THE PYRITIZATION OF BASIC FERRIC SULFATES IN ACID SULFATE SOILS: A MICROBIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. IVARSON ◽  
R. O. HALLBERG ◽  
T. WADSTEN
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Desulfovibrio Desulfuricans ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Microbial Reduction ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soils ◽  
Microbial Oxidation ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sulfate Soils

The aim of this investigation was to suggest a mechanism whereby the basic ferric sulfates, which occur in acid sulfate soils as a result of the microbial oxidation of pyrite in the original sedimentary parent material, can be microbiologically transformed back to pyrite when the soils are flooded. Three basic ferric sulfates were tested and it was found that in the presence of lactate and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, 10 g of each mineral were reduced within 12 wk to mackinawite (FeS). Additional incubation, to a total of 33 wk, resulted in no further sulfidation. However, in the presence of elemental sulfur, the sulfidation process resumed and mackinawite was soon transformed into greigite (Fe3S4) and then, following an aging process of increased temperature and pressure, pyrite (FeS2) was produced. Under simulated flooding conditions of sea water and decomposing seaweed, the sulfates were converted to a black X-ray amorphous sulfide which is known to change to mackinawite and/or greigite. The ability of H2S-oxidizing bacteria to form elemental sulfur in sedimentary pyrite-forming systems is reviewed and interpreted as a factor in producing the necessary sulfur. Basic aluminum sulfates were stable to microbial reduction. The X-ray pattern for ammoniojarosite was refined.

Using X-ray fluorescence core scanning to assess acid sulfate soils

Soil Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Proske ◽  
Henk Heijnis ◽  
Patricia Gadd
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soils ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Sulfate Soils

During the formation of acid sulfate soils (ASS), several chemical elements in the sediment are mobilised. These elements are removed from the sediment or become enriched as precipitates in distinct horizons. The stratigraphic depth in which these precipitates accumulate is element-specific and is located either within the oxidised or in a transitional zone between the oxidised and the reduced zone. Aim of this study is to demonstrate how X-ray fluorescence core scanning, together with detailed sediment descriptions, can be used to perform an initial assessment of these different zones in ASS in a fast and cost-effective manner. We measured the chemical element signatures of K, Fe, Pb, Sr, Zn, Ni, Y, Mn and Ca in two sediment cores from Western Australia where ASS are suspected to occur. The oxidised zone in both cores is characterised by the occurrence of jarosite, which is indicated by pale straw yellow mottling and synchronous peaks in Fe/Ti, K/Ti, Pb/Ti and Sr/Ti, and of other secondary Fe-oxides, which are indicated by reddish mottling and synchronous peaks in Fe/Ti and Pb/Ti. The transition zone into reduced material is marked by synchronous peaks in Zn/Ti, Ni/Ti, Y/Ti and Mn/Ti. Based on these characteristic signatures, we broadly estimated the depth of the oxidised and the transitional zone at both sites.

scholarly journals Acidification Assessment after Peat Bog Drainage in the Catalan Pyrenees (NE Iberia)

Quaternary ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Alba Catalán ◽  
Montserrat Antúnez ◽  
Rosa M. Poch
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Peat Bog ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soils ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Sulfate Soils ◽  
Ne Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Do So

The Pyrenean range (NE Iberian Peninsula) has some favourable lithological and climatic conditions (iron-rich parent materials and udic moisture regimes) for the formation of acid sulfate soils (ASS) that have not been reported on from the region until now. The analyses of a drained peat bog near València d’Àneu revealed a pH (1:2.5) of 3.7. We hypothesize that it contained sulfidic materials that were oxidized during drainage, which could have caused its acidification. The main goal of this study is to understand the characteristics and the potential acidity of these organic soils and the consequences that this could generate in the current environment. In order to do so, several profiles were described and sampled in the field for chemical and micromorphological analyses. The results show that the oxidation of the newly formed pyrite in the soil or pyrite contained in the Cambro–Ordovician parent material was responsible for the low pH and high electrical conductivity (EC). The soils still contain sulfidic materials at present, which could be oxidized in the future, with the consequent risk for water quality. The results will be useful to evaluate the risk of other peats in the Pyrenees becoming acid sulfate soils if drained.

Elemental sulfur in drain sediments associated with acid sulfate soils

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1240-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward D. Burton ◽  
Richard T. Bush ◽  
Leigh A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soils ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
Sulfate Soils

Loss of jarosite during remediation of a sandy acid sulfate soil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika Koelbl ◽  
Klaus Kaiser ◽  
Luke Mosley ◽  
Rob Fitzpatrick ◽  
Petra Marschner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Microbial Reduction ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soils ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soil ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Sulfate Soils ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

<p>When acid sulfate soils dry, they generate large amounts of sulfuric acid due to oxidation of iron (Fe) sulfides (e.g., pyrite), causing formation of Fe sulfates such as jarosite and strong acidification (pH < 4). After re-saturation of these sulfuric soils and re-establishment of reduced conditions, activity of Fe- and sulfate-reducing bacteria promote re-formation of Fe sulfides and pH increase. However, many reducing bacteria are heterotrophic and require sufficient available organic carbon (OC). Despite the general knowledge about positive impacts of OC addition to ameliorate sulfuric soils, little is known about the reduction of Fe sulfates (here: jarosite) to Fe sulfides and the formation of mineral-organic associations after establishing anoxic conditions.</p><p>We investigated the remediation of a sandy, jarosite-containing sulfuric soil (initial pH = 3.0, initial redox values approx. 400 mV) in a 20-week anoxic laboratory incubation experiment under re-submerged conditions. We used a control without OC addition plus treatments with wheat straw addition as substrate for reducing bacteria. Besides the natural sulfuric soil, an artificial acid sulfate soil composed of synthesized jarosite mixed with quartz sand was used to simulate a simple, mineralogically well-characterized model of the natural soil. To ensure similar conditions, the artificial soil was submerged with soil solution from the natural sulfuric soil. We monitored pH and redox values in the soil suspension weekly. After 20 weeks, concentrations of OC, Fe, and S were analysed in bulk soils and soil solutions. The mineral composition was characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD).</p><p>Addition of wheat straw to the natural acid sulfate soil led to quick changes in redox and pH values, reaching pH ≥ 6.0 and redox values ≤ -100 mV within three weeks. XRD analyses revealed complete loss of jarosite during incubation. Addition of wheat straw to the artificial acid sulfate soil led to slightly lower pH and higher redox values than for the natural soil, resulting in approx. pH 5.7 and redox values ≤ 0 mV after three weeks. Some of the jarosite was reduced, but it is still detectable after incubation. Without wheat straw addition, for both soils pH values remained low (pH ≤ 4.0) and redox values remained high (≥ 300 mV). Jarosite concentration did not change during the incubation without straw. The results showed that microbial reduction of acid sulfate soils requires supply of sufficient organic matter, which effectively triggers the reduction of jarosite to sulfides.</p>

PEUBAH KUALITAS AIR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERTUMBUHAN RUMPUT LAUT (Gracilaria verrucosa) DI TAMBAK TANAH SULFAT MASAM KECAMATAN ANGKONA KABUPATEN LUWU TIMUR PROVINSI SULAWESI SELATAN

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Akhmad Mustafa ◽  
Rachmansyah Rachmansyah ◽  
Dody Dharmawan Trijuno ◽  
Ruslaini Ruslaini
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Gracilaria Verrucosa ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soils ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soil ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Water Quality Variables ◽  
Sulfate Soils

Rumput laut (Gracilaria verrucosa) telah dibudidayakan di tambak tanah sulfat masam dengan kualitas dan kuantitas produksi yang relatif tinggi. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui peubah kualitas air yang mempengaruhi laju pertumbuhan rumput laut di tambak tanah sulfat masam Kecamatan Angkona Kabupaten Luwu Timur Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Pemeliharaan rumput laut dilakukan di 30 petak tambak  terpilih selama 6 minggu. Bibit rumput laut dengan bobot 100 g basah ditebar dalam hapa berukuran 1,0 m x 1,0 m x 1,2 m. Peubah tidak bebas yang diamati adalah laju pertumbuhan relatif, sedangkan peubah bebas adalah peubah kualitas air yang meliputi: intensitas cahaya, salinitas, suhu, pH, karbondioksida, nitrat, amonium, fosfat, dan besi. Analisis regresi berganda digunakan untuk menentukan peubah bebas yang dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi peubah tidak bebas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju pertumbuhan relatif rumput laut di tambak tanah sulfat masam berkisar antara 1,52% dan 3,63%/hari dengan rata-rata 2,88% ± 0,56%/hari. Di antara 9 peubah kualitas air yang diamati ternyata hanya 5 peubah kualitas air yaitu: nitrat, salinitas, amonium, besi, dan fosfat yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan rumput laut secara nyata. Untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan rumput laut di tambak tanah sulfat masam Kecamatan Angkona Kabupaten Luwu Timur dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian pupuk yang mengandung nitrogen untuk meningkatkan kandungan amonium dan nitrat serta pemberian pupuk yang mengandung fosfor untuk meningkatkan kandungan fosfat sampai pada nilai tertentu, melakukan remediasi untuk menurunkan kandungan besi serta memelihara rumput laut pada salinitas air yang lebih tinggi, tetapi tidak melebihi 30 ppt.Seaweed (Gracilaria verrucosa) has been cultivated in acid sulfate soil-affected ponds with relatively high quality and quantity of seaweed production. A research has been conducted to study water quality variables that influence the growth of seaweed in acid sulfate soil-affected ponds of Angkona Sub-district East Luwu Regency South Sulawesi Province. Cultivation of seaweed was done for six weeks in 30 selected brackishwater ponds. Seeds of seaweed with weight of 100 g were stocked in hapa sized 1.0 m x 1.0 m x 1.2 m. Dependent variable that was observed was specific growth rate, whereas independent variables were water quality variables including light intensity, salinity, temperature, pH, carbondioxide, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, and iron. Analyses of multiple regressions were used to determine the independent variables which could be used to predict the dependent variable. Research result indicated that relative growth rate of seaweed in acid sulfate soils-affected brackishwater ponds ranged from 1.52% to 3.63%/day with 2.88% ± 0.56%/day in average. Among nine observed water quality variables, only five variables namely: nitrate, salinity, ammonium, phosphate and iron influence significantly on the growth of seaweed in acid sulfate soils-affected brackishwater ponds. The growth of seaweed in acid sulfate soils-affected brackishwater ponds of Angkona District East Luwu Regency, can be improved by using nitrogen-based fertilizers to increase ammonium and nitrate contents and also fertilizers which contain phosphorus to improve phosphate content to a certain level. Pond remediation to decrease iron content and also rearing seaweed at higher salinity (but less than 30 ppt) can also be alternatives to increase the growth of seaweed.

scholarly journals Bacillus Cyclic Lipopeptides Iturin and Fengycin Control Rice Blast Caused by Pyricularia oryzae in Potting and Acid Sulfate Soils by Direct Antagonism and Induced Systemic Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1441
Author(s):  
Van Bach Lam ◽  
Thibault Meyer ◽  
Anthony Arguelles Arias ◽  
Marc Ongena ◽  
Feyisara Eyiwumi Oni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Induced Systemic Resistance ◽  
Pyricularia Oryzae ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Acid Sulfate Soils ◽  
Acid Sulfate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Sulfate Soils

Rice monoculture in acid sulfate soils (ASSs) is affected by a wide range of abiotic and biotic constraints, including rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae. To progress towards a more sustainable agriculture, our research aimed to screen the biocontrol potential of indigenous Bacillus spp. against blast disease by triggering induced systemic resistance (ISR) via root application and direct antagonism. Strains belonging to the B. altitudinis and B. velezensis group could protect rice against blast disease by ISR. UPLC–MS and marker gene replacement methods were used to detect cyclic lipopeptide (CLiP) production and construct CLiPs deficient mutants of B. velezensis, respectively. Here we show that the CLiPs fengycin and iturin are both needed to elicit ISR against rice blast in potting soil and ASS conditions. The CLiPs surfactin, iturin and fengycin completely suppressed P. oryzae spore germination resulting in disease severity reduction when co-applied on rice leaves. In vitro microscopic assays revealed that iturin and fengycin inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungus P. oryzae, while surfactin had no effect. The capacity of indigenous Bacillus spp. to reduce rice blast by direct and indirect antagonism in ASS conditions provides an opportunity to explore their usage for rice blast control in the field.

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