EFFECT OF CROPPING, SUMMERFALLOW AND FERTILIZER NITROGEN ON NITRATE-NITROGEN LOST BY LEACHING ON A BROWN CHERNOZEMIC LOAM

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
R. P. ZENTNER ◽  
R. DE JONG
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Soil Pores

In 1982, six crop rotation treatments that were initiated in 1967 on a Orthic Brown Chernozemic loam were sampled for soil NO3-N and moisture to a depth of 240 cm. Soil samples were taken on 18 May and 10 June from all treatments, on 2 Sept. on fallow treatments only, and on 14 Oct. from cropped treatments. Precipitation during the sampling period was about 23% above the long-term average. It was estimated that at least 123 kg NO3-N∙ha−1 were leached from the top 240 cm of fallow soils. Leaching appeared to result from a portion of the precipitation moving through macro soil pores. There was evidence that water and NO3-N might also move upwards from below the 240-cm depth. Of the six rotations examined, the 2-yr and 3-yr spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotations lost the most NO3-N. The presence of fall rye (Secale cereale L.) in a fallow-rye-wheat rotation was very effective in reducing NO3-N losses. Spring wheat, when grown continuously, was also very effective in reducing NO3-N losses but even here there was some evidence of leaching beyond the root zone. Application of fertilizer N and P at amounts based on soil test recommendations reduced NO3-N leached. It was estimated from long-term precipitation data, that over the past 100 yr about 20% of the soil organic N that was present at the time of breaking the land has been lost from the soil via leaching. It was concluded that leaching losses of N from the soils on the Canadian prairies had been greatly underestimated and were partly responsible for losses attributed to the more visible wind erosion. Key words: Nitrate movement, crop rotations, fertilizer and leaching, summerfallow and leaching, bimodal leaching

EFFECTS OF INCREMENTAL N FERTILIZATION ON GRAIN YIELD AND DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF SIX SPRING WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. GEHL ◽  
L. D. BAILEY ◽  
C. A. GRANT ◽  
J. M. SADLER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation

A 3-yr study was conducted on three Orthic Black Chernozemic soils to determine the effects of incremental N fertilization on grain yield and dry matter accumulation and distribution of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Urea (46–0–0) was sidebanded at seeding in 40 kg N ha−1 increments from 0 to 240 kg ha−1 in the first year and from 0 to 200 kg ha−1 in the 2 subsequent years. Nitrogen fertilization increased the grain and straw yields of all cultivars in each experiment. The predominant factor affecting the N response and harvest index of each cultivar was available moisture. At two of the three sites, 91% of the interexperiment variability in mean maximum grain yield was explained by variation in root zone moisture at seeding. Mean maximum total dry matter varied by less than 12% among cultivars, but mean maximum grain yield varied by more than 30%. Three semidwarf cultivars, HY 320, Marshall and Solar, had consistently higher grain yield and grain yield response to N than Glenlea and Katepwa, two standard height cultivars, and Len, a semidwarf. The mean maximum grain yield of HY 320 was the highest of the cultivars on test and those of Katepwa and Len the lowest. Len produced the least straw and total dry matter. The level of N fertilization at maximum grain yield varied among cultivars, sites and years. Marshall and Solar required the highest and Len the lowest N rates to achieve maximum grain yield. The year-to-year variation in rates of N fertilization needed to produce maximum grain yield on a specific soil type revealed the limitations of N fertility recommendations based on "average" amounts and temporal distribution of available moisture.Key words: Wheat (spring), N response, standard height, semidwarf, grain yield

scholarly journals AAC Redstar hard red spring wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew James Burt ◽  
D.G. Humphreys ◽  
J. Mitchell Fetch ◽  
Denis Green ◽  
Thomas Fetch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Moderately Resistant

AAC Redstar is an early maturing, high yielding hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar that is well adapted to the northern Canadian Prairies and eligible for grades of Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat. Over three years (2016-2018) of testing in the Parkland Wheat Cooperative registration trials, AAC Redstar was 11% higher yielding than AC Splendor, 6% higher than Parata, and 4% higher than Glenn and Carberry. AAC Redstar matured 3 days earlier than Glenn, 2 days earlier than Carberry and had similar maturity to Parata. AAC Redstar was shorter than all checks except Carberry and had better lodging resistance compared to all the check cultivars in the registration trial. The test weight and thousand kernel weight of AAC Redstar were similar to Carberry. The grain protein concentration of AAC Redstar was 0.2% lower than Carberry. AAC Redstar was rated moderately resistant to Fusarium head blight, leaf rust, stripe rust and common bunt. AAC Redstar had resistant reactions to loose smut, and stem rust. AAC Redstar was registered under the CWRS market class.

THE FIRST 12 YEARS OF A LONG-TERM CROP ROTATION STUDY IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN — NITRATE-N DISTRIBUTION IN SOIL AND N UPTAKE BY THE PLANT

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. L. READ ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
V. O. BIEDERBECK ◽  
G. E. WINKLEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Rotation Study ◽  
Key Words Nitrate

The distribution of NO3-N in the soil, and N uptake by the crop during the first 12 yr of a long-term rotation study at Swift Current, Saskatchewan were studied. A considerable amount of NO3-N appeared to be leached beyond the rooting zone of the cereal crop in years of above average precipitation and also in some relatively dry years with heavy spring rains. Thus, leaching of NO3-N seemed to occur even under continuous wheat rotations. At all times there was considerable NO3-N situated at the 60- to 120-cm depth. In wet years N uptake by the plants reduced the amount of NO3-N located in the subsoil, but in dry years the amount of NO3-N in the subsoil remained higher throughout the growing season. The latter could result in groundwater pollution, especially if such a soil was fallowed the next year. Fall rye (Secale cereale L.) made more efficient use of mineral N than spring-sown crops. In dry years more NO3-N persisted in the root zone of N-fertilized wheat than in the root zone of unfertilized wheat, but in wet and average years there was little difference due to N application. The average rate of net NO3-N production in fallow land from spring thaw to freeze-up (166 days) was 107 kg∙ha−1. Values ranged from about 60 to 175 kg∙ha−1 with the lowest values being obtained during very dry or very wet years. The quantity of N mineralized (kg∙ha−1) between spring thaw and freeze-up was related to precipitation (mm) by the equation Nmin = 29.0 + 0.20 precipitation for the 0- to 60-cm depth (R2 = 0.65*). Key words: Nitrate leaching, N uptake, crop rotations, N mineralization rate

Glenavon hard red extra strong spring wheat

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Humphreys ◽  
T. F. Townley-Smith ◽  
E. Czarnecki ◽  
S. L. Fox ◽  
P. D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Loose Smut ◽  
Common Bunt ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Cultivar Description ◽  
Spring Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Glenavon hard red extra strong spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is adapted to the Canadian prairies. It combines 2 to 6% higher grain yield with improved test weight compared to AC Corinne, Glenlea and Wildcat. It is resistant to moderately resistant to prevalent races of leaf and stem rust, resistant to loose smut, and of intermediate resistance to common bunt. Glenavon is eligible for all grades of the Canada Western Extra Strong wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., Canada Western Extra Strong, hard red extra strong spring wheat, cultivar description, yield, disease resistance

Peace hard red spring wheat

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 1297-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Humphreys ◽  
T. F. Townley-Smith ◽  
O. M. Lukow ◽  
B. D. McCallum ◽  
T. G. Fetch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Quality Specifications ◽  
End Use ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Highly Virulent

Humphreys, D. G., Townley-Smith, T. F., Lukow, O. M., McCallum, B. D., Fetch, T. G., Gilbert, J. A., Menzies, J. G., Tkachuk, V., Brown, P. D. and Fox, S. L. 2014. Peace hard red spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1297–1302. Peace is a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) adapted to the shorter-season wheat-growing regions of the Canadian prairies. Peace was evaluated in the Parkland Wheat Cooperative Test in 1999, 2000 and 2001. Peace exhibited grain yield similar to the check cultivars over 2 yr (1999–2000; Neepawa and Roblin) and over 3 yr (1999–2001; AC Barrie and AC Splendor) Peace matured a day earlier than AC Barrie but was 2 d later than AC Splendor over 3 yr of testing (1999–2001) and was a day later than Neepawa and Roblin over 2 yr of testing (1999–2000). Peace had test weight similar to the check cultivars. Peace was moderately resistant to leaf rust and loose smut and resistant to stem rust including the highly virulent Ug99 race of stem rust and common bunt. Peace was moderately susceptible to Fusarium head blight. Peace meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring wheat class.

Cold acclimation inhibits CO2-dependent stimulation of photosynthesis in spring wheat and spring rye

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 433-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keshav Dahal ◽  
Khalil Kane ◽  
Fathey Sarhan ◽  
Bernard Grodzinski ◽  
Norman P.A. Hüner
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Stimulation Of

We assessed the effects of short-term elevated CO2 on the light-saturated rates of photosynthesis (Asat) of spring (‘SR4A’, ‘Katepwa’) and winter (‘Musketeer’, ‘Norstar’) wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.) cultivars grown at ambient CO2 (380 µmol C·mol–1) at either 20/16 °C (nonacclimated, NA) or 5/5 °C (cold acclimated, CA). In spring wheat–rye, cold acclimation decreased CO2-stimulation of Asat by 45%–60% relative to NA controls following a short-term (80 h) shift of plants from ambient to elevated CO2 (700 µmol C·mol–1). In contrast, in winter wheat–rye, cold acclimation enhanced CO2-stimulation of Asat by 15%–35% relative to NA controls upon a shift to elevated CO2. The stimulation observed for CA spring cultivars was about 60% less than that of CA winter cultivars. We conclude that a short-term exposure of spring cultivars to elevated CO2 cannot compensate for the cold acclimation-induced inhibition of Asat. Cold acclimation of spring cultivars appeared to exacerbate Rubisco CO2 substrate limitations present under ambient CO2. Furthermore, CA spring cultivars were unable to adjust their short-term temperature sensitivity of Asat under elevated CO2 compared with the winter cultivars.

AC Abbey hard red spring wheat

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. DePauw ◽  
J. M. Clarke ◽  
R. E. Knox ◽  
M. R. Fernandez ◽  
T. N. McCaig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Common Bunt ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Moderate Resistance

AC Abbey, hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), is adapted to the Canadian prairies. It is significantly shorter than any of the check cultivars and has solid stems. AC Abbey expressed higher grain yield, earlier maturity, and heavier kernels than AC Eatonia, the solidstem check cultivar. It is resistant to the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) and to prevalent races of common bunt and has moderate resistance to leaf rust and stem rust. AC Abbey is eligible for grades of Canada Western Red Spring wheat. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., red spring wheat, yield, wheat stem sawfly, plant height, maturity

EPIC estimates of soil water, nitrogen and carbon under semiarid temperate conditions

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Roloff ◽  
R. de jong ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
V. M. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Support Tool

The Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model is an important support tool for environmental management. Previous tests of the model have determined that it is suitable for long-term yield estimation, but it is less precise in assessing annual yield variability. To determine the reasons for the discrepancies between estimated and measured yields, we tested the ability of EPIC version 5300 to predict soil water and soil nitrogen dynamics, using data from a long-term spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation experiment in the semiarid prairie region of Canada. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimates varied among methods tested: Priestley-Taylor and Penman-Monteith methods resulted in PET means that were about twice those obtained with the Hargreaves and Baier-Robertson methods. The higher PET means were associated with an excessive estimation of net radiation. We used the Baier-Robertson method to generate the other estimates reported herein. EPIC generally overestimated total soil water, but it still allowed clear differentiation among rotation phases and times of the year, and provided adequate estimates of water during the critical shot-blade stage. Water estimates by soil layer were also generally overpredicted, especially at depths from 0.15 to 0.60 m, but we were able to differentiate among rotation phases and times of the year. Precision of these latter estimates was generally low, accounting at most for 27% of the variability, and varied by soil layer, rotation phase and time of the year. Nitrate-N estimates tended to be lower than measured values, especially at depths below 0.3 m and during vegetative growth phases. However, the estimates also allowed us to distinguish among the rotation phases and times of the year. Total N and organic C were satisfactorily estimated by EPIC. In general, EPIC provided adequate long-term estimates of the environmental quality indicators tested. Key words: Environmental quality, environmental modelling, sustainability, spring wheat, fallow, potential evapotranspiration methods

Soil responses to topsoil replacement depth and organic amendments in wellsite reclamation

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis J. Larney ◽  
Olalekan O. Akinremi ◽  
Reynald L. Lemke ◽  
Vasile E. Klaassen ◽  
H. Henry Janzen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Soil Responses ◽  
Changes In Soil Properties

Changes in soil properties reflect the success or failure of reclamation practices on abandoned wellsites. We examined the effect on soil properties of four (0, 50, 100 and 150%) topsoil replacement depths (TRD) and five amendment treatments [compost, manure, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay, check] aimed at reclaiming three wellsites (Strathmore, Hesketh and Rosedale) in southcentral Alberta. TRD treatment differences were consistent across all wellsites, with 30 to 32% higher soil organic carbon (SOC) on the 150% TRD compared to the 0% TRD. Initially, the alfalfa treatment showed higher levels of nitrate-nitrogen (e.g., 26 mg kg-1 vs. 3 to 7 mg kg-1 for the other amendment treatments in the 15- to 30-cm depth at Strathmore in fall 1998), which was related to its rapid breakdown and mineralization of organic N. After 40 mo (June 1997-October 2000), the average amounts (n = 3 wellsites) of added C conserved near the soil surface were: compost (65 ±10% SE) > manure (45 ±16% SE) > alfalfa (28 ±11% SE) > straw (23 ± 6% SE). Our results show that organic amendments play an important role in improving soil properties related to long-term productivity of reclaimed wellsites, especially where topsoil is scarce or absent. Key words: Wellsite reclamation, topsoil depth, organic amendments, soil quality

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