean-maize cropping system, there were four treatments; (1) conventional tillage for rice transplantation and sowing of both kidney bean and maize, (2) conventional tillage rice transplantation followed by zero tillage in both kidney bean and maize, (3) unpuddled rice transplantation followed by zero tillage in both kidney bean and maize, (4) zero tillage in all three crops. Soil samples were taken at initial and every year after rice harvest.The soil samples were analyzed for total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH and soil organic matter.Total nitrogen (N) showed a slightly decreasing trend in the first three years and showed a slight increase at the end of experiment under ZT in all locations. The total N under ZT changed from 0.12 to 0.13%, 0.05 to 0.06%, 0.10 to 0.12%, 0.11 to 0.08% and 0.09 to 0.13% in Salbani, Bhokraha, Simariya, Bhaluwa and Kaptanganj, respectively.  All locations showed the positive values of available potassium; Salbani  revealing considerable change of 64.3 to 78.5 mg/kg in CT while 68.4 to 73.3 mg/kg in ZT condition. The treatment where rice was transplanted in unpuddled condition and zero tilled to wheat, had a mean value of available phosphorus and potassium as 87.3 and 81.9 mg/kg respectively. Soil pH ranged from 4.8 to 7.1 in CT while it was 5.2 to 6.8 in ZT across the locations. The change in soil organic matter in CT of all locations except Salbani was narrower as compared to ZT.

scholarly journals Soil Chemical Properties as Influenced by Long Term Manuring and Nitrogen Fertilization in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Fahamida Akter ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Md. Ashraful Alam
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Total N

Organic fertilizers are enriched in plant nutrients which may enhance the soil chemical properties. However, studies on the effect of long term fertilization on soil chemical attributes is yet lacking in Bangladesh. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to assess the changes of soil chemical properties as influenced by long term manuring and nitrogen fertilizer in silt clay loam soil under rice-wheat cropping system. The experimental plot received different organic materials for the last 26 years (1988-2014). Five types of organic materials treatments such as control (no manure), cowdung, compost, green manure and rice straw were applied at the rate of 0, 25, 25, 7.5 and 1.5 t ha-1, respectively in a yearly sequence. Three levels of nitrogen viz. 0, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 for rice and 0, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 for wheat were applied in this study. Long term application of different organic materials positively increased soil organic carbon and total N, P, S and decreased pH and K, Ca and Mg availability. Increase in soil organic carbon was found maximum under green manure and lowest in rice straw applied soil. The green manure contributed to the maximum accumulation of soil nitrogen. N dose of 80 kg ha-1 was found effective in increasing availability of soil nutrients.

scholarly journals Utilization of Coal Bottom Ash and Cattle Manure as Soil Ameliorant on Acid Soil and Its Effect on Heavy Metal Content in Mustard (Brassica juncea)

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Rika Yayu Agustini ◽  
Iskandar Iskandar ◽  
Sudarsono Sudarsono ◽  
Jaswadi Jaswadi ◽  
Gusti Wahdaniyah
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Coal Bottom Ash ◽  
Soil Ameliorant

Coal bottom ash and cattle manure can be used as soil ameliorant. The application of coal bottom ash and cattle manure can improve the soil chemical properties, such as pH and the amounts of available nutrients in soil. The objective of the study was to understand the effect of coal bottom ash and cow manure application on soil chemical properties and heavy metal contents in soil and mustard (Brassica juncea).  A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, including three treatment factors, i.e. age of coal bottom ash (fresh, 4 months and 2 years), dose of coal bottom ash, i.e. 0, 40 and 80 Mg ha-1, and dose of cattle manure, i.e. 0 and 10 Mg ha-1. The results show that the application of coal bottom ash and cattle manure increased the pH and the amounts of total-N, available-P and exchangeable cations (K, Ca and Mg) of the soil. The application of coal bottom ash increased the amounts of Pb, Cd and Co in the soil, but did not increase the amounts of Pb and Co in mustard, while the application of cattle manure increased the amount of Cd both in soil and mustard.  Keywords: Coal bottom ash, cattle manure, heavy metal, mustard, soil ameliorant

scholarly journals Effect of different doses of Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) (LAM.) de wit. tree green leaf biomass on rice yield and soil chemical properties

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-394
Author(s):  
Niloy Paul ◽  
Mohammad Kamrul Hasan ◽  
Md Nasir Uddin Khan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Total N ◽  
Different Doses

A field experiment was conducted to find out the effect of different doses of ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala ) (Lam.) de Wit. tree green leaf biomass on rice yield and soil chemical properties. Four different treatments such as T0: Recommended fertilizer dose (Urea 195 kg/ha, TSP 50 kg/ha, MOP 142 kg/ha, Gypsum 75 kg/ha and Zinc Sulphate 4 kg/ha), T1: 5 t/ha, T2: 7.5 t/ha, and T3: 10 t/ha ipil-ipil tree green leaf was used in this study in a Randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the treatment T3 was performed better than recommended fertilizer dose in case all yield contributing characters of rice except grain yield. The highest (5.29 t/ha) rice grain yield was obtained in recommended fertilizer dose followed by 10 t/ha, 7.5 t/ha and 5 t/ha ipil-ipil tree green leaf biomass amendment having 4.80, 3.16 and 2.36 t/ha respectively. The highest grain yield that was obtained from recommended fertilizer dose was 10.21% higher compared to the highest dose (10 t/ha) of ipil-ipil tree green leaf biomass. It was mentioned that among the different doses of ipil-ipil tree green leaf biomass 10 t/ha performed the best over others. The ipil-ipil tree green leaf biomass was also significantly influenced on some essential nutrient status which is very important for rice production. The highest amount of total N, available P, exchangeable K and available S were found in the treatment T3 and the lowest in the treatment T1. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ipil-ipil tree leaf has beneficial effects and could be combined with inorganic fertilizer for sustainable crop yield and maintaining soil fertility.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(3): 385-394, December 2015

Cropping system influences on soil chemical properties and soil quality in the Great Plains

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Mikha ◽  
M.F. Vigil ◽  
M.A. Liebig ◽  
R.A. Bowman ◽  
B. McConkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
General Chemical ◽  
Study Sites

AbstractSoil management and cropping systems have long-term effects on agronomic and environmental functions. This study examined the influence of contrasting management practices on selected soil chemical properties in eight long-term cropping system studies throughout the Great Plains and the western Corn Belt. For each study, soil organic C (SOC), total N (TN), particulate organic matter (POM), inorganic N, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil pH were evaluated at 0–7.5, 7.5–15, and 15–30 cm within conventional (CON) and alternative (ALT) cropping systems for 4 years (1999–2002). Treatment effects were primarily limited to the surface 7.5 cm of soil. No-tillage (NT) and/or elimination of fallow in ALT cropping systems resulted in significantly (P<0.05) greater SOC and TN at 0–7.5 cm within five of the eight study sites [Akron, Colorado (CO); Bushland, Texas (TX); Fargo, North Dakota (ND); Mandan, ND; and Swift Current, Saskatchewan (SK), Canada]. The same pattern was observed with POM, where POM was significantly (P<0.05) greater at four of the eight study sites [Bushland, TX, Mandan, ND, Sidney, Montana (MT), and Swift Current, SK]. No consistent pattern was observed with soil EC and pH due to management, although soil EC explained almost 60% of the variability in soil NO3-N at 0–7.5 cm across all locations and sampling times. In general, chemical soil properties measured in this study consistently exhibited values more conducive to crop production and environmental quality in ALT cropping systems relative to CON cropping systems.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Beberapa Formula Pupuk Terhadap Sifat Kimia Tanah dan Hasil Tanaman Sawi Hijau (Brassica juncea L.) di Subak Tegal Lantang Kecamatan Denpasar Barat

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
MADE KRISNANDA ADI SAPUTRA ◽  
KETUT DHARMA SUSILA ◽  
TATI BUDI KUSMIYARTI
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Effect of Some Fertilizer Formulas on Soil Chemical Properties and Yield of Green Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Subak Tegal Lantang, West Denpasar District. The aims of this study is to determine the effect of several fertilizer formulas on soil chemical properties and yield of green mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Subak Tegal Lantang, West Denpasar District. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 6 treatments including controls and repeated 4 times with a total of 24 treatment plots. Fertilization treatment consists of three types of fertilizers, namely organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, and biofertilizer. The fertilizer formula tested consisted of P0 = control (without fertilizer), P1= 5 tons of compost ha-1 + 300kg Phonska ha-1 + 200kg Urea ha-1, P2= 5 tons of compost ha-1 + 300kg Phonska ha-1 + 200kg Urea ha-1 + biofertilizer (1 cc / liter water / plot), P3= 10 tons of compost ha-1 + 300kg Phonska ha-1 + 200kg Urea ha-1, P4= 10 tons of compost ha-1 + 300kg Phonska ha-1 + 200kg Urea ha-1 + biofertilizer (1 cc / liter of water / plot), P5= biofertilizer with a concentration of 1 cc / liter of water / plot. The data from the observed parameters then analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (Anova) to determine the significance of the treatment. If it has a significant effect on the parameters observed, then it will be followed by the LSD test at the 5% real level. The results of study showed that the fertilizer formula treatment had a very significant effect on organic-C (P <0,01) and significantly affected the plant fresh weight (P <0,05), but had no significant effect on the acidity (pH), total-N, available-K, available-P, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, plant height, number of leaves, and plant dry weight. The P4 fertilizer formula gave the highest increase in soil organic-C content significantly by 2.99% or an increase of 66% compared to the control and gave the highest yield of fresh greens mustard by 23.64 tons ha-1.

scholarly journals Recovery of Forest Soil Chemical Properties Following Soil Rehabilitation Treatments

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megdad Jourgholami ◽  
Somayeh Khajavi ◽  
Eric R. Labelle
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Diversion ◽  
Available P ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Available Nutrients ◽  
Diversion Structure

Several rehabilitation treatments have been applied to mitigate runoff and sediment in machine trafficked areas following logging operations, while the knowledge on the consequence of these remediation techniques on the recovery of soil properties remains scarce. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of different rehabilitation treatments including sawdust mulch (SM), water diversion structure (WDS), untreated/bare trail (U), and undisturbed or control area (UND) on the recovery of soil chemical properties over a six-year period after machine-induced compaction occurred on three longitudinal trail gradients (10, 20, and 30 %).In each treatment, the following soil properties were measured: litter thickness, pH, EC, soil organic C, total N, and available P, K, Ca, and Mg. Five sampling plots (with 10 m length and 4 m width) were positioned in each trail gradient classes and three of these plots were randomly considered for soil sampling.The results demonstrate that litter thickness differed among the three treatments, with the highest amount present on the UND area and lowest on the U treatment. Meanwhile, the highest pH (6.75), EC (0.21 Ds m−1), N (0.27 %), available P (14.61 mg kg−1), available K (123.5 mg kg−1), available Ca (135.1 mg kg−1), and available Mg (42.1 mg kg−1) and the lowest C (1.21 %) and C/N ratio (7.83 %) were found on the SM with gradient of 10 % compared to other gradient classes on SM, WDS and, U treatments. The recovery value of litter depth, pH, EC, C, N, C/N ratio, and available nutrients (P, K, Ca, and Mg) were higher on the SM than the WDS at the gradient of 10 %, while significantly higher levels of these variables were measured under WDS installed on trail gradients of 30 % and 20 % when compared with the same gradients on SM. Results of the study revealed that soil chemical properties showed some evidence of recovery following SM and WDS rehabilitation treatments compared to U, although these properties did not fully recover within 6 years as compared to UND area.

scholarly journals Pengaruh bahan organik berbasis gulma paitan dan pupuk NPK terhadap sifat kimia tanah, pertumbuhan, dan hasil tomat pada Ultisols

Kultivasi ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Intan Abas Nur Khairunnisa ◽  
Anung Slamet Dwi ◽  
Sapto Nugroho Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Tithonia Diversifolia ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total N ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Screen House ◽  
Total P ◽  
Range Test

Sari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bahan organik gulma paitan dan pupuk NPK terhadap sifat kimia tanah (C organik, N, dan P total), serta pertumbuhan dan hasil tomat pada Ultisols.  Penelitian dilaksanakan di screen house Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, pada bulan Juni sampai September 2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan perlakuan faktorial 3x3. Faktor pertama adalah bahan organik tumbuhan paitan, terdiri atas 3 taraf, yaitu 0, 125, dan 250 g/tanaman. Faktor kedua adalah dosis NPK, terdiri atas 3 taraf, yaitu 0; 3,61; dan 5,42 g/tanaman. Seluruh kombinasi perlakuan dialokasikan ke dalam unit percobaan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok yang diulang 3 kali. Variabel yang diamati meliputi C organik, N total, P total, serta pertumbuhan dan hasil tomat. Data dianalisis dengan uji F, dilanjutkan dengan Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahan organik tumbuhan paitan dengan dosis 250 g/tanaman cenderung memperbaiki sifat kimia tanah, serta berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tomat seperti jumlah daun, luas daun, bobot segar buah per tanaman sebesar 43,29% dari kontrol, dan jumlah buah sebesar 54,26% dari kontrol. Pupuk NPK dengan dosis 5,42 g/tanaman cenderung berpengaruh terhadap sifat kimia tanah, serta berpengaruh nyata semua variabel pertumbuhan dan hasil kecuali bobot segar akar. Kombinasi bahan organik tumbuhan paitan dengan dosis 250 g/tanaman dan pupuk NPK dengan dosis 5,42 g/tanaman cenderung berpengaruh terhadap sifat kimia tanah dan berpengaruh nyata terhadap variabel luas daun.Kata Kunci: Tithonia diversifolia, pupul NPK, Tomat, Ultisols Abstract. This research aims to know effect of organic matters of Tithonia diversifolia weeds and NPK fertilizer to soil chemical properties (organic carbon, total N, and total P), growth, and yield of tomato in Ultisols soil. The research was conducted at Screen House of Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto regency, from June to September 2018. This research used 3x3 factorial treatment design. The first factor was the dosage of organic matters of Tithonia diversifolia, consisted of 3 levels: 0, 125, dan 250 g/plant. The second factor was the dosage of NPK fertilizer, consisted of 3 levels: 0, 3.61, and 5.42 g/plant. All of treatment combinations were allocated to the experimental unit that used Randomized Block Design and was replicated 3 times. The variables observed were organic C, total N, total P, growth, and yield of tomato. Observational data were analyzed by F test, then Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that dosage 250 g/plant of organic matter of Tithonia diversifolia improved soil chemical properties, and affected significantly to growth, and yield variable likes number of leaves, wide of leaves, number of fruit, and fruit fresh weight. Dosage 5.42 g/plant of NPK fertilizer improved soil chemical properties, and affected significantly to all variables of growth, and yield, except root fresh weight. Combination of Tithonia diversifolia organic matter dosage 250 g/plant and 5,42 g/plant NPK fertilizer improved soil chemical properties and affected significantly to leaves area.Keywords: Tithonia diversifolia, NPK fertilizer, Tomato, Ultisols

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