EFFECT OF Penicillium bilaji ON THE SOLUBILITY AND UPTAKE OF P AND MICRONUTRIENTS FROM SOIL BY WHEAT

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. N. KUCEY
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cupric Oxide ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Penicillium Bilaji

Penicillium bilaji has previously been shown to increase wheat growth and P uptake by solubilizing phosphates under soil conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if P. bilaji was able to solubilize inorganic compounds of copper, iron and zinc. Greenhouse and field experiments were also conducted to determine if P. bilaji had an effect on uptake of copper, iron and zinc by wheat. Under pure culture conditions, P. bilaji was able to solubilize cuprous and cupric oxide, cupric carbonate and zinc metal and, to a lesser extent, ferrous and ferric oxides and pyrite. The soil studies showed increased wheat dry matter production and seed and P yields in response to P. bilaji inoculation, which was related to increased incidence of P-solubilizing fungi in the wheat rhizospheres. Penicillium-inoculated plants contained greater quantities of Cu and Zn under greenhouse conditions and more Cu and Fe under field conditions than treatments not receiving Penicillium inoculum. Cu and Fe concentrations in the plants, in most cases, were not affected; however, Zn concentrations were increased by P. bilaji under greenhouse conditions. It was concluded that P. bilaji is able to cause solubilization of relatively insoluble forms of Cu, Fe and Zn. It did not directly affect the uptake of Fe and Cu by wheat in the soils used in these experiments, but may increase the uptake of Zn by plants. Key words: Penicillium bilaji, rock phosphate, copper, zinc, iron, wheat

Interactions of zinc with banded and broadcast phosphorus fertilizer on the concentration and uptake of P, Zn, Ca and Mg in plant tissue of oilseed flax

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Grant ◽  
L. D. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Residual P ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Previous Season

Field experiments on four sites over 3 yr evaluated the effect of banded and broadcast applications of fertilizer P, with and without application of Zn on the tissue concentration and uptake by the plant of Zn, P, Ca, and Mg in oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Residual effects of the P applications were also evaluated over five site-years. Banded applications of P tended to be more effective than either broadcast applications or residual P in increasing tissue concentration and uptake of P. Zinc application tended to decrease P concentration in the tissue where P levels were relatively high. When Zn was applied with banded P applications, it tended to reduce P uptake by the plant; when it was applied with broadcast P, it tended to increase P uptake by the plant. Changes in P uptake in response to Zn application generally reflected changes in dry matter production. When an increase in Zn concentration in the tissue or uptake by the plant occurred due to Zn applications, it was primarily when the Zn was applied with broadcast P fertilizer or where P had been broadcast the previous season. The increase in uptake of Zn generally reflected increased dry matter yield. Banded applications of P tended to produce lower tissue concentrations of Zn than did broadcast applications. Zinc concentration in the tissue also tended to be reduced by residual P from applications the previous season. Changes in Ca concentration in the tissue and uptake by the plant generally reflected changes in dry matter production. However, Mg concentration in the tissue and uptake by the plant were increased by P applications, particularly where P was banded. The increase in concentration in the tissue and uptake of Mg by the plant with application of P indicates that applications of P increase the ability of the plant to absorb Mg, presumably due to an effect on the absorption-translocation system within the plant. Key words: Flax, P placement, P, Zn, Ca, Mg

High phosphorus concentrations in seed of wheat and annual medic are related to higher rates of dry matter production of seedlings and plants

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
MJ Baker
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Medicago Polymorpha ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Burr Medic

Seed of 2 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and 1 burr medic (Medicago polymorpha) with increasing phosphorus (P) concentrations (wheat 1.4-3.7 g P/kg dry matter, medic 3.3-7.9 g P/kg dry matter) were collected from field experiments with variable levels of applied superphosphate (wheat 0- 577 kg P/ha, medic 0-364 kg P/ha) in south-western Australia. These seeds were used in further experiments to examine the effect of seed P concentration on the subsequent dry matter (DM) production of seedlings and plants in 3 glasshouse pot experiments and 1 field experiment. Seed of the same size (wheat, 35 mg/seed; medic, 3.6 mg/seed) but with increasing P concentration produced substantially higher DM yields in the absence or presence of freshly applied superphosphate P up to 28-35 days after sowing in the pot experiments and 67 days after sowing in the field experiment.

scholarly journals A method for detecting the presence of organic fraction in nucleation mode sized particles

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 3277-3287 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Vaattovaara ◽  
M. Räsänen ◽  
T. Kühn ◽  
J. Joutsensaari ◽  
A. Laaksonen
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Ethanol Vapor ◽  
Organic Fraction ◽  
Saturation Ratio ◽  
Nucleation Mode ◽  
Atmospheric Nucleation ◽  
20 Nm

Abstract. New particle formation and growth has a very important role in many climate processes. However, the overall knowlegde of the chemical composition of atmospheric nucleation mode (particle diameter, d<20 nm) and the lower end of Aitken mode particles (d≤50 nm) is still insufficient. In this work, we have applied the UFO-TDMA (ultrafine organic tandem differential mobility analyzer) method to shed light on the presence of an organic fraction in the nucleation mode size class in different atmospheric environments. The basic principle of the organic fraction detection is based on our laboratory UFO-TDMA measurements with organic and inorganic compounds. Our laboratory measurements indicate that the usefulness of the UFO-TDMA in the field experiments would arise especially from the fact that atmospherically the most relevant inorganic compounds do not grow in subsaturated ethanol vapor, when particle size is 10 nm in diameter and saturation ratio is about 86% or below it. Furthermore, internally mixed particles composed of ammonium bisulfate and sulfuric acid with sulfuric acid mass fraction ≤33% show no growth at 85% saturation ratio. In contrast, 10 nm particles composed of various oxidized organic compounds of atmospheric relevance are able to grow in those conditions. These discoveries indicate that it is possible to detect the presence of organics in atmospheric nucleation mode sized particles using the UFO-TDMA method. In the future, the UFO-TDMA is expected to be an important aid to describe the composition of atmospheric newly-formed particles.

An experiment in the control of the ground water-level in a fen peat soil

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 149-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Nicholson ◽  
G. Alderman ◽  
D. H. Firth
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Local Soil

1. The methods of investigation of the effect of ground water-level on crop growth, together with tho field installations in use, are discussed.2. Direct field experiments are handicapped by the difficulties of achieving close control on a sufficiently large scale, due to considerable variations of surface level and depth of peat within individual fields and to rapid fluctuations in rainfall and evaporation. Many recorded experiments are associated with climatic conditions of substantial precipitation during the growing season.3. Seasonal fluctuations of ground water-level in Fen peat soils in England, in natural and agricultural conditions, are described.4. The local soil conditions are outlined and the implications of profile variations are discussed.5. The effective control of ground water-level on a field scale requires deep and commodious ditches and frequent large underdrains to ensure the movement of water underground with sufficient freedom to give rapid compensatory adjustment for marked disturbances of ground water-level following the incidence of heavy rain or excessive evaporation.6. A working installation for a field experiment in ordinary farming conditions is described and the measure of control attained is indicated.

scholarly journals Comparison of Fish Pond Waste Water with Manures under Garden Egg in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic J. Udoh ◽  
Otobong B. Iren ◽  
Jeremiah E. Jonathan
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Fish Pond ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Total N ◽  
Cropping Seasons

<p class="1Body">Two field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2013 cropping seasons to evaluate the efficacy and also determine the optimum rates of application for fish pond waste water in comparison with three other manures including one inorganic fertilizer and two organic manures under garden egg (<em>Solanum spp.</em>) crop.Garden egg was fertilized with pond waste water (PW), poultry manure (PM), pig manure (PG) and NPK15:15:15 at equivalent nitrogen (N) rates (0, 150, 300, 450 kg/ha). The treatments were arranged in a split plot under randomized complete block design (RCBD).The results obtained indicated a slight drop in soil pH but soil OM, total N, available P, exchangeable Ca and K increased generally with increasing rates of manures. The PW and PG treatments supported significantly (P&lt;0.05) the highest yields of the crop compared to PM and NPK with the 150 and 300 kg/ha treatments recording the highest increase. These results have shown that under the high rainfall and acidic soil conditions of Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria, PW is useful for the improvement of soil conditions and achievement of higher crop yields when applied at rates that supply N in the range of 150 – 300 kg/ha.</p>

Weed control in sugar beet with single and split applications of herbicides

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
The West ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Free Environment ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Residual Herbicide

SummaryRecent developments in chemical weed control in sugar beet have been reviewed. Two main approaches to the problem of providing reliable season-long control of annual weeds in sugar beet are, (a) the use of mixtures of herbicides applied pre-planting and incorporated into the soil during seed bed preparation, and (b) the use of split applications with a residual herbicide applied pre-emergence followed by a contact herbicide applied post-emergence.The second approach (b) was examined in a series of field experiments from 1967 to 1969, on light to medium sandy loam soils in the West Midlands. Comparisons were made between pre-emergence application of lenacil and pyrazon, pre-emergence application of lenacil and pyrazon followed by post-emergence application of phenmedipham, and post-emergence application of phenmedipham for weed control in sugar beet.Under dry soil conditions in April 1967, lenacil and pyrazon controlled only about 40% of the annual weeds, but in 1968 and 1969, when moist soil conditions predominated in April and May, lenacil and pyrazon controlled 80–95% of the annual weeds.Phenmedipham applied post-emergence gave about 90% control of annual broadleaved weeds initially, but it seemed unlikely that a single application of this herbicide would provide satisfactory weed control in sugar beet.In each of the 3 years 1967–9, a split application of a soil-acting residual herbicide (pro-emergence) followed by phenmedipham (post-emergence) gave outstanding weed control and enabled sugar beet to be established and grown until mid-June at least, in a near weed-free environment. It was concluded that this technique was the most effective for weed control in sugar beet on light to medium sandy loam soils in the West Midlands.

scholarly journals Gafsa rock phosphate and triple superphosphate for dry matter production and P uptake by corn

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossini Mattos Corrêa ◽  
Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento ◽  
Silvana Keely de Sá Souza ◽  
Fernando José Freire ◽  
Gleibson Barbosa da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
Corn Plants

Crops in general make poor use of phosphorous fertilizer and, as a result, recommended rates and production costs are very high. Phosphorus can be made more readily available to plants by proper management of phosphate fertilization, selecting both, type of fertilizer and application method. This study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the natural Gafsa rock phosphate and the triple superphosphate on dry matter production and P uptake by corn plants cultivated in a greenhouse. Fertilizers were applied localized and broadcast/incorporated on to two soils with contrasting phosphorus capacity factors (PCF). Rock phosphate broadcast application was as efficient as triple superphosphate in increasing corn plant dry matter in the Tropudult, with lower PCF. This effect was not observed on the Haplustox, owing to the lower P solubility due to the higher Ca concentration in this soil. Triple superphosphate rates increased plant P uptake in both soils and for both application forms. Rock phosphate resulted in higher P-content in plants, but only for broadcast application on the Ultisol.

scholarly journals Yield and performance of sugarcane in on-farm interface with rubber in Brazil

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-255
Author(s):  
Luís Fernando Guedes Pinto ◽  
Marcos Silveira Bernardes ◽  
Antônio Roberto Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
And Performance ◽  
On Farm

Agroforestry systems are indicated as an alternative for sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) cultivation in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, however there are not many field experiments on plant performance under these conditions in the world. The objective of this work was to assess crop yield and partitioning in a sugarcane-rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) interface in on-farm conditions. The availability of irradiance for the crop along the interface was simulated and its effe ct over sugarcane dry matter production was tested. Crop yield was negatively affected by distance of the trees, but development and sucrose were not affected. Above ground dry matter increased from 16.6 to 51.5 t ha-1 from trees. Partitioning did not have a defined standard, as harvest index increased from 0.85 to 0.93, but specific leaf area was not significant along the transect, ranging from 13.48 to 15.73 m² kg-1. Light is the main factor of competition between the trees and the crop, but the relative importance of below ground interactions increases closer to the trees. Feasibility of the system depends on maturity of the trees and management strategies.

scholarly journals Aluminum and Phosphorus Interactions in Mycorrhizal and Nonmycorrhizal Highbush Blueberry Plantlets

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Qiang Yang ◽  
Barbara L. Goulart
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Al Uptake

Aluminum (Al) and phosphorus (P) interactions were investigated in mycorrhizal (M) and nonmycorrhizal (NM) highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) plantlets in a factorial experiment. The toxic effects of Al on highbush blueberry were characterized by decreased shoot, root, and total plant dry mass. Many of the negative effects of Al on plant root, shoot, and total dry matter production were reversed by foliar P and N application, indicating P or N uptake were limited by high Al concentration. However, Al-mediated growth reduction in P-stressed plants indicated that the restriction of P uptake by high Al may not have been the only mechanism for Al toxicity in this experiment. Root Al and P concentration were negatively correlated in NM but not M plantlets, suggesting mycorrhizal infection may alter P uptake processes. Al uptake was also affected by mycorrhizal infection, with more Al accumulating in M plantlet roots and leaves. Correlations among foliar ion concentrations were also affected by mycorrhizal fungal infection.

Optimization of nutrient retention in whole flours extruded from cowpea biofortified grain

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Minoru Hashimoto ◽  
Jéssica Pinheiro Mendes Sampaio ◽  
Luís José Duarte Franco ◽  
Elizabeth Harumi Nabeshima ◽  
Kaesel Jackson Damasceno e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Extruded Products

Abstract Whole flour of cowpea grains of the cultivar BRS Tumucumaque biofortified in iron and zinc were processed in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder Clextral HT 25. A central rotational composite design 23, combining temperature (from 86.4 to 153.6 °C), screw rotation speed (from 163.6 to 836.4 rpm) and moisture content (from 16.6% to 23.4%), was used to assess the effects on flour constituents. The three variables significantly affected (p < 0.05) the levels of protein and copper in the extrudates. The reactions of the extrusion process caused a decrease in the levels of proteins and an increase in the levels of copper, zinc and potassium, and these amounts were accentuated as the values of the process variables approached those of the central point region. Extreme conditions at high rotational screw speeds combined with low moisture content reduced the magnesium content, at the opposite end of the values for these two variables, the intensity of the reduction was lower. In the analysis of global desirability, it was found that the extrusion condition at 112.6 °C, 587.4 rpm and 23.4% moisture provided the highest nutrient retention. The levels of iron and zinc remained above 60 and 40 mg kg-1, respectively, in extruded products.

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