SOIL AND FERTILIZER-N TRANSFORMATIONS UNDER SIMULATED ZERO TILL: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE REGIMES

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. RENNIE ◽  
M. HEIMO
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Derived Data

Cool soil temperature regimes with initial soil temperatures of 5 °C rising to 20 °C at the heading stage reduced the rate of growth of barley by approximately one-third compared to 15–25 °C but did not change the barley yield or the fate of the applied fertilizer N in the soil biomass, roots, or tops of the plant or that lost by denitrification. The primary isotope data, % Ndff or ’A’ values remained relatively constant irrespective of whether the straw was placed on the surface or mixed throughout the soil. In contrast, the nitrogen balance data verified that fertilizer N loss, presumably due to denitrification, was as high as 35% in certain treatments, and further that up to 40% of the added fertilizer N was immobilized where the straw was uniformly mixed in the soil. The nitrogen balance data were used to correct the original rate of fertilizer N application. When this was done, A values calculated on the basis of the revised rates of application showed that the amount of soil N which was denitrified or immobilized was approximately double that of the applied fertilizer N. Thus, it is possible where a N balance is included in an investigation to quantitatively assess the effect of management practices on available soil N. It is further concluded that differential immobilization or denitrification of the 15N fertilizer standard may invalidate yield-dependent isotope-derived data, such as dinitrogen fixation unless nitrogen balance data are available to permit the appropriate corrections to be made. Key words: Zero till, N-cycle, temperature, crop residues, barley

Nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane emissions from irrigated cropping systems as influenced by legumes, manure and fertilizer

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
B H Ellert ◽  
H H Janzen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Flux Chamber ◽  
Livestock Manure ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Intensively Managed

Irrigated land in southern Alberta is intensively managed, producing high yields but also requiring higher inputs, notably of nitrogen (N), than adjacent rainfed lands. The higher N inputs, combined with enhanced soil moisture, might stimulate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, but the influence of management on these emissions has not been widely studied. Our objective was to assess soil N2O emissions, along with those of carbon dioxide (CO2) and of methane (CH4), from irrigated cropping systems as influenced by source of N. We used a chamber technique to measure year-round emissions for 3 yr in long-term irrigated crop rotations receiving N as legume crop residues, non-legume crop residues, livestock manure or ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Unlike CO2 fluxes, which peaked during the growing season, those of N2O showed no consistent seasonal trends; emissions occurred sporadically in bursts throughout the year. Depending on management practices, 0.4 to 4.0 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1 was emitted to the atmosphere. The amount of N2O emitted from the alfalfa system, averaged over all manure and fertilizer N amendments, was more than twofold that emitted from the corn system. The proportions of fertilizer-N released as N2O were 0.95% for the alfalfa system and 1.30% for the corn system. After livestock manure or legume residues were incorporated, soil CO2 and N2O emissions appeared to be intertwined, but during the early spring N2O emissions were decoupled from CO2. Furthermore, N2O emissions were highly variable in space; at three of 54 chambers, N2O fluxes were consistently 12 to 55 times greater than those for other chambers in the same treatment. Such complexity conceals the underlying processes of net N2O production and transport to the soil surface. Key words: Greenhouse gas, fluxes, carbon dioxide, methane, flux chamber, alfalfa, silage corn, fababean, manure, fertilizer, N inputs, N2O leakage, legumes

scholarly journals Effects of 15N-labelled crop residues and management practices on subsequent winter wheat yields, nitrogen benefits and recovery under field conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
KULDIP KUMAR ◽  
K. M. GOH ◽  
W. R. SCOTT ◽  
C. M. FRAMPTON
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Leguminous Crop ◽  
Residual Fertilizer N

Nitrogen-15 enriched ammonium sulphate was applied to micro-plots in a field in which two leguminous (white clover and peas) and two non-leguminous (ryegrass and winter wheat) crops were grown to produce 15N-labelled crop residues and roots during 1993/94. Nitrogen benefits and recovery of crop residue-N, root-N and residual fertilizer-N by three succeeding winter wheat crops were studied. Each crop residue was subjected to four different residue management treatments (ploughed, rotary hoed, mulched or burned) before the first sequential wheat crop (1994/95) was sown, followed by the second (1995/96) and third wheat crops (1996/97), in each of which residues of the previous wheat crop were removed and all plots were ploughed uniformly before sowing. Grain yields of the first sequential wheat crop followed the order: white clover > peas > ryegrass > wheat. The mulched treatment produced significantly lower grain yield than those of other treatments. In the first sequential wheat crop, leguminous and non-leguminous residues supplied between 29–57% and 6–10% of wheat N accumulated respectively and these decreased with successive sequential crops. Rotary hoed treatment reduced N benefits of white clover residue-N while no significant differences in N benefits occurred between residue management treatments in non-leguminous residues. On average, the first wheat crop recovered between 29–37% of leguminous and 11–13% of non-leguminous crop residues-N. Corresponding values for root plus residual fertilizer-N were between 5–19% and 2–3%, respectively. Management treatments produced similar effects to those of N benefits. On average, between 5 to 8% of crop residue-N plus root and residual fertilizer-N was recovered by each of the second and third sequential wheat crops from leguminous residues compared to 2 to 4% from non-leguminous residues. The N recoveries tended to be higher under mulched treatments especially under leguminous than non-leguminous residues for the second sequential wheat crop but were variable for the third sequential wheat crop. Relatively higher proportions of leguminous residue-N were unaccounted in ploughed and rotary hoed treatments compared with those of mulched and burned treatments. In non-leguminous residue-N, higher unaccounted residue-N occurred under burned (33–44%) compared with other treatments (20–27%).

The nitrogen cycle in the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment: recovery and losses of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied in spring and inputs of nitrogen from the atmosphere

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Powlson ◽  
The Late G. Pruden ◽  
A. E. Johnston ◽  
D. S. Jenkinson
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Biological Fixation ◽  
Soil System ◽  
N Content ◽  
P Deficiency

SUMMARY15N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer (containing equal quantities of ammonium-N and nitrate-N) was applied in 4 consecutive years (1980–3) to different microplots located within the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment at Rothamsted, an experiment which has carried winter wheat continuously since 1843. Plots receiving 48, 96, 144 and 192 kg N/ha every year were given labelled fertilizer in mid-April at (nominally) these rates.Grain yields ranged from 1–2 t/ha on plots given no N fertilizer since 1843 to a maximum of 7·3 t/ha with 196 kg N/ha. On plots given adequate P and K fertilizer, between 51 and 68% of the labelled N was recovered in the above-ground crop; only about 40% was recovered where P deficiency limited crop growth. In 1981 fertilizerderived N retained in soil (0–70 cm) at harvest increased from 16 kg/ha, where 48 kg/ha was applied, to 38 kg/ha, where 192 kg/ha was applied. More than 80% of this retained N was in the plough layer (0–23 cm).Overall recovery of fertilizer N in crop plus soil ranged from 70 % to more than 90 % over the 4 years of the experiments. Losses of N were larger in years when spring rainfall was above average and when soil moisture deficits shortly after application were small.Crop uptake of unlabelled N derived from soil increased from 28 kg N/ha on the plot given no fertilizer N to 67 kg N/ha on the plot given 144 kg N/ha. The extra uptake of unlabelled N was mainly, if not entirely, due to greater mineralization of soil N in the plots that had been given N fertilizer for many years. Presumably fertilizer N increased the annual return of crop residues, which in turn led to an accumulation of mineralizable organic N, although there was only a small increase in total soil N content.Wheat given NH4-N grew less well and took up less N than wheat given N08-N in the relatively dry spring of 1980; there was little difference between the two forms of N in the wetter spring of 1981. In both years more fertilizer N was retained in the soil at harvest when fertilizer was applied as NH4-N than as N03-N.The N content of the soil in several plots of the experiment has been constant for many years, so that the annual removal of N is balanced by the annual input. A nitrogen balance for the plot given 144 kg fertilizer N/ha showed an average annual input of non-fertilizer N of at least 48 kg/ha, of which N in rain and seed accounts for about 14 kg/ha. The remainder may come from biological fixation of atmospheric N2 by blue-green algae, or from dry deposition of oxides of nitrogen and/or NH3 onto crop and soil. The overall annual loss of N from the crop–soil system on this particular plot was 54 kg N/ha per year, 28% of the total annual input from fertilizer and nonfertilizer N.

Comparison of rotations in which barley for grain follows woollypod vetch or forage barley

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Papastylianou ◽  
Th. Samios
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Total Soil N

SummaryUsing data from rotation studies in which barley or woollypod vetch were included, both cut for hay and preceding barley for grain, it is shown that forage barley gave higher dry-matter yield than woollypod vetch (3·74 v. 2·92 t/ha per year). However, the latter gave feedingstuff of higher nitrogen concentration and yield (86 kg N/ha per year for vetch v. 55 kg N/ha per year for barley). Rainfall was an important factor in controlling the yield of the two forages and the comparison between them in different years and sites. Barley following woollypod vetch gave higher grain yield than when following forage barley (2·36 v. 1·91 t/ha). Rotation sequences which included woollypod vetch had higher output of nitrogen (N) than input of fertilizer N with a positive value of 44–60 kg N/ha per year. In rotations where forage barley was followed by barley for grain the N balance between output and input was 5–6 kg N/ha. Total soil N was similar in the different rotations at the end of a 7-year period.

scholarly journals Crop residues on short-term CO2 emissions in sugarcane production areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana M. Corradi ◽  
Alan R. Panosso ◽  
Marcílio V. Martins Filho ◽  
Newton La Scala Junior
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Production Areas

The proper management of agricultural crop residues could produce benefits in a warmer, more drought-prone world. Field experiments were conducted in sugarcane production areas in the Southern Brazil to assess the influence of crop residues on the soil surface in short-term CO2 emissions. The study was carried out over a period of 50 days after establishing 6 plots with and without crop residues applied to the soil surface. The effects of sugarcane residues on CO2 emissions were immediate; the emissions from residue-covered plots with equivalent densities of 3 (D50) and 6 (D100) t ha-1 (dry mass) were less than those from non-covered plots (D0). Additionally, the covered fields had lower soil temperatures and higher soil moisture for most of the studied days, especially during the periods of drought. Total emissions were as high as 553.62 ± 47.20 g CO2 m-2, and as low as 384.69 ± 31.69 g CO2 m-2 in non-covered (D0) and covered plot with an equivalent density of 3 t ha-1 (D50), respectively. Our results indicate a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, indicating conservation of soil carbon over the short-term period following the application of sugarcane residues to the soil surface.

scholarly journals Intensive slurry management and climate change promote nitrogen mining from organic matter-rich montane grassland soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 456 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
Marcus Schlingmann ◽  
Ursina Tobler ◽  
Bernd Berauer ◽  
Noelia Garcia-Franco ◽  
Peter Wilfahrt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Alpine Region ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Grassland Soils ◽  
Land Use Intensification ◽  
Plant Soil

Abstract Aims Consequences of climate change and land use intensification on the nitrogen (N) cycle of organic-matter rich grassland soils in the alpine region remain poorly understood. We aimed to identify fates of fertilizer N and to determine the overall N balance of an organic-matter rich grassland in the European alpine region as influenced by intensified management and warming. Methods We combined 15N cattle slurry labelling with a space for time climate change experiment, which was based on translocation of intact plant-soil mesocosms down an elevational gradient to induce warming of +1 °C and + 3 °C. Mesocosms were subject to either extensive or intensive management. The fate of slurry-N was traced in the plant-soil system. Results Grassland productivity was very high (8.2 t - 19.4 t dm ha−1 yr−1), recovery of slurry 15N in mowed plant biomass was, however, low (9.6–14.7%), illustrating low fertilizer N use efficiency and high supply of plant available N via mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM). Higher 15N recovery rates (20.2–31.8%) were found in the soil N pool, dominated by recovery in unextractable N. Total 15N recovery was approximately half of the applied tracer, indicating substantial loss to the environment. Overall, high N export by harvest (107–360 kg N ha−1 yr−1) markedly exceeded N inputs, leading to a negative grassland N balance. Conclusions Here provided results suggests a risk of soil N mining in montane grasslands, which increases both under climate change and land use intensification.

EFFECTS OF GROWING SEASON SOIL TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE, AND NH4-N ON SOIL NITROGEN

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
D. W. STEWART ◽  
W. NICHOLAICHUK ◽  
V. O. BIEDERBECK
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Soil N ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Multiple Regression Technique ◽  
Time Required

Wood Mountain loam was wetted with water or (NH4)2SO4 solution to provide a factorial combination among three moisture and three NH4-N levels. Samples in polyethylene bags were incubated at 2.5-cm depths in fallow, and in an incubator that simulated the diurnal patterns of temperature fluctuation recorded in the field. During the growing season, treatments were sampled regularly for moisture, NO3− and exchangeable NH4-N. Similar determinations were made on in situ samples taken in fallow Wood Mountain loam. The incubator simulated the effects of growing season temperatures on soil N transformations satisfactorily. Pronounced increases or decreases in temperature led to flushes in N mineralization. However, in the 1972 growing season, temperature was suboptimal and temperature changes were generally small. Consequently, when a stepwise multiple regression technique was used to analyze the data, neither ammonification nor nitrification showed a quantitative relationship to temperature. Comparison of the nitrification occurring in laboratory-incubated soils with that occurring in situ led to the conclusion that 70 to 90% of the NO3-N produced in surface soil resulted from wetting and drying. Estimates of potentially ammonifiable soil N(No) and its rate of mineralization (k) were derived from cumulative ammonification by assuming that the laws of first-order kinetics were applicable. In the 10, 15, and 20% moisture treatments the average No was 27, 41, and 82 ppm, respectively. Under the conditions of this study, the time required to mineralize half of No was about 7 wk.

Effects of some crop management practices on reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on Brassica napus

Nematology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
Christopher Steel ◽  
John Kirkegaard ◽  
Rod McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Soil Temperatures

AbstractThe effects of seed treatments with pesticides, soil temperature at sowing, cutting of plants with and without glyphosate herbicide, root disruption and age of crop at inoculation on reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on Brassica napus were investigated. When inoculated at sowing, plants grown from fodder rape cv. Rangi seed treated with fenamiphos (0.35 g a.i. per 100 g) and from fodder swede cv. Highlander seed with a coating including imidacloprid had fewer galls than plants from seed untreated or treated with omethoate (0.7 g a.i. per 100 g). When nematode inoculation was delayed until 4 weeks after sowing, omethoate and the imadacloprid treatments had no effect while fenamiphos (0.7 g a.i. per 100 g seed) suppressed galling but also impaired seedling emergence and induced chlorosis. Green manure rape plants cvs Rangi and Humus transplanted into infested soil in the field in mid-autumn (soil temperature 17°C) remained nematode and gall-free, but tomato cv. Grosse Lisse plants were heavily galled. All three cultivars were gall-free when transplanted and grown in early winter (soil temperatures 8-14°C). Cutting off the tops of cv. Rangi plants at from 6 to 11 weeks after sowing and inoculation had no effect on egg production compared to that on intact plants. Predominant nematode stages in cut plants ranged from developing juveniles to egg-laying females. Application of glyphosate to freshly cut stems had no effect on egg production at any stage. Infesting soil with roots of cv. Rangi, finely chopped while nematodes in them were still juveniles, resulted in a low incidence of infection of bioassay tomato plants compared with infesting soil with rape roots chopped later, when females and females with eggs predominated. Young females in tomato roots laid eggs despite fine chopping of the roots. When cv. Rangi plants were inoculated at 3, 5 and 7 weeks after sowing, the 7-week-old plants were the least invaded and fewer eggs were produced on the 5 and 7-week-old plants than on the 3-week-old ones.

Seed Fecundity, Persistence, and Germination Biology of Prairie Groundcherry (Physalis hederifolia) in Australia

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanwen Wu ◽  
Rex Stanton ◽  
Deirdre Lemerle
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Seed Biology ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Plant Fecundity ◽  
Soil Seedbank ◽  
Viable Seeds

AbstractPrairie groundcherry [Physalis hederifolia(A. Gray) var.fendleri(A. Gray) Cronquist] is an invasive perennial weed with the potential to become a significant summer weed across 409 million hectares in Australia. Current management practices do not provide effective control of established populations. A better understanding of the seed biology is needed to effectively manage this weed. A series of field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine plant fecundity, soil seedbank longevity, and the factors that affect seed germination.Physalis hederifoliahas the capacity to produce 66 to 86 berries plant−1, 51 to 74 seeds berry−1, and approximately 4,500 seeds plant−1, with the seeds potentially able to persist in the soil seedbank for 20 yr if buried in an intact dry berry pod. The bare-seed component of the soil seedbank can be virtually exhausted within 3 yr if cultivation is minimized to avoid burial of seed. Optimal temperature for germination is diurnal fluctuations of 15 C within the temperature range of 10 and 30 C. Increasing osmotic stress levels reduced the germination under all temperature regimes, with less than 6% germination occurring at −0.96 MPa.Physalis hederifoliaseed germination was not significantly affected by substrate pH 4 to 10 or salt levels less than 160 mM, while the germination was significantly reduced at NaCl concentrations above 160 mM. These results suggest thatP. hederifoliacan adapt to a range of substrate conditions. Stopping seed set, avoiding grazing plants with viable seeds, and minimizing seed burial in the soil are some effective strategies to control this weed.

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