COMPARISON OF EXCHANGEABLE Al, EXTRACTABLE Al, AND Al IN SOIL FRACTIONS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. SHUMAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Organic Fraction ◽  
Soil Fractions ◽  
Mn Oxide ◽  
Soil Aluminum ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Exchangeable Fraction ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
Extractable Al ◽  
Al Oxide

Previous results indicated that the activity of Al3+ in soil solution, Al saturation of the CEC, and 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable Al were related to plant growth. Exchangeable Al values determined by 1 M KCl and 1 M NH4Cl, extractable Al values determined by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 4.8, 0.01 M CaCl2, 0.5 M CuCl2, 0.33 M LaCl3, and 0.005 M NTA, were compared with each other and to the activity of Al3+ in soil solution as well as Al in soil fractions. Aluminum in fractions was measured to determine the forms solubilized by the extradants. The fractions extracted were exchangeable [M Mg(NO3)2], organic bound, Mn oxide, amorphous Fe and Al oxide, and crystalline Fe and Al oxide. The order of Al extracted was CuCl2 > NH4OAc, [Formula: see text]. One M KCl and NH4Cl, and CuCl2, LaCl3, NTA, and NH4OAc, pH 4.8, gave similar relative Al values, especially for topsoils, and were not correlated with CaCl2-Al values. The exchangeable fraction Al [M Mg(NO3)2] was well correlated with the activity of Al3+ in the soil solution and Al saturation of the CEC. Organic fraction Al was negatively correlated with the activity of Al3+ in the soil solution indicating that organic matter can bind Al lowering its concentration in the soil solution. Aluminum in the crystalline Fe/Al oxide fraction correlated well with that extracted by CuCl2, LaCl3, NTA, and NH4OAc, pH 4.8, leading to the possible conclusion that these extradants solubilize Al from plant-unavailable fractions. Key words: Soil aluminum, aluminum extractants, aluminum fractions, exchangeable aluminum

Responses of red spruce seedlings to changes in soil aluminum in six amended forest soil horizons

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1614-1623 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Devereux Joslin ◽  
Mark H. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Soil Aluminum ◽  
Extractable Al

A greenhouse pot study was conducted to develop response curves for red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) seedlings to soil aluminum parameters, using soil from six diverse forest soil horizons. Soil Al levels were manipulated by varying pH through acidification (with HCl or HCl and CaSO4), liming (with Ca(OH)2), and control treatments. Treatments significantly (p < 0.05) altered soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2), 0.01 M SrCl2-extractable Al, and soil solution Al concentrations. Root biomass and foliar biomass were significantly reduced in most acidification treatments, and strong correlations between soil parameters of Al and biomass responses point to Al as the major cause of biomass reductions, especially in the three horizons where the toxicity threshold (approximately 200 μM inorganic monomeric Al) was markedly exceeded. Soil solution levels of inorganic monomeric Al and total Al (R2 = 0.79 and 0.74, respectively) were superior predictors of root biomass compared with the activity of Al3+ in solution (0.61) and 0.01 M SrCl2-extractable Al (0.61). Plant response curves to these soil solution inorganic monomeric Al concentrations are in agreement with those developed in published research on solution culture of red spruce seedlings. Peak soil solution Al concentrations measured in mature red spruce stands approach toxicity thresholds observed in this study.

Mechanisms for high Cd activity in a red soil from southern China undergoing gradual reduction

Soil Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yichun Li ◽  
Ying Ge ◽  
Chunhua Zhang ◽  
Quansuo Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Red Soil ◽  
Soil Suspension ◽  
Surface Sites ◽  
Mn Oxide ◽  
Exchangeable Fraction ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Solid Phases

Cadmium (Cd) activity may vary in flooded soils but the mechanisms underlying these variations have remained conflicting and ambiguous. In this study, a continuous N2 bubbling experiment was conducted using a red soil from the subtropical region of southern China to identify factors controlling Cd activity under reductive conditions. The results showed that Cd solubility, although very low, increased gradually with time during the experiment. From 0 to 14 h, the pH and pe+pH of soil suspension decreased, respectively, from 5.6 to 5.5 and from 11.1 to 9.6. The solubility of Cd was enhanced within this period due to the kinetics of solubilisation of salts or dispersion of colloids upon rewetting, the pH decrease resulting from the hydrolysis of soluble Al and Fe(III) and the competition for soil surface sites from dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and cations, including Al3+, K+, and Mg2+ in the soil solution. From 14 to 114 h, however, the reductive dissolution of Fe and Mn oxides, the DOC consumption by microbial respiration, and the competition of Cd2+ with K+ and Mg2+ for the soil surface sites were the major mechanisms promoting the release of Cd into the soil solution, as the pH of soil suspension increased from 5.5 to 5.8 and the pe+pH continued to decrease from 9.6 to 7.5. On the other hand, more than half of the total Cd was present in the exchangeable fraction during the experiment, indicating that Cd activity remained high. Further, it was observed that Cd transformed from the Fe-Mn oxide-bound fraction to the carbonate-bound fraction and Fe from the oxide- and carbonate-bound fractions to the exchangeable fraction during the experiment. Cadmium redistribution had a close relationship with Fe redistribution, suggesting that the chemical behaviours of Fe oxides affected the physicochemical properties of soil solid phases and further controlled Cd redistribution among soil solid phases. The above results implied that the mechanisms controlling the solubility of Cd were different within the different ranges of pH and pe+pH after rewetting of the air-dried soil, and Fe chemistry might be an important factor inducing the transformation of Cd among several soil solid phases when soil became reducing.

scholarly journals IMMOBILIZATION OF EXCHANGEABLE CROMIUM IN A CONTAMINATED SOIL USING NATURAL ZEOLITE AS AN EFFECTIVE ADSORBENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (5A) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Van Minh Dang ◽  
Huu Tap Van ◽  
Thi Bich Hanh Nguyen ◽  
Dinh Vinh Nguyen ◽  
Thị Tuyet Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Organic Matters ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Mn Oxide ◽  
Content Ratio ◽  
Incubation Experiments ◽  
Exchangeable Fraction

This work investigated the effects of soil pH and the content ratio of natural zeolite on Cr contaminated soil. The immobilization experiments of the exchangeable Cr in contaminated soils were conducted using the batch method. The incubation experiments were carried out over 30 days in plastic bottles to determine five fraction of Cr existence (exchangeable fraction (F1), Fe/Mn/Oxide (F2), carbonate bound (F3), organic matters (F4) and residual (F5)) in amended soils after incubation. Results showed that the content and proportion of the exchangeable Cr decreased with an increase in soil pH from 5 to 9. At soil pH 5, the exchangeable Cr in soil reduced from 44.80±0.772 mg/kg (initial soil) to 17.72±0.300 mg/kg after 30 days of incubation with natural Zeolite 3%. Meanwhile, the exchangeable Cr of soil also decreased with increasing the content ratio of natural zeolite from 1% to 5% in soil. The ratio of 3% was suitable for incubation of the exchangeable Cr in contaminated soil with natural zeolite. The exchangeable Cr in contaminated soil decreased from 80.34% at un-amended soil treatment to 25.06% after incubation of 30 days. The forms of carbonate bound (F3) and organic matters (F4) in amended soils increased to 36.54% and 28% compared with 4.26% and 6.90% in un-amended contaminated soil. Ion exchange, precipitation and adsorption on the surface of natural zeolite  might be the potential mechanisms of immobilization of the exchangeable Cr. The results indicated that natural zeolite can be used as the effective adsorbent for immobilizing the exchangeable Cr in contaminated soils and leading to a decrease in the environmental risk from Cr toxicity.

Effects of biochar and/or dolomitic limestone application on the properties of Ultisol cropped to maize under glasshouse conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Rabileh ◽  
J. Shamshuddin ◽  
Q. A. Panhwar ◽  
A. B. Rosenani ◽  
A. R. Anuar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Maize Growth ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Glasshouse Condition ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Critical Ph ◽  
Changes In Soil Properties

Rabileh, M. A., Shamshuddin, J., Panhwar, Q. A., Rosenani, A. B. and Anuar, A. R. 2015. Effects of biochar and/or dolomitic limestone application on the properties of Ultisol cropped to maize under glasshouse conditions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 95: 37–47. Ultisols in the tropics are characterized by low pH and high exchangeable Al. Maize grown on them produces low yield. A study was conducted to determine changes in soil properties and their subsequent effects on maize growth, resulting from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) biochar and/or dolomitic limestone application. The results show that the application of the EFB biochar improved soil fertility by increasing soil pH. The Al3+activities in the soil solution decreased exponentially with increasing rate of the biochar application. The decrease in Al in the biochar-treated soil occurred because: (1) at the rate of>5 t ha−1, soil solution pH increased significantly, precipitating Al as gibbsite; and (2) the biochar was able to fix some of the Al by chelation. Application of the biochar alone or in combination with lime significantly improved maize growth. The critical Al3+activity for maize grown on Ultisol was 10 µM, while critical pH was 4.7–4.8. Maize grown on the EFB biochar-amended soils produced greater root length compared with that of the control. The optimal rate of EFB biochar application to improve the productivity of the Ultisol for maize production under glasshouse condition was 5–10 t ha−1.

scholarly journals Mung bean response during immobilization of exchangeable aluminum in acidic soil

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Skwira ◽  
Agata Jakóbik-Kolon ◽  
Jerzy Ciba
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Soil Incubation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
General Improvement ◽  
Stalk Length

AbstractA soil incubation and shot-term plant growth experiment was conducted to study the effect of ferruginous mineral application on exchangeable Al immobilization. The mineral containing mainly siderite was mixed at various rates with A-horizon soil and incubated at 80% humidity for 45 days. Following the incubation, a short-term plant growth test was carried out using mung beans. The ferruginous mineral application into tested soil resulted in a reduction of the exchangeable aluminum concentration and soil acidity. An increase in root growth and stalk length, as well as a general improvement of plant condition was observed in the case of ferruginous mineral application. This observation was confirmed by chemical analysis of roots and stalks. The greatest amount of essential elements: calcium and magnesium and the lowest amount of aluminum were determined in green part of mung beans sown in the soil with addition of 2% ferruginous mineral.

CHEMICAL FORMS OF Zn, Mn, Fe and Pb IN SOIL SAMPLES FROM THE VICINITY OF SOME MAJOR DUMPSITES IN GOMBE METROPOLIS, GOMBE STATE NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.O. Abdullahi ◽  
A. Usman ◽  
A.H. Zakari ◽  
J.R. Tukur
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Chemical Speciation ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Residual Fraction ◽  
Mn Oxide ◽  
Exchangeable Fraction ◽  
Sequential Extraction Method ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometric

This research work is aimed at determining the chemical speciation of metals Zn, Mn, Fe and Pb in soil samples from three major dumpsites within Gombe metropolis, Gombe state. The renowned five steps Tessier sequential extraction method was employed in the extraction of the heavy metals. The metals were extracted into five fractions namely: Exchangeable (F1), carbonate bound (F2), Fe-Mn oxide bound (F3), Bound to organic matter (F4) and the residual fraction (F5) in order of decreasing mobility. The elemental analysis of the fractions was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometric technique. The results showed Zn was predominantly bounded to the exchangeable fraction with 32.66±0.31 mg/kg (54.18%) and least in the Fe – Mn oxide fraction with 0.01±0.00 mg/kg (0.02%). The trend in its abundance is in the order F1> F2>F5>F4>F3. Mn was predominantly associated with the bound to carbonates fraction with the value of 103.3.±3.30 mg/kg (56.14%) and least in the exchangeable with the value of 1.30±1.85mg/kg (2.13%) its occurred in the order F2>F3>F4>F5>F1. The concentration of Fe was highest in the residual fraction with the value of 25.90±1.75mg/kg (45.45%)and least in the carbonate bound fraction wi th 5.10±0.40 mg/kg (2.13%) the order is F5>F4>F3>F2>F1. Pb was not detected in most of the fraction but highest in bond to carbonate and bond to organic matter fraction with the values of 6.64±4.12 mg/Kg (70.64 %) and 2.76±0.10 mg/Kg (29.36 %) respectively in two different samples. It was however established that Zn, Mn and Pb were mostly associated with the first three fractions thus, showed high bio-availabilty whereas Fe was found in the residual fraction and is expected to be low in mobility and less bioavailable. 

Arsenic(III) oxidation/adsorption behaviors on a new bimetal adsorbent of Mn-oxide-doped Al oxide

2012 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Wu ◽  
Ting Liu ◽  
Wen Xue ◽  
Xiaochang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mn Oxide ◽  
Adsorption Behaviors ◽  
Al Oxide

scholarly journals Spesiasi Aluminium Terlarut dan Sifat Kimia Ultisol yang Diameliorasi dengan Dolomit dan Lignit-Teraktivasi

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Fahmi Arief Rahman ◽  
Budi Nugroho ◽  
Atang Sutandi ◽  
Untung Sudadi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Soil Aluminum ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
High Al Content ◽  
Al Phytotoxicity

Phytotoxicity of soil aluminum (Al), both directly to the plant growth as well as indirectly through the increase of soil potential acidity, is closely related to the occurrence of various soil soluble-Al species. Amongst them, Al3+ and monomeric-Al species are the primary causes of Al phytotoxicity in soils with high Al content. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of soil amelioration with dolomite and base-activated lignite (BAL) on changes in soluble-Al species and other soil chemical properties, and vegetative growth of soybean (Glycine max Merr) on Ultisol of Jasinga (Al-dd 16,03 cmol(+)/kg). A green house experiment was conducted by applying a Completely Randomized Design with dolomite and BAL amelioration as the treatments, each with three levels of repectively 0, 1, 1,5 x exchangeable-Al and 0, 2,5, 5 tons BAL ha-1, and three replications. The ameliorants were incubated at field capacity of soil moisture content for one week before planting soybean for one month. Soil soluble-Al speciation was carried out using colorimetric aluminon method to determine concentrations of total soluble-Al, monomeric-Al, and polymeric-Al species. Monomeric-Al were further speciated into inorganic monomeric-Al and organic monomeric-Al species. The results revealed that only dolomite amelioration that significantly increased soil pH-H2O, pH-KCl, Ca- dd, Na-dd, and decreased exchangeable-Al concentration, except for those of all soluble-Al species that only showed a decreasing trend. Soil exchangeable-Al that was negatively and significantly correlated with soybean measure parameters were plant height, root length, total roots and shoots wet and dry weights, as well as Ca concentration. These results indicated that soil Al phytotoxicity evaluation could be relied on the result of routine analysis on soil exchangeable-Al concentration.   Keywords: exchangeable-Al, inorganic monomeric-Al, organic monomeric-Al, polymeric-Al

Lime responses by barley as related to available soil aluminium and manganese

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
MK Conyers ◽  
MK Conyers ◽  
GJ Poile ◽  
GJ Poile ◽  
BR Cullis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Pyrocatechol Violet ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Extractable Al

Twenty-three surface soils (0-10 cm) sampled from major New South Wales lime trials were incubated at six lime rates, from 0 to 10 t/ha, and used in pot trials with barley (Hordeurn vulgare cv. Schooner) which was grown for five weeks. Each replicate pot was soil tested for exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Al), pH in 0.01 M CaCl2, and Al in the 0.01 M CaCl2 extract by pyrocatechol violet (total Al) and by reaction for 15 s in 8-hydroxyquinoline (monomeric Al). The latter was also converted to the activity of Al3 in the 0.01 M CaCl2 extract. The soil tests were compared for their prediction of the dry matter yield of whole tops of barley. The four tests for aluminium (exchangeable Al as Al/ECEC; total 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable Al; monomeric 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable Al; and Al3+ activity in 0.01 M CaCl2) were each better indicators of the infertility of the acid soils than soil pH. The prediction of the dry matter yield of barley by the four aluminium tests was improved by the inclusion of exchangeable soil manganese in the statistical analysis. The use of 0.01 M CaCl2 is recommended as a routine extraction procedure for diagnosing Al toxicity. Soil Mn should also be measured and included in correlations with barley growth. Pyrocatechol violet is the recommended analytical procedure for Al owing to its comparative simplicity.

scholarly journals Suppression of Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli on Bean by Aluminum in Acid Soils

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromitsu Furuya ◽  
Tadashi Takahashi ◽  
Tsutomu Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Soil Aluminum ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum

The severity of bean root rot caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli in vitro was studied with regard to exchangeable soil aluminum for 25 soil samples collected from northeastern Honshyu island, Japan. Of these, 24 were Andosols, typically acidic and of volcanic ash origin. Disease severity was assessed based on the number of lesions produced by the pathogen on a 6-cm section of bean stem buried and incubated for 8 days at 25°C in artificially infested soil samples. The number of lesions differed considerably among soil samples. In all soils in which disease incidence was very low, macroconidial germination was strongly inhibited. The inhibition was observed in all soil samples with exchangeable aluminum contents of at least 0.4 meq/100 g of soil, although it is unclear if this concentration is the lowest limit for inhibition. When soil pH was 5.6 or lower, higher amounts of exchangeable aluminum were detected from soils in which the major clay mineralogy was chloritized 2:1 minerals, while no or limited amounts of aluminum were detected from soils in which the major clay mineralogy was allophane/imogolite. Macroconidial germination and disease incidence are thus closely related to clay mineralogy, which regulates the behavior of exchangeable aluminum.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document