EFFECTS OF CROPPING SYSTEM ON STRUCTURE OF BROOKSTON CLAY LOAM IN LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS AT WOODSLEE, ONTARIO

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. McKEAGUE ◽  
C. A. FOX ◽  
J. A. STONE ◽  
R. PROTZ
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Water Desorption ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
Ap Horizon ◽  
Loam Soil

Macro- and microstructure were described and water desorption characteristics were measured for a Brookston clay loam soil under different cropping systems. The Ap horizon of the long-term corn (Zea mays L.) plots differed markedly from those of a bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) plot and a never-cultivated plot as follows: massive as opposed to strongly structured, macroporosity (pore width > 60 μm) ≤ 6% as opposed to more than 10%, isolated pores as opposed to interconnected pores, bulk density 1.4–1.5 Mg m−3 as opposed to 1.0–1.3 Mg m−3. The Ap horizon of the rotation plots, oats (Avena sativa L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), alfalfa, corn, differed from those of the continuous corn plots in having many more biopores larger than 0.5 mm in diameter (≥ 0.2% relative to ≤ 0.02%). Below a depth of 30 cm comparable horizons of soils from all plots were similar in structure, bulk density and water characteristic curves. Key words: Porosity, biopores, compaction, macromorphology, image analysis

Long-term changes in Mehlich-3 extractable P and K in a sandy clay loam soil under continuous corn (Zea mays L.)

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Q. Zhang ◽  
A. F. MacKenzie ◽  
B. C. Liang
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Continuous Corn ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
P Removal

Rates of change of soil nutrient levels during crop production can be used to evaluate the long-term economic value and sustainability of fertilizer practices. Objectives were to quantify changes in Mehlich-3 extractable P and K due to additions of inorganic and manure P and K in corn (Zea mays L.) production. Surface (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm) samples were collected after harvest from 1984 to 1993 on a Chicot sandy clay loam soil (Grey Brown Luvisol) fertilized with two rates of inorganic P and K and with dairy manure. Manure P at 60 kg P ha−1 plus inorganic fertilizer P at 132 kg ha−1 yr−1 increased extractable P 1.0 kg for every 4.2 kg added P if only topsoil was considered, for every 3.2 kg added P if corn grain P removal was deducted, and for every 2.8 kg added P if subsoil increases were included but corn P uptake excluded, and 2.1 kg added P with subsoil P included and corn P removal deducted. Without manure, 132 kg P ha−1 yr−1 increased Mehlich-3 extractable P by 1.0 kg for every 8.1 kg P added, or 5.3 kg P added if corn P removal was deducted from added fertilizer P. At the low rate of 44 kg P ha−1 with manure P, Mehlich-3 levels increased by 1.0 kg P for every 5.2 kg added fertilizer P. Extractable P remained constant when inorganic fertilizer P was added without manure, probably because crop removals equalled fertilizer additions. Mehlich-3 extractable K increased in both top soil and subsoil at rates of 141 and 332 kg ha−1 yr−1 inorganic K except for the 141 K rate in the final four years when no manure was applied. When both soil depths were included and summed over all years, values of added K to increase extractable K by 1.0 kg ranged from 4.2 to 5.5 kg, regardless of source or rate of added K. To increase soil test P, manure combined with high P rates was more effective per unit added P than low P rates or added P without manure. Either form or rate of added K was equivalent in increasing extractable K. Key words: Long-term fertilization, continuous corn, organic manure P, inorganic P, Mehlich-3 extractable P, Mehlich-3 extractable K

WATER CONTENT AND SOIL CORE VOLUME ON BROOKSTON CLAY LOAM

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. STONE ◽  
K. C. WIRES
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Core Volume

Soil core volumes, from a long-term fertility experiment on Brookston clay loam, were adjusted for soil water content at sampling to explain large year-to-year fluctuations in bulk density and porosity. Adjusting the long-term soil core data decreased values of bulk density, total porosity, and air-filled porosity and reduced the variation between years. However, the year-to-year variation remained highly significant. Year-to-year fluctuations in bulk density and porosity on Brookston clay loam soil do not appear to be solely the result of changes in soil volume due to differences in soil water content at the time of sampling. Key words: Shrinkage, bulk density, porosity

Effect of Long-term Cropping Systems on Soil Hydrophobicity of a Clay Loam Soil Under Dryland Conditions in Southern Alberta

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim J. Miller ◽  
Mallory Owen ◽  
Ben Ellert ◽  
Xueming Yang ◽  
Craig F. Drury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Hydrophobicity

The objective was to quantify the effect of crop rotations, crop type, life cycle, nitrogen fertilizer, manure application, and fallow on soil hydrophobicity (SH). The SH was measured for a long-term (16 yr) dryland field experiment on a Dark Brown clay loam soil in southern Alberta, Canada. Mean SH was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater in rotations with grass, perennial crops, manure application, and continuous cropping; whereas cereal-legume rotations and N fertilizer effects were undetectable. A strong, positive correlation occurred between SH and soil organic carbon concentration (r=0.73). Soil water repellency should be measured on these plots using water-based methods.

scholarly journals Long-Term Green Manure Rotations Improve Soil Biochemical Properties, Yield Sustainability and Nutrient Balances in Acidic Paddy Soil under a Rice-Based Cropping System

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 780
Author(s):  
Muhammad Qaswar ◽  
Jing Huang ◽  
Waqas Ahmed ◽  
Dongchu Li ◽  
Shujun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Sustainability ◽  
Double Rice ◽  
Winter Fallow

Cultivation of green manure (GM) crops in intensive cropping systems is important for enhancing crop productivity through soil quality improvement. We investigated yield sustainability, nutrient stocks, nutrient balances and enzyme activities affected by different long-term (1982–2016) green manure rotations in acidic paddy soil in a double-rice cropping system. We selected four treatments from a long-term experiment, including (1) rice-rice-winter fallow as a control treatment (R-R-F), (2) rice-rice-milkvetch (R-R-M), (3) rice-rice-rapeseed (R-R-R), and (4) rice-rice-ryegrass (R-R-G). The results showed that different GM rotations increased grain yield and the sustainable yield index compared with those of the R-R-F treatment. Compared with those of R-R-F, the average grain yield of early rice in R-R-M, R-R-R, and R-R-G increased by 45%, 29%, and 27%, respectively and that of late rice increased by 46%, 28%, and 26%, respectively. Over the years, grain yield increased in all treatments except R-R-F. Green manure also improved the soil chemical properties (SOM and total and available N and P), except soil pH, compared to those of the control treatment. During the 1983–1990 cultivation period, the soil pH of the R-R-M treatment was lower than that of the R-R-F treatment. The addition of green manure did not mitigate the soil acidification caused by the use of inorganic fertilizers. The soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents and stocks of C, N and P increased over the years. Furthermore, GM significantly increased phosphatase and urease activities and decreased the apparent N and P balances compared with those in the winter fallow treatment. Variance partitioning analysis revealed that soil properties, cropping systems, and climatic factors significantly influenced annual grain yield. Aggregated boosted tree (ABT) analysis quantified the relative influences of the different soil properties on annual grain yield and showed that the relative influences of TN content, SOM, pH, and TP content on annual crop yield were 27.8%, 25.7%, 22.9%, and 20.7%, respectively. In conclusion, GM rotation is beneficial for sustaining high crop yields by improving soil biochemical properties and reducing N and P balances in acidic soil under double- rice cropping systems.

Effects of tillage and direct drilling on soil properties during the growing season in a long-term barley mono-culture system

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Pidgeon ◽  
B. D. Soane
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Equilibrium Density ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Cone Resistance

SUMMARYSoil responses to deep (30–35 cm) and normal (15–20 cm) mouldboard ploughing, chisel ploughing and zero-tillage have been compared for 7 years in a field experiment growing continuous spring barley near Edinburgh. The soil was of variable texture, from moderately well-drained sandy loam overlying loam to imperfectly to poorly drained sandy clay loam overlying clay loam, classified as stagnogleyic brown earth to cambio stagnogley soil. Soils of this type derived from Carboniferous till are widely used for cereal production in south-east Scotland. Measurements of soil physical properties were made at crop emergence, midseason and at harvest to characterize seasonal and long-term responses to tillage and traffic. After the first 3 years bulk density responses varied little within or between seasons, showing a compacted horizon from 0–15 cm under zero-tillage and a looser horizon from 21–33 cm under deep ploughing compared with normal ploughing. Immediately below the depth of normal ploughing there was no difference in bulk density between this treatment and zero-tillage while in some years the chisel-ploughing treatment was denser. Moisture content responses on a weight basis, together with air-filled porosity responses, showed large differences between treatments particularly at the time of crop emergency, indicating substantial alterations in the soil profile hydrology. Expressed on a volume basis the increased moisture content near the surface under zero-tillage became more pronounced and the other effects disappeared. Cone resistance responses were proportionately larger than those for bulk density and showed one major difference in that below the depth of ploughing cone resistance was greater for zero-tillage than normal ploughing in the sixth and seventh seasons, but not previously. For bulk density, but probably not for cone resistance, there were no increases after the third season of zero-tillage, the soil reaching an equilibrium density for the current management practices and machinery usage.

Fly ash influence on near-surface temperature of a clay loam soil

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M Hammermeister ◽  
D. S. Chanasyk ◽  
M. A. Naeth
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

It has been suggested that fly ash, when applied as a soil amendment, would increase soil temperature. However, no quantitative data have been provided to support this hypothesis. This hypothesis was tested on four fly ash treatments (0, 100, 200, and 400 t ha−1) applied to clay loam soil in a randomized block design. Bi-hourly soil temperatures were measured on 3 summer days over 2 yr, and afternoon temperatures were measured on randomly selected spring days at 5-, 10-, and 20-cm depths in the four fly ash treatments. Temperatures were measured in conjunction with surface bulk density, water content, and particle size distribution which were also used to calculate thermal heat capacity. Fly ash decreased percent clay, soil water content, and soil heat capacity. Contrary to previously expected trends, fly ash amendment did not significantly increase mean daily soil temperature under dry conditions. Generalizations in the literature regarding the influence of fly ash on soil temperature, bulk density, and water-holding capacity must be considered carefully since they generally relate only to coarse to medium textured soils. Key words: Soil amendments, bulk density, reclamation, heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, volumetric water content, particle size distribution

CO2 Emissions and Maize Biomass Production Using Digestate Liquid Fraction in Two Soil Texture Types

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1325-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmelo Maucieri ◽  
Maurizio Borin
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Emission Peak ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Loam Soil

Abstract. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil texture and primary tillage type on soil CO2 emission and maize biomass production after digestate liquid fraction (DLF) spreading. The study was conducted in 2014 in two open fields at Terrasa Padovana (farm 1) and Bovolenta (farm 2) in the Veneto Region of Italy. Soil CO2 emission after digestate spreading was evaluated by comparing the effect of soil texture (sandy loam vs. clay loam) at farm 1 and the effect of long-term primary tillage management (>10 years) (ripping vs. plowing) in clay loam soil at farm 2. Unamended soil was considered the control at both farms. DLF was supplied before maize ( L.) sowing at a dose equal to 170 kg total nitrogen ha-1 using a splash-plate technique. DLF spreading determined a CO2 emission peak 1 h after spreading at both farms, with median emission values of 8.93 and 4.35 g m-2 h-1, respectively, from the sandy loam and clay loam soils at farm 1. At farm 2, primary tillage type did not exert a significant effect on CO2 emission peak, with a median value of 5.85 g m-2 h-1. About three days after DLF distribution, soil CO2 fluxes were less than 1 g m-2 h-1. The first soil harrowing and the first rainfall event after spreading determined significantly higher CO2 emissions from amended plots than from unamended plots for a few hours. At farm 1, soil CO2 emission during the maize growing season was significantly higher in the amended plots (+1.7 times) than in the unamended plots, which showed a median emission value of 0.29 g m-2 h-1; soil texture and tillage exerted no significant influence. Maize yield at dough stage was not significantly influenced by DLF at farm 1, with 22.7 ±1.6 Mg ha-1 and 18.7 ±2.8 Mg ha-1 in the clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. At farm 2, the distribution of DLF increased maize biomass production by +17% with respect to the unamended treatment that produced 18.0 ±2.4 Mg ha-1. Although the results reported in this article concern data from only one year, and further long-term experiments are needed to confirm our findings, they indicate that CO2 emissions after digestate distribution are lower in a clay loam soil than in a sandy loam soil and are not affected by primary tillage type. Keywords: Clay loam soil, Digestate splash-plate spreading, Plowing, Ripping, Sandy loam soil.

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