THE EFFECTS OF ADDITIONS OF CaCO3 AND P ON THE SOIL SOLUTION CHEMISTRY OF A PODZOLIC SOIL

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. SIMARD ◽  
L.J. EVANS ◽  
T.E. BATES
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Sulfate Ion ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Total Concentrations ◽  
Positively Charged

The surface horizon from a Humo-Ferric Podzol was amended with both CaCO3, and P to investigate the changes in the ionic composition of the soil solution and the charge characteristics of the horizon. Addition of CaCO3 increased the concentrations of Ca and [Formula: see text] and decreased the total concentrations of Mg, Na, K, Al, Zn, Mn, Si and [Formula: see text] in the soil solutions. In addition, the pH of the soil solutions, the content of negatively charged sites on the soil surfaces, the relative proportion of Mn2+ and Zn2+ of sulfate ion pairs were raised. In contrast, the concentrations of exchangeable Zn and Mn, the amount of positively charged sites and the proportion of metals linked with the "modelled" fulvate ligands were reduced. The addition of increasing rates of P reduced the total concentrations of Mg, K, Al, Si, and the concentrations of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in solution but did not affect the pH or the CEC of the soils appreciably. The concentrations of Si, phosphate-P, [Formula: see text] and of the sulfate ion pairs in solution were increased by increasing P additions to the soil. Key words: Liming, phosphorus fertilization, soil solution, GEOCHEM, ion speciation

The chemical composition and ionic strength of soil solutions from New Zealand topsoils

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Edmeades ◽  
DM Wheeler ◽  
OE Clinton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Soil Solutions

In preliminary experiments a centrifuge method for extracting soil solutions was examined. Neither the time nor speed of centrifuging had any effect on the concentrations of cations in soil solution. The concentration of cations increased with decreasing soil moisture content, and NO3, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations increased with increasing time of storage of freshly collected moist soils. It was concluded that to obtain soil solutions, which accurately reflect the soil solution composition and ionic strength (I) in situ, requires that soil samples are extracted immediately (<24 h) following sampling from the field. Prior equilibration of soil samples, to adjust soil moisture contents, is therefore not valid. The effect of time of sampling and soil type, and the effects of fertilizer and lime applications, on soil solution composition and ionic strength, were measured on freshly collected field moist topsoils. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH, and NO, were lowest in the winter and highest in the summer. Consequently, there was a marked seasonal variation in ionic strength which ranged from 0.003 to 0.016 mol L-1 (mean, 0.005 s.d. 0.003) over time and soil type. Withholding fertilizer (P, K, S, Ca) for two years had only a minor effect on ionic composition and strength, and liming increased solution Ca, Mg and HCO3, but decreased Al, resulting in a twofold increase in ionic strength. These results suggest that the ionic strength of temperate grassland topsoils in New Zealand lie within the range 0.003-0.016 and are typically 0.005.

Soil solution chemistry and alfalfa response to CaCO3 and MgCO3 on an acidic Gleysol

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunming Su ◽  
L. J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Immiscible Displacement ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
Mn Toxicity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Soil Solutions

Soil acidity is a limiting factor for forage production. Liming is a common agricultural practice for acid soils, yet there is limited information on the effects of soil solution chemistry in response to liming. Soil from the Ap horizon of an Orthic Humic Gleysol was amended with 0, 2.5 or 5.0 g CaCO3 kg−1 and 2.1 or 4.2 g MgCO3 kg−1 to determine the changes due to liming in soil solution composition before planting and after three cuts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The soil solution samples were extracted by immiscible displacement with C2Cl4. The low equivalent rate of CaCO3 and MgCO3 decreased the concentrations of Fe from 889 to less than 22 μM, Mn from 286 to less than 6 μM, Al from 45 μM to undetectable level before plant growth. Soil pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Cu and NH4-N concentrations in the soil solutions extracted after the third cut of alfalfa were increased compared with those measured before planting. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Zn, Fe, Al, NO3-N, SO4 and Si were all decreased after the third cut compared with those measured before planting. Step-wise multiple regression analysis indicated that the dry matter (DM) yield of the first cut was positively correlated to NO3-N and negatively correlated to Mn concentration in the soil solutions (R2 = 0.65**); whereas the DM yield of the second and third cuts and of the roots were negatively correlated with Mn concentrations (R2 = 0.75**, 0.63**, and 0.60**, respectively). The regression analysis supported visual Mn toxicity, suggesting that Mn toxicity, not Al concentration, was the main limitation to alfalfa growth in unlimed soil. Key words: Alfalfa, liming, soil solution chemistry, immiscible displacement, plant nutrition

Soil and soil solution chemistry of a New Zealand pasture soil amended with heavy metal-containing sewage sludge

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Percival
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Free Metal ◽  
Soil Metal

The disposal of wastewater treatment sewage sludge onto agricultural land in New Zealand has led to the development of guidelines for the upper limit concentrations for total heavy metals in the underlying soil. However, those soil biological and biochemical processes now known to be most sensitive to environmental change are being used internationally to set new soil limits. The soil solution chemistry of a pasture soil amended with heavy metals has been used to assess the bioavailability of several important heavy metals. Field trial plots were treated with both spiked (Cu, Ni, or Zn) and unspiked sewage sludge to raise total soil metal concentrations, both above and below the current New Zealand guideline values. Soils were sampled pre-amendment in 1997 and post-amendment in 1998, 1999, and 2000. Soil solutions were extracted by centrifugation and analysed for pH, for concentrations of heavy metals, major cations and anions, and dissolved organic carbon. Heavy metal speciation was calculated with the GEOCHEM-PC model.Soil solution concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Zn increased with increasing levels of metal in the spiked sludge, reflecting increases in total soil metal concentrations. Cu concentrations changed little with time, but those of Ni and Zn tended to decrease. Cu was much more adsorbed by the soil than was Ni or Zn. The free metal ions, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ (representing the most 'bioavailable' fraction), were the dominant metal species in the soil solutions. Variations in free metal ion percentages with metal-spiking level depended on the balance between organic and sulfate complexation for Cu, but on sulfate complexation alone for Ni and Zn. Cu and Ni free metal-ion activities in soil solution were relatively low even at the highest metal loadings in the soil, but may be high enough to cause toxicity problems. Zn activities were very much higher, and at the regulatory limit for zinc likely to affect sensitive biological and biochemical properties of the soil.

Soil solution chemistry of contrasting soils amended with heavy metals

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 993 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Percival ◽  
T. W. Speir ◽  
A. Parshotam
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Wide Range

The soil solution chemistry of heavy metal amended soils is of great importance in assessing the bioavailability of heavy metals and their toxicity to the soil biota. Three contrasting soils were amended with Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), and Cr(III) nitrate salts at rates of 10–100 mmol/kg. This concentration range was chosen to encompass a wide range of effects on sensitive soil biochemical properties as part of a larger project. Soil solutions were extracted and analysed for pH, and for concentrations of heavy metals, and major cations and anions. Heavy metal speciation was calculated with the GEOCHEM-PC model. Heavy metal concentrations in the soil solutions increased both in absolute terms and as a percentage of added heavy metal as amendment rates increased. This observation is due to decreasing specific adsorption (caused by decreasing pH induced by the amendments), and to increasing saturation of cation exchange sites. For all 3 soils, the percentage increase commonly follows the order Cr(III) < Pb < Cu < Ni < Cd < Zn. The percentage of each metal held in the soil solution increased from soil to soil as cation exchange capacity, and therefore sorptivity, decreased. Both the concentration and activity of free heavy metal ions were substantially lower than the corresponding total metal concentration. This was ascribed to ion-pairing of metal ions with anions, particularly nitrate introduced in the amending solutions, as well as to increases in ionic strength as a result of amendment. Metal-anion species were mainly inorganic but where Cu and Pb were relatively low in concentration because of strong adsorption by the soils, organic complexation was likely to be significant. Speciation trends were similar for the 3 soils but different in magnitude.

Corrigenda - The chemical composition and ionic strength of soil solutions from New Zealand topsoils

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
DC Edmeades ◽  
DM Wheeler ◽  
OE Clinton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Soil Solutions

In preliminary experiments a centrifuge method for extracting soil solutions was examined. Neither the time nor speed of centrifuging had any effect on the concentrations of cations in soil solution. The concentration of cations increased with decreasing soil moisture content, and NO3, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations increased with increasing time of storage of freshly collected moist soils. It was concluded that to obtain soil solutions, which accurately reflect the soil solution composition and ionic strength (I) in situ, requires that soil samples are extracted immediately (<24 h) following sampling from the field. Prior equilibration of soil samples, to adjust soil moisture contents, is therefore not valid. The effect of time of sampling and soil type, and the effects of fertilizer and lime applications, on soil solution composition and ionic strength, were measured on freshly collected field moist topsoils. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH, and NO, were lowest in the winter and highest in the summer. Consequently, there was a marked seasonal variation in ionic strength which ranged from 0.003 to 0.016 mol L-1 (mean, 0.005 s.d. 0.003) over time and soil type. Withholding fertilizer (P, K, S, Ca) for two years had only a minor effect on ionic composition and strength, and liming increased solution Ca, Mg and HCO3, but decreased Al, resulting in a twofold increase in ionic strength. These results suggest that the ionic strength of temperate grassland topsoils in New Zealand lie within the range 0.003-0.016 and are typically 0.005.

Effect of depth and lime or phosphorus-fertilizer applications on the soil solution chemistry of some New Zealand pastoral soils

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Wheeler ◽  
DC Edmeades
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Rate ◽  
Mn Concentrations

Thirteen trails were sampled to investigate the effects of depth, or the surface application of lime and phosphorus (P) fertilizer, on solution composition. Soil solutions were extracted by centrifuge from field moist soils within 24 h of sampling. Solution Ca, Mg, Na and K, Al, Mn and Fe concentrations generally decreased and Al, Mn and Fe concentrations generally increased with depth; although exceptions occurred. The largest decrease occurred in the first 25-50 mm of soil. Higher solution Al concentrations occurred in a band at a depth of between 50 and 100 mm in some soils. Lime generally increased solution pH and solution Ca, Mg and HCO3 concentrations, and reduced solution Al, Fe and Mn concentrations in the topsoils. In one soil (Matapiro silt loam) 2 years after lime was applied, lime increased solution pH down to a depth of 100 mm, Ca and HCO3 down to 75 mm and Mg down to 50 mm. Lime also decreased solution Al and Mn down to 75 mm and Fe down to 50 mm. In one series of trials, lime increased solution Ca concentrations at a depth of 50-100 mm 4 years after application in six out of the eight sites. In the same trial series, the application of P fertilizer increased solution P concentrations at 0-50 mm from a mean of 5 �M in the no-added P plots up to a mean of 56 �M at the highest P rate. The highest solution P concentration recorded was 194 �M. The increase in solution P concentrations for a given application of fertilizer P varied from 0.05 to 1.03 �M P per kg P ha-1 applied. Maximum pasture yield and 90% maximum yield occurred when solution P concentrations were about 28 and 14 �M respectively. Solution P concentrations determined from P adsorption isotherms were not a good indicator of solution P concentrations measured in soil. Solution pH was higher than soil pH (1:2.5 soil:water ratio, 2 h equilibration) with a solution pH of 6.0 corresponding to a soil pH in water of about 5.2.

scholarly journals Spatially resolved soil solution chemistry in a central European atmospherically polluted high-elevation catchment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Petrash ◽  
Frantisek Buzek ◽  
Martin Novak ◽  
Bohuslava Cejkova ◽  
Pavel Kram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Anions And Cations

Abstract. In order to interpret spatial patterns of soil nutrient partitioning and compare these with runoff in a temperate forest with a history of acidification-related spruce die-back, the chemistry of mineral soil solutions were collected by suction lysimeters and evaluated relative to concurrent loads of anions and cations in precipitation. Lysimeters nest were installed in the 33-ha U dvou loucek (UDL) mountain catchment at different topographic positions (hilltops, slopes and valley). Following equilibration, monthly soil solution samples were collected over a 2-year period. In the vicinity of each lysimeter nest, soil pits were excavated for constraining soil chemistry. Soil solutions were analyzed for SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and total dissolved Al concentrations and organic matter (DOC), and pH. For a P release estimation, ammonium oxalate extraction of soil samples was performed. Comparison of soil water data with other previously acidified monitored European sites indicated that environmentally relevant chemical species at UDL had concentrations similar to median concentrations observed in sites with similar bedrock lithology and vegetation cover. Cation exchange capacity (CEC ≤ 58 meq kg−1) and base saturation (BS ≤ 13 %), however, were significantly lower at UDL, documenting incomplete recovery from acidification. Spatial trends and seasonality in soil water chemistry support belowground inputs from mineral-stabilized legacy pollutants. Overall, the soil-solution data suggest the system is out of balance chemically, relative to the present loads of anions and cations in precipitation. Higher concentrations of SO42−, NO3−, and base cations in runoff than in soil solutions are explained by lateral surficial leaching of pollutants and nutrients from shallow soil horizons. Nearly 30 years after peak acidification, UDL exhibited similar soil solution concentrations of SO42, Ca2+ and Mg2+ as median values at the Pan-European International Co-operative Program (ICP) Forest sites, yet NO3− concentrations were an order of magnitude higher.

Soil solution chemistry of an Adirondack Spodosol: lysimetry and N dynamics

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 818-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Shepard ◽  
M. J. Mitchell ◽  
T. J. Scott ◽  
C. T. Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Ceramic Plate ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Soil Solutions

Solutes were monitored from the soil of a beech–maple forest and an adjacent lake at the Huntington Forest in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. The predominant ions were Ca2+ and SO42−. For soil solutions collected by lysimeters, the highest concentrations of most ions (H+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and NO3−) occurred in O horizon leachates, and the lowest concentrations beneath the spodic B horizon. However, Al and SO42− concentrations were highest beneath the B horizon. Concentrations of NO3− showed distinct seasonal variation. Values reached 60 μequiv. L−1 in the spring and decreased to near zero late in the growing season. Coefficients of variation (CV) differed among horizons. The E horizon was generally most variable (CV, 17 to 199%) and the B horizon the least (CV 19 to 166%). Variation was especially high for NO3− and NH4+, which had minimum CVs of 124% and 122%, respectively. Variation in these ions was likely due to the dominant role of biological processes in affecting nitrogen dynamics. Differences in soil solution concentrations among six soil pits were mainly due to spatial variation in soil properties rather than differences among the four types of lysimeters (tension, zero tension, fritted glass, and ceramic plate). Nitrogen species showed the greatest response to the installation of lysimeters, with elevated concentrations of NO3− (120 to 160 μequiv. L−1) observed during the first 2 years after installation. The high temporal and spatial variation of NO3− as well as its generation following lysimeter installation has important implications in assessing nitrogen dynamics of forest ecosystems.

scholarly journals Impacts des dépôts atmosphériques acides sur l'eau des sols forestiers

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (9) ◽  
pp. 363-373
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Graf Pannatier ◽  
Anne Thimonier ◽  
Maria Schmitt ◽  
Peter Waldner ◽  
Lorenz Walthert
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Sulphur Deposition ◽  
Ecosystem Research ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Atmospheric Acid Deposition ◽  
Study Sites

Impacts of atmospheric acid deposition on soil solutions in forests After a massive input of acidifying components on the environment in the middle of the 20th century, atmospheric acid deposition has decreased as a result of sulphur emission reduction. The continuous acid input might affect the chemistry of soils and drainage waters and accelerate soil acidification. In the framework of the Swiss Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF), we examined whether acid deposition has continued to decline in the last ten years in different forest ecosystems and how the chemistry of soil water reacted to the improvement in air quality. Acid deposition decreased significantly at only three out of the nine study sites. Sulphur deposition declined at all sites, but due to the relatively low sulphur load compared to nitrogen deposition, it did not contribute to decrease acid deposition. Chemistry of soil solution remained quite constant since the beginning of the measurements about ten years ago. We did not observe any acidification of soil solution in six out of eight sites. In contrast, changes in soil solution chemistry at two sites showed a rapid acidification. At three sites, the deeper soil layer released large amount of sulphate coupled with base cations, which likely contributed to deplete the soil in nutrients. The analysis of the base saturation in 1039 soil profiles across Switzerland shows a high risk of relatively fast acidification of soil solution in almost 20% of sites.

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