Effect of tillage practices and hay straw on ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizer solutions

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Al-Kanani ◽  
A. F. MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Total N ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

Urea (U) fertilizer solutions applied on soil surface lose nitrogen through ammonia (NH3) volatilization, and such losses may be influenced by tillage practices and by the presence of crop residues. Ammonia measurements in corn (Zea mays L.) fields were initiated and continued for 9 d in July 1988 and 1989 to assess the effects of three tillage practices used in corn production (conventional, CT; reduced, RT; and zero tillage, ZT) and urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) formulations on the volatilization of NH3 from UAN solutions. The UAN formulations were 33% U — 67% ammonium nitrate (AN) and 50% U — 50% AN. These UAN formulations indicate proportion, as percentage, of total N derived from U and AN, respectively. The experiments were conducted on two agricultural soils of Quebec [Macdonald sandy loam (Humic Gleysol), and St. Benoit sandy loam (Eutric Brunisol)]. Cumulative NH3 losses over 9 d ranged from 0.8 to 9.5% of applied N. On both soils, NH3 losses from 50–50 UAN were higher than the 33–67 UAN by 13.5, 14.6 and 23.9% on CT, RT, and ZT, respectively. Reduced NH3 loss with CT was attributed in part to lower crop residues than with ZT treatments. In a separate experiment to evaluate the effect of plant residues on NH3 loss, chopped timothy hay (Phleum pratense L.) was used to provide a greater surface cover and a uniform spreading of residues. Hay straw surface-applied to a conventionally tilled St. Benoit soil had to reach a threshold level somewhere between 750 and 1500 kg ha−1 to increase N losses compared to no added hay treatment. Key words: UAN solution, ammonia volatilization, tillage, hay straw

Plant residue and cropping system effects on N dynamics in a Gray Luvisolic soil

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Broersma ◽  
N. G. Juma ◽  
J. A. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
N Dynamics ◽  
Total N

Soil samples from differing cropping systems were amended with 15N-labeled plant residues having varying carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios to quantify N dynamics in a Gray Luvisolic soil. For non-amended cropping systems a significantly greater amount of total N was mineralized from the continuous legume (CL) than from the continuous grass (CG), barley/forage (BF) rotations, or continuous barley (CB) cropping systems. The addition of the fababean (Vicia faba L.) plant residue resulted in net N mineralization from most of the cropping systems. After 20 wk, 14.0%, 10.5% and 7.1% of the 15N was mineralized from fababean, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and fescue (Festuca rubra L.) amended residues, respectively, when averaged across cropping systems. Key words: Crop residues, cropping systems, Gray Luvisol, N mineralization, 15N, soil amendments

Soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools as affected by compost applicationsto a sandy-loam soil in Québec

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joann K Whalen ◽  
Hicham Benslim ◽  
You Jiao ◽  
Benjamin K Sey
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Total N

Compost contributes plant-available nutrients for crop production and adds partially decomposed carbon (C) to the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. The effect of compost applications and other agricultural practices on SOC and total nitrogen (N) pools was determined in a sandy-loam Humic Gleysol at the Research Farm of McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec. Experimental plots with continuous silage corn (Zea mays L.) and silage corn-soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) production were under conventional tillage (CT) or no-tillage (NT) management. Composted cattle manure was applied each spring at rates of 0, 5, 10 and 15 Mg (dry weight) ha-1 and supplemental NPK fertilizers were added to meet crop requirements. The C input from crop residues was affected by tillage, crop rotations and compost application, but differences in the SOC and total N pools were due to compost applications. After 5 yr, compost-amended plots gained 1.35 to 2.02 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in the SOC pool and 0.18 to 0.24 Mg N ha-1 yr-1 in the total N pool, as compared with initial pool sizes when the experiment was initiated. These gains in SOC and total N were achieved with agronomic rates of compost and supplemental NPK fertilizers, selected to match the phosphorus requirements of silage corn. Such judicious use of compost has the potential to increase the SOC and total N pools in agroecosystems under annual crop production. Key words: Composted cattle manure, corn silage, mineral fertilizer, plant-available nitrogen, soil organic carbon

scholarly journals Urea-Triazone N Characteristics and Uses

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Clapp
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Stable Solution ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Source

Urea-triazone nitrogen (N) is a stable solution resulting from a controlled reaction in aqueous medium of urea, formaldehyde, and ammonia which contains at least 25% total N. This N source contains no more than 40%, nor less than 5%, of total N from unreacted urea and not less that 40% from triazone. All other N shall be derived from water-soluble dissolved reaction products of the above reactants. It is a source of slowly available N. The rate of mineralization of urea-triazone is about 66% that of urea after 8 days when incorporated in a Munjor sandy loam. Ammonia volatilization losses of N applied as urea-triazone were about 41% of those from urea on a Cecil sandy loam in the first week after application. N leaching losses through saturated Yolo loam columns of urea-triazone were about two thirds that of urea or nitrate N. This N source has proven to be a safer and more effective material for direct application on plant foliage. Tomato growth was enhanced with foliar application of urea-triazone relative to that obtained from ammonium nitrate or urea. The stability of this N source from potential losses via ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching when soil applied is also documented by results from university trials.

Emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide associated with the decomposition of arable crop residues on a sandy loam soil in Eastern England

Agronomie ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 731-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Harrison ◽  
Sharon Ellis ◽  
Roy Cross ◽  
James Harrison Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Arable Crop ◽  
Loam Soil

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Soil Tillage Systems and Crop Residues on the Composition of Weed Communities

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1276
Author(s):  
Vaida Steponavičienė ◽  
Aušra Marcinkevičienė ◽  
Lina Marija Butkevičienė ◽  
Lina Skinulienė ◽  
Vaclovas Bogužas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Weed Communities

The composition of weed communities in agricultural crops is dependent on soil properties and the applied agronomic practices. The current study determined the effect of different tillage systems and crop residue on the soil weed community composition. The research programme encompassed 2013–2015 in a long-term field experiment located in the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University in Lithuania. The soil type in the experimental field was qualified as Endocalcaric Stagnosol (Aric, Drainic, Ruptic, Amphisiltic). Weeds were categorised into communities according to soil pH, nitrogen and moisture indicators. The results of investigations were grouped using cluster analysis. Agricultural crops were dominated by different weed species depending on the soil pH and moisture. Weed species were relatively more frequent indicating nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, an increase in the abundance of weed species indicating moderate acidity and low acidity, moderately wet and wet, nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils was observed. The application of plant residues decreased the weed species abundance. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, the quantitative distribution of weed was often uneven. By evaluating the association of weed communities with groups of different tillage systems with or without plant residues, their control can be optimised.

Response of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) to plant density and phosphorus fertilizer under dryland conditions

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. S. Ahlawat ◽  
C. S. Saraf
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Total N ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Plant Densities

SUMMARYField studies were made for 2 years on a sandy loam soil under dryland conditions of north-west India with three pigeon-pea varieties in relation to plant density and the application of phosphate fertilizer. Varieties Pusa Ageti and P4785 with better developed root system and profuse nodulation had higher grain and stalk yield, and higher N and P yield than Prabhat. Root and shoot growth and root nodulation were adversely affected with increasing plant densities in the range 50 × 103 and 150 × 103 plants/ha. Stalk and total N and P yield increased with increasing plant density. Plant density of 117 × 103 plants/ha produced maximum grain yield of 1·53 t/ha. Phosphorus fertilizer promoted root and shoot growth, intensity and volume of nodulation and increased grain, stalk, N and P yield. The effect of plant density on grain yield was more pronounced in the presence of phosphate fertilizer. The economic optimum rate of P ranged between 22·1 and 23·1 kg/ha under different plant densities.

scholarly journals Impact of the addition of different plant residues on carbon–nitrogen content and nitrogen mineralization–immobilization turnover in a soil incubated under laboratory conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3051-3074 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Abbasi ◽  
M. M. Tahir ◽  
N. Sabir ◽  
M. Khurshid
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Mineralization ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Leguminous Plant ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Total N

Abstract. Application of plant residues as soil amendment may represent a valuable recycling strategy that affects on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling, soil properties improvement and plant growth promotion. The amount and rate of nutrient release from plant residues depend on their quality characteristics and biochemical composition. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted for 120 days under controlled conditions (25 °C and 58% water filled pore space (WFPS)) to quantify initial biochemical composition and N mineralization of leguminous and non-leguminous plant residues i.e. the roots, shoots and leaves of Glycine max, Trifolium repens, Zea mays, Poplus euramericana, Rubinia pseudoacacia and Elagnus umbellate incorporated into the soil at the rate of 200 mg residue N kg−1 soil. The diverse plant residues showed wide variation in total N, carbon, lignin, polyphenols and C/N ratio with higher polyphenol content in the leaves and higher lignin content in the roots. The shoot of G. max and the shoot and root of T. repens displayed continuous mineralization by releasing a maximum of 109.8, 74.8 and 72.5 mg N kg−1 and representing a 55, 37 and 36% of added N being released from these resources. The roots of G. max and Z. mays and the shoot of Z. mays showed continuous negative values throughout the incubation showing net immobilization. After an initial immobilization, leaves of P. euramericana, R. pseudoacacia and E. umbellate exhibited net mineralization by releasing a maximum of 31.8, 63.1 and 65.1 mg N kg−1, respectively and representing a 16, 32 and 33% of added N being released. Nitrogen mineralization from all the treatments was positively correlated with the initial residue N contents (r = 0.89; p ≤ 0.01), and negatively correlated with lignin content (r = −0.84; p ≤ 0.01), C/N ratio (r = −0.69; p ≤ 0.05), lignin/N ratio (r = −0.68; p ≤ 0.05), polyphenol/N ratio (r = −0.73; p ≤ 0.05) and ligin + polyphenol/N ratio (r = −0.70; p ≤ 0.05) indicating a significant role of residue chemical composition and quality in regulating N transformations and cycling in soil. The present study indicates that incorporation of plant residues strongly modify the mineralization-immobilization turnover (MIT) of soil that can be taken into account to develop synchronization between net N mineralization and crop demand in order to maximize N delivery and minimize N losses.

Surface physical properties of a sandy loam soil under different tillage practices

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
KY Chan ◽  
JA Mead
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Moisture Profile ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Pasture Soil ◽  
Cultivated Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

The infiltration behaviour and physical properties of a hardsetting sandy loam soil at Cowra, N.S.W., following 2 years of different tillage treatments are reported. Soil that had not been cultivated for 25 years was also investigated at an adjacent pasture site. Infiltration of simulated rainfall at the end of the wheat-growing season gave moisture profiles that were quite different for cultivated, direct drilled and pasture soils. The moisture profile for the cultivated soil suggested the presence of an impeded layer which retarded the movement of infiltrated rain to the subsoil. Porosity measurements confirmed the presence of a layer with significantly fewer macropores (> 300 �m diameter) at the 50-100 mm depth in the cultivated soil, when compared with the direct drilled soil. The old pasture soil had significantly higher porosity (> 300 �m diameter) in the top 100 mm. Aggregate stabilities and organic carbon contents were measured in narrow increments to 150 mm depth for the three different soils, and revealed that a surface 25 mm layer of high organic carbon and highly stable macro-aggregates was present in the pasture and direct drilled soils but absent in the cultivated soil. The unstable surface layer in the conventionally cultivated soil was a consequence of the mixing and inverting action of cultivation and was not due to a net loss of organic carbon from the profile. The organic carbon content of the pasture soil was not significantly different from the direct drilled soil below 50 mm; however, it was significantly lower than the conventionally cultivated soil between 50 and 150 mm depth. These results indicate a need to adopt tillage practices that can preserve the top 25 mm layer of such fragile soils.

Pertes d'azote par volatilisation ammoniacale après fertilisation en forêt de pin gris

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Carrier ◽  
B. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
The Third ◽  
Joint Application ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Increasing Precipitation ◽  
Underlying Soil

In a field study, percentage of nitrogen lost as ammonia from a jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) soil increased with increasing rates of urea application between 112 and 448 kg N/ha. After 7 days, losses amounted to 18–28% of a 224 kg urea-N/ha application, representing 60–87% of the total losses measured over a 6-week period. Maximum volatilization rates occurred between the third and the fifth day after fertilization, at which time urea hydrolysis was virtually complete. Negligible ammonia losses were measured in plots treated with ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and sulfur-coated urea. Applying superphosphate with urea markedly depressed ammonia volatilization, an effect which was enhanced by a joint application of K2SO4•MgSO4. Reduction of volatilization by artificial precipitation was significant and increased with increasing precipitation when the latter was applied soon after fertilization; decreases in volatilization were then related to the amount of residual urea subject to diffusion into the humus layer or to leaching towards the underlying soil horizons.

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