MOVEMENT OF PICLORAM IN SOIL COLUMNS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. GROVER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Prairie Soils ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Water Holding

The movement of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) was studied in various Canadian Prairie soils, using soil columns. Picloram was readily leached in all soil types. The movement was greatest in the soil with the lowest organic matter and clay contents, and lowest in black soils that are high in soil organic matter content. It was related, in general, to the adsorptive and water-holding capacities of these soils. The extent of leaching of picloram was also related to the total amount of water applied; the greater the amount o¡ water the greater the downward movement. Increasing the intensity of water increments from 0.25 to 2.5 cm enhanced the movement of picloram in the clay soil but had no effect in the sandy loam. There was little or no difference in the movement of picloram when the herbicide was applied at 2.0 or 0.2 kg/ha, Picloram leached to a greater depth when the sandy loam soil was initially dry than wet and the converse was true for the clay soil. Picloram moved readily upwards when the soil columns were subirrigated.

Flumetsulam mobility in two Mississippi soils as influenced by irrigation timing

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris H. Tingle ◽  
David R. Shaw ◽  
Patrick D. Gerard
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Loam Soil

Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate14C-flumetsulam mobility in two Mississippi soils of varied texture and organic matter content following delays in irrigation. Mobility was evaluated using packed soil columns, 25 cm deep, under unsaturated–saturated flow conditions. Irrigation timings included 0, 3, and 5 d after flumetsulam application. Flumetsulam mobility (defined as the amount collected in leachate) decreased from 45% to no more than 20% of the applied in the Prentiss sandy loam soil when irrigation was delayed 3 or 5 d. With the Okolona soil, flumetsulam recovery in the leachate was 21, 14, and 6%, respectively when irrigation occurred 0, 3, and 5 d after application. Flumetsulam proved to be mobile when irrigation immediately followed application, with 6 to 45% recovered in the leachate from all soils evaluated. The Prentiss soil retained 6% of the applied flumetsulam in the upper 5 cm and the Okolona soil retained 22% when irrigation immediately followed flumetsulam application. When the irrigation interval was delayed at least 3 d, the Okolona soil retained 40% in the upper 5 cm, whereas the Prentiss soil retained 10%. Flumetsulam mobility was dependent on irrigation timing and soil type.

Mobility of Dicamba, Picloram and 2,4-D in Soil Columns

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grover
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
General Order ◽  
Soil Clay Content ◽  
Acid Herbicides

The movement of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), and 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] was studied in five Canadian prairie soils using soil columns. The three acid herbicides showed the following general order of decreasing mobility in the five soils: Asquith sandy loam > Indian Head loam > Regina heavy clay > Weyburn Oxbow loam > Melfort loam, thus indicating an inverse relationship between adsorption and mobility. In general, the distribution coefficients (kd) were comparable to the corresponding Freundlich constants (k) and these were significantly related to the soil organic matter content, to a lesser extent to soil pH, and not correlated with soil clay content. The maximum concentrations of all three herbicides in the column effluents were well below their respective water solubilities and were inversely related to the distribution coefficients. The calculated values for the amounts of precipitation required to leach the three herbicides to a depth of 10 cm showed the following order of mobility: dicamba > picloram > 2,4-D.

Napropamide Adsorption, Desorption, and Movement in Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 454-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu-Huang Wu ◽  
Normie Buehring ◽  
J. M. Davidson ◽  
P. W. Santelmann
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Muck Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Soil columns and soil thin-layer chromatography were used to evaluate the mobility of napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N,-diethylpropionamide] in various soils. The surface-applied herbicide did not move deeper than approximately 6 cm in a Teller sandy loam soil after a water application of 10.2 cm. The Rfvalues for napropamide and two reference herbicides were in the order of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] > napropamide > terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine]. The mobility of each herbicide was reduced with an increase in clay and organic matter content. Carbon-14 ring labeled napropamide was used to determine the adsorption and desorption characteristics of the herbicide in various soils. The Rfvalues obtained with napropamide and each soil agreed with the adsorptive characteristics. Small applications of a muck soil to a sand (2%, w/w) significantly increased herbicide adsorption and decreased herbicide desorption.

EFFECTS OF SOIL PROPERTIES AND AMENDMENTS ON THE AVAILABILITY OF ZINC IN SOILS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. MACLEAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Extractable Zn

In a soil incubation experiment with different rates of Zn, the amounts of Zn extracted with 0.005 M DTPA, 1 M MgCl2, and 0.01 M CaCl2 increased with an increase in the organic matter content of a neutral sandy loam soil and with alfalfa added as an organic amendment. Addition of muck and peat increased the amount of Zn exchanged with 1 M MgCl2 but decreased the amount soluble in 0.01 M CaCl2, whereas addition of clay increased the amount of exchangeable Zn but decreased the amounts in the DTPA and 0.01 M CaCl2 extracts. Liming of an acid sandy loam soil (pH 4.9) to about the neutral point reduced the amounts of extractable Zn markedly. A pretreatment of the soils with phosphate almost invariably increased the amounts of extractable Zn. In a corresponding pot experiment, the highest rate of Zn (250 ppm) reduced the yield of corn slightly, prevented the growth of lettuce, and reduced the yield of alfalfa markedly when these crops were grown successively in the acid soil. The concentration of Zn reached levels of 792 ppm in the corn and 702 ppm in the alfalfa. Addition of 50 ppm Zn to the acid soil restricted the growth of lettuce and increased the concentration of Zn to 523 ppm. Despite discrepancies, the concentrations of Zn in the plants as influenced by soil organic matter, organic amendments and liming were usually in accord with the amounts of Zn extracted from the soils. But the P pretreatment tended to decrease the concentration of Zn in corn and lettuce. The mean weight concentrations of Zn in the three species were correlated significantly with the amounts of Zn extracted with 0.005 M DTPA (r = +0.73), 1 M MgCl2 (r = +0.93) and 0.01 M CaCl2 (r = +0.90).

EFFECT OF TILLAGE REDUCTION AND FERTILIZER ON SOIL MACRO- AND MICROAGGREGATION

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. WEILL ◽  
E. MCKYES ◽  
C. R. DE KIMPE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Content ◽  
Loam Soil

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of tillage and fertilizer on soil structure in fields under corn production in Quebec. Three types of tillage (moldboard, chisel and zero-till) and two types of fertilizer (manure and inorganic fertilizer) were applied yearly for 6 yr on a clay and a sandy loam soil. Macroaggregation was obtained after dry and wet sieving and microaggregation after sonification. Soil geometric mean diameter and aggregate stability were increased after manure applications and still further by zero-till. The amount of aggregates in each size fraction was affected differently by the fertilizer and tillage treatments. The fraction of organic matter binding the < 250-μm units into > 250-μm units played a greater role in soil aggregation than total soil organic matter content. Key words: Aggregation, manure, organic matter, soil pH, reduced tillage

Behavior and Fate of Metribuzin in Eight Ontario Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Sharom ◽  
G. R. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Persistence ◽  
Muck Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

The adsorption, desorption, and mobility of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)one] in eight Ontario soils were investigated. The distribution coefficients varied from 0.56 for the least adsorptive Fox sandy loam soil to 31.67 for the most highly adsorptive Leamington muck soil. Most of the adsorbed metribuzin was desorbed from the mineral soils after six aqueous extractions, however substantial amounts of the herbicide remained adsorbed on the muck soils after 10 aqueous extractions. The herbicide was relatively mobile in mineral soils but was immobile in the muck soils. Mobility was inversely correlated with the amount of soil organic matter. Bioassay studies indicated that phytotoxicity of metribuzin also decreased with increasing organic matter content of the soil. Persistence of metribuzin was dependent on microbial degradation. In a field study with Guelph loam, the half-life of metribuzin was approximately 3 months.

CADMIUM IN DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES AND ITS AVAILABILITY IN SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC MATTER AND ADDITIONS OF LIME, P, Cd AND Zn

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. MACLEAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Plant Parts

The Cd concentration in 10 plant species grown in a neutral surface soil (0.65 ppm Cd) varied from 0.18 ppm in potato tubers to 0.99 ppm in soybean roots on a dry matter basis. Addition of 5 ppm Cd increased the concentrations in the plants markedly and they were particularly high in lettuce (10.36 ppm) and tobacco leaves (11.57 ppm). Cd concentrations tended to be lower in the edible portion (seed, fruit, tubers) than in other plant parts. Added Cd affected yields in only a few instances. But in another experiment, Cd added at a rate of 5 ppm to five soils decreased the yield of lettuce in most instances. In a comparison of results for two similarly managed sandy loam soils, nearly neutral in reaction but differing in organic matter content (2.17 vs. 15.95% organic C), the concentration of Cd was lower in lettuce grown in the soil with the higher amount of organic matter. The Cd content of the lettuce was reduced by liming some of the acid soils. Addition of Cd increased the concentration of Zn in the plants appreciably, but added Zn did not affect Cd uptake. In an incubation experiment comprising five soils, DTPA (diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid) extractable Cd decreased with liming of three Cd-treated acid soil samples. In comparisons of two sandy loam soils and of surface and subsoil layers of a sand, extractable Cd increased with higher amounts of soil organic matter.

Leaching of Oxyfluorfen in Container Media

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menashe Horowitz ◽  
Clyde L. Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Content ◽  
Potting Medium ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Leaching Experiments

Bentgrass was used to bioassay oxyfluorfen in leaching experiments done in columns of soilless potting media and soils, with herbicide incorporated into the upper 2 to 4 cm. Depth of herbicide leaching increased in order in the following soils: peat and sand (1:1) mix, Stockton clay soil, Yolo fine sandy loam soil, and redwood bark and sand (3:1) mix. Depth of leaching was not related to soil organic matter content. Equilibration experiments showed that peat adsorbed 4 to 5 times more oxyfluorfen than redwood bark. Less leaching was observed in potting mixtures containing peat than bark. Raising the oxyfluorfen dose from 20 to 200 ppmw increased the depth of leaching and concentration of herbicide in the leachate, while a 10-fold increase in water volume had only a limited effect. Twenty ppmw of oxyfluorfen incorporated in the top of a peat-containing potting medium has a low risk of leaching out of the container.

COMPACTION AND SETTLING OF QUEBEC SOILS IN RELATION TO THEIR SOIL-WATER PROPERTIES

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. DE KIMPE ◽  
M. BERNIER-CARDOU ◽  
P. JOLICOEUR
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Behavior ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Water Retention Properties ◽  
Soil Water Properties

Twenty-one topsoils, with texture varying from sandy loam to clay and organic matter content ranging from 1.6 to 11.9%, were submitted to compaction and settling at different moisture contents where dry bulk density was determined. Under compaction, the density curve went through a maximum while a minimum was observed in the case of settling. Optimum moisture contents corresponding to these two characteristic densities were almost the same. The most important physical properties affecting soil behavior under compaction and settling were found to be water retention properties at low matric potential which themselves depended primarily on organic matter content. Samples submitted to compaction had saturated hydraulic conductivities less than 1 cm/h, while after settling, Ksat measurements ranged from 0.8 to 234 cm/h. Organic matter played an important role in reducing the effects of compaction, and moisture content alone was not sufficient to predict the best conditions for workability in the fields.

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