RATE OF HYDROLYSIS AND NITRIFICATION OF UREA AND IMPLICATIONS OF ITS USE IN POTATO PRODUCTION

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. MacLEAN ◽  
K. B. McRAE
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
Transformation Rate ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Soil Temperatures

The effect of soil temperature on urea hydrolysis and subsequent nitrification in an acid Podzolic soil was investigated under laboratory conditions to determine the transformation rate parameters. More than 90% of applied urea was hydrolyzed within 5 d at temperatures between 9 and 18 °C. Subsequent nitrification rates were more temperature dependent and increased from 4 up to 18 °C. Nitrification was limited at 4 °C, was extensive at 9 °C, and it was essentially complete after 48–68 d at 18 °C and 90% complete after 92 d at 9 and 13 °C. The nitrate-N produced during the cropping season from a spring application of urea was predicted, with a model based on the laboratory determined transformation rates, for field conditions at normal soil temperatures. Following spring-applied urea (20 May), the model indicated that nitrification would be virtually complete by 31 July. In a field experiment, total N uptake by Kennebec potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) from applied ammonium nitrate was 95% complete within the same period and with a similar seasonal pattern to that predicted for nitrate N produced from urea. It was concluded that urea can be a suitable source of nitrogen fertilizer for the production of potatoes. Key words: Urea hydrolysis, nitrification, potatoes, modelling, prediction

Time of Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer to Maize at Samaru, Nigeria

1973 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
One Year

SUMMARYMaize was grown for three years at three levels of nitrogen, 56, 112 and 224 kg. N ha.−1, involving altogether nine different timing and splitting treatments. Measurements were made of grain yield, plant nitrogen status and total-N-uptake, and, in one year, movement of nitrate-N in control plot soils. Where only 56 kg. N ha.−1was applied, its time of application made very little difference to yield; at higher rates of nitrogen an unsplit application as late as seven weeks was very inefficient, but only at the highest rate did a split application give any appreciable yield increase over an unsplit application to the seed bed. Consideration of the soil nitrate-N data and the long-term pattern of rainfall distribution leads to the conclusion that leaching is unlikely to be a serious problem in the nitrogen nutrition of early-planted maize.

Estimation of responses of yield and grain protein concentration of malting barley to nitrogen fertiliser using plant nitrogen uptake

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 635 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Birch ◽  
S. Fukai ◽  
I. J. Broad
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrate N

The effect of nitrogen application on the grain yield and grain protein concentration of barley was studied in 13 field trials covering a wide range of soil N conditions over 4 years at locations in south-eastern Queensland. The main objectives of the study were to quantify the response of barley to N application rate over a range of environmental conditions, and to explain the response in terms of soil mineral N, total N uptake, and N distribution in the plants. Barley made efficient use of N (60 kg grain/kg N) until grain yield reached 90% of maximum yield. Grain protein concentration did not increase to levels unacceptable for malting purposes until grain yield exceeded 85–90% of maximum yield. Nitrogen harvest index was generally high (above 0·75), and did not decrease until the total N supply exceeded that necessary for maximum grain yield. Rates of application of N for malting barley should be determined on the basis of soil analysis (nitrate-N) to 1 m depth and 90% of expected maximum grain yield, assuming that 17 kg N is taken up per tonne of grain produced. It can further be assumed that the crop makes full use of the nitrate N to 1 m present at planting, provided the soil is moist to 1 m. A framework relating grain yield to total N uptake, N harvest index, and grain N concentration is presented. Further, total N uptake of fertilised barley is related to N uptake without fertiliser, fertiliser application rate, and apparent N recovery. The findings reported here will be useful in the development of barley simulation models and decision support packages that can be used to aid N management.

Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on yield and petiolar nutrient concentration of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cvv. Kennebec and Atlantic

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 825 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Maier ◽  
AP Dahlenburg ◽  
CMJ Williams
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Potato Crops

Data are presented from 3 field experiments that studied the effects of nitrogen (N) up to 360 kg N/ha, phosphorus (P) up to 100 kg P/ha, and potassium (K) up to 480 kg K/ha on tuber yield and the concentration of N, P, and K in petioles of youngest fully expanded leaves (P-YFEL) of potato cvv. Kennebec and Atlantic sampled when the length of the longest tubers was 10-15 mm. Data on the significance of relationships between total N and P, total N and nitrate-N, and chloride and nitrate-N in P-YFEL are also presented. At 1 site, Atlantic yielded 18% higher than Kennebec; at another, it yielded 21% less. Significant K x cv. and N x cv. interactions occurred at some sites. Increasing rates of applied N significantly increased total N concentrations in P-YFEL at all sites and nitrate-N concentrations at sites that were N-deficient. At 1 site, increasing the rate of applied P from nil to 100 kg P/ha significantly increased total N concentration from 2.8 to 3.4%. Total N concentrations in P-YFEL of Atlantic were significantly lower than Kennebec. For total N, there were significant N x K and P x cv. interactions. There was no significant interaction between N, P, and K in their effects on nitrate-N concentration in P-YFEL. At all sites, the application of N and P significantly increased P concentrations in P-YFEL, and mean concentrations were significantly greater in Kennebec than Atlantic. At sites deficient in K, the application of K significantly decreased P concentration. Significant N x cv. and P x cv. interactions occurred at 2 sites. At both K-deficient and non-responsive sites, increasing rates of applied K significantly increased K concentrations in P-YFEL. Differences between cultivars in K concentration were not significant at 2 sites, and although significant at the third, the difference (0.2%) was of little practical importance. At 2 sites, significant N x K and K x P interactions were found. Significant positive linear relationships were found between total N and P concentrations in P-YFEL for both the experimental sites (r = 0.46-0.84) and commercial crops (r = 0.43-0.61). Except at site 1 (r = 0.85), total N and nitrate-N concentrations were not highly correlated. For 1 experimental site and for all the growing regions, there were significant negative linear relationships between nitrate-N and chloride concentrations in P-YFEL (r = -0.38 to -0.83). We suggest that the synergism between total N and P and the negative correlation between nitrate N and chloride are important factors to be considered to ensure reliable interpretation of early-season, petiole plant test data for these nutrients in potato crops; that the critical P and total N concentrations are different for Kennebec and Atlantic; and that when K is not yield-limiting, the main effects and interactions between K and total N, P, or nitrate-N do not confound the use of these nutrients in P-YFEL to assess the P, N, or K status of potato crops.

scholarly journals Long term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in southern Queensland .VIII. Available nitrogen indexes and their relationships to crop yield and N uptake

Soil Research ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Dalal ◽  
RJ Mayer
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Continuous Cultivation ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Mineralizable N

Six major soil series of southern Queensland were studied for the changes in the levels of available N indices (determined by both biological and chemical methods) and nitrate-N, with continuous cultivation and cereal cropping for up to 70 years. The biological N indices, measured in soil collected at planting of winter cereals, were anaerobic mineralizable N, aerobic mineralizable N and nitrate-N down to 1.2 m depth. The chemical indices were autoclave N and oven N. The predictive capabilities of various available N indices, and total N and organic C, were assessed from dry matter and N uptake of winter cereals in the field in 1983 as well as in the glasshouse. Anaerobic mineralizable N levels increased with mean annual rainfall but decreased with mean annual temperatures of the sampling sites of the six soil series. Therefore, it was possible to predict closely anaerobic mineralizable N from soil total N, and mean annual rainfall and temperature. Autoclave N showed no such trends. Anaerobic mineralizable N declined with period of cultivation, exponentially in Waco, Langlands-Logie and Cecilvale soils (0.112, 0.111 and 0.247 year-1, respectively) and linearly in the other three soil series. No consistent trends were discerned in autoclave N and oven N in four of the soil series with period of cultivation. Generally, nitrate-N (measured at planting) declined with period of cultivation. However, in Billa Billa soil, it increased in the soil profile (0-1.2 m) during the initial 7 years of cultivation and declined rapidly after 12 years. Although a number of available N indices, including total N and organic C, were significantly correlated with crop dry matter yield and N uptake, the best prediction of crop performance was provided by a combination of anaerobic mineralizable N (0-0.3 m) and nitrate-N (0-0 6 m) in the six soil series.

Soil nitrate profile and response of potatoes to fertilizer N in relation to time of incorporation of lupin (Lupinus albus)

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Sanderson ◽  
J. A. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Lupin (Lupinus albus L. ’Ultra’) was evaluated as a green manure crop the year preceding potato production on Prince Edward Island for 3 yr. One pass of tandem disc was used to incorporate lupin green manure on 1 September (early) or 1 October (late). Barley residue following combine harvest was also incorporated in the same way in early September. One treatment of lupin was left unharvested with no fall incorporation (none), and in another treatment of lupin the seed was fall harvested with no fall incorporation. All treatments were moldboard plowed the following spring. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ’Russet Burbank’) was planted with three rates of nitrogen (0, 50, and 200 kg ha−1) band applied. Tuber yield and tuber N content increased with increasing rates of N applications in all incorporation treatments. Following late incorporated lupin, potato had higher tuber yield at 0 N than following the early incorporated lupin, while both treatments were higher than barley. Potato petiole nitrate-N levels and the mean spring nitrate-N concentrations in the soil were lower following barley than following lupin, and generally lower following early compared to late incorporation of lupin green manure. These data indicate the time of fall incorporation of a legume can have a significant effect on the N response of a succeeding crop. Early fall incorporation can result in significant fall N mineralization and winter leaching. Research on N response after legumes in rotation should consider the impact of time and method of residue incorporation. Key words: Petiole nitrate-N, nitrate leaching, green manure

Effects of N rates and harvest dates on the efficiency of 15N-labelled fertilizer on early harvested potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.)

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sen Tran ◽  
M. Giroux
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Final Harvest

The efficiency of 15N-labelled fertilizer on early harvested potaotes (Solanum tuberosum L., 'Norland') was studied in field experiments on two soil series (Saint-Damase loamy sand and Soulanges sandy loam) during a 2-yr period. The 15NH415NO3 fertilizer was band applied at 0 and 140 kg N ha−1 in 1985 and 0, 70, 140 kg ha−1 in 1986 and four harvests were made during the growing season. The foliage was in full canopy development at 65 or 75 d and its dry matter yield increased significantly with the application of fertilizer-N. At this time about 70% of the total N uptake was in the foliage. From this peak, foliage N decreased gradually with time to about 28% at 95 or 100 d as N was transferred to the tubers. The N concentration in tubers was nearly constant during the growing season. As tuber dry matter increased at each successive harvest, N uptake increased proportionally. Between the first two harvest dates, from 65 to 75 d, the average rates of N accumulation in tubers were 2.1 and 4.5 kg N ha−1 d−1 for the control and N fertilized plot, respectively. The root dry matter and N concentration increased with fertilizer-N and were generally lowest on the final harvest day. Marketable tuber yield responded to N fertilization on the severely N-deficient fields in 1985. But in 1986, the 140 kg N ha−1 treatment delayed the growth of marketable tubers. The percentage of N derived from fertilizer (Ndff) was also very high in 1985 fields and was at a maximum at 65 d (64–69%) with the 140 kg N ha−1 treatment. These values were lower for the same treatments in 1986 fields (39%) because of the larger amounts of available N in soils. The maximum coefficient of utilization (ICU) of labelled fertilizer N was 72–76% in 1985 and 63–68% in 1986. At the final harvest, about 36–50% of the applied fertilizer-N was found in the tubers. Key words: Nitrogen fertilization, 15N-labelled fertilizer, N use efficiency, harvest periods, potato

scholarly journals Biochar and urease inhibitor mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions and improve wheat yield in a urea fertilized alkaline soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadim Dawar ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
M. M. R. Jahangir ◽  
Iqbal Munir ◽  
Syed Sartaj Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Assimilation

AbstractIn this study, we explored the role of biochar (BC) and/or urease inhibitor (UI) in mitigating ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) discharge from urea fertilized wheat cultivated fields in Pakistan (34.01°N, 71.71°E). The experiment included five treatments [control, urea (150 kg N ha−1), BC (10 Mg ha−1), urea + BC and urea + BC + UI (1 L ton−1)], which were all repeated four times and were carried out in a randomized complete block design. Urea supplementation along with BC and BC + UI reduced soil NH3 emissions by 27% and 69%, respectively, compared to sole urea application. Nitrous oxide emissions from urea fertilized plots were also reduced by 24% and 53% applying BC and BC + UI, respectively, compared to urea alone. Application of BC with urea improved the grain yield, shoot biomass, and total N uptake of wheat by 13%, 24%, and 12%, respectively, compared to urea alone. Moreover, UI further promoted biomass and grain yield, and N assimilation in wheat by 38%, 22% and 27%, respectively, over sole urea application. In conclusion, application of BC and/or UI can mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions from urea fertilized soil, improve N use efficiency (NUE) and overall crop productivity.

scholarly journals Combined application of biochar with fertilizer promotes nitrogen uptake in maize by increasing nitrogen retention in soil

Biochar ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Peng ◽  
Xiaori Han ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Kun Chen ◽  
Jinfeng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Total N ◽  
Residual Rate ◽  
The Third ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Entire Experiment

AbstractCombined application of biochar with fertilizers has been used to increase soil fertility and crop yield. However, the coupling mechanisms through which biochar improves crop yield at field scale and the time span over which biochar affects carbon and nitrogen transformation and crop yield are still little known. In this study, a long-term field trial (2013–2019) was performed in brown soil planting maize. Six treatments were designed: CK—control; NPK—application of chemical fertilizers; C1PK—low biochar without nitrogen fertilizer; C1NPK, C2NPK and C3NPK—biochar at 1.5, 3 and 6 t ha−1, respectively, combined with chemical fertilizers. Results showed that the δ15N value in the topsoil of 0–20 cm layer in the C3NPK treatment reached a peak of 291 ‰ at the third year (2018), and demonstrated a peak of 402 ‰ in the NPK treatment in the initial isotope trial in 2016. Synchronously, SOC was not affected until the third to fourth year after biochar addition, and resulted in a significant increase in total N of 2.4 kg N ha−1 in 2019 in C3NPK treatment. During the entire experiment, the 15N recovery rates of 74–80% were observed highest in the C2NPK and C3NPK treatments, resulting in an annual increase in yields significantly. The lowest subsoil δ15N values ranged from 66‰ to 107‰, and the 15N residual rate would take 70 years for a complete decay to 0.001% in the C3NPK. Our findings suggest that biochar compound fertilizers can increase C stability and N retention in soil and improve N uptake by maize, while the loss of N was minimized. Biochars, therefore, may have an important potential for improving the agroecosystem and ecological balance. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals Seasonal variation in nitrogen pools and <sup>15</sup>N/<sup>13</sup>C natural abundances in different tissues of grassland plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1583-1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Wang ◽  
J. K. Schjoerring
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Exchange Potential ◽  
Total N ◽  
Δ13c Values ◽  
Green Leaves ◽  
Nh3 Emission ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Grassland Plants ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
Different Tissues

Abstract. Seasonal changes in nitrogen (N) pools, carbon (C) content and natural abundance of 13C and 15N in different tissues of ryegrass plants were investigated in two intensively managed grassland fields in order to address their ammonia (NH3) exchange potential. Green leaves generally had the largest total N concentration followed by stems and inflorescences. Senescent leaves had the lowest N concentration, indicating N re-allocation. The seasonal pattern of the Γ value, i.e. the ratio between NH4+ and H+ concentrations, was similar for the various tissues of the ryegrass plants but the magnitude of Γ differed considerably among the different tissues. Green leaves and stems generally had substantially lower Γ values than senescent leaves and litter. Substantial peaks in Γ were observed during spring and summer in response to fertilization and grazing. These peaks were associated with high NH4+ rather than with low H+ concentrations. Peaks in Γ also appeared during the winter, coinciding with increasing δ15N values, indicating absorption of N derived from mineralization of soil organic matter. At the same time, δ13C values were declining, suggesting reduced photosynthesis and capacity for N assimilation. δ15N and δ13C values were more influenced by mean monthly temperature than by the accumulated monthly precipitation. In conclusion, ryegrass plants showed a clear seasonal pattern in N pools. Green leaves and stems of ryegrass plants generally seem to constitute a sink for NH3, while senescent leaves have a large potential for NH3 emission. However, management events such as fertilisation and grazing may create a high NH3 emission potential even in green plant parts. The obtained results provide input for future modelling of plant-atmosphere NH3 exchange.

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