PRODUCTION OF EIGHT CROPPING SYSTEMS ON SALINE AND GLEYSOLIC ALLUVIUM SOIL, THE PAS, MANITOBA

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-193
Author(s):  
E. D. SPRATT ◽  
B. J. GORBY ◽  
W. S. FERGUSON
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Summer Fallow

In 1961, eight crop rotations were established on a recently drained alluvium soil (5 ha in size). Within the rotation strips the average initial electrical conductivity (ECe) of the 0–30-cm depth ranged from 0.3 to 28.6 mmhos/cm. Three rotations contained only wheat (with various amounts of summer fallow), three contained only forage crops (alfalfa or bromegrass or both), and two contained both wheat and forage crops (clover or brome–alfalfa). From 1961 to 1969 the wheat–clover and continuous alfalfa rotations gave the best yields, thus giving the highest net returns in dollars. In 1969, better yields of wheat were obtained after the forage crop rotations than after the grain rotations. Ground water levels and subsurface soil salinity remained relatively constant throughout the study.

Effect of fallow frequency, flexible rotations, legume green manure, and wheat class on the economics of wheat production in the Brown soil zone

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
P. G. Jefferson ◽  
R. Lemke
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Legume Green Manure

Producers in the semiarid Brown soil zone of Saskatchewan have historically produced spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in fallow-based rotations because these cropping systems are profitable and risk efficient; however, their use has also been most damaging to soil quality. New wheat types and management methods have been developed that may offer wheat producers opportunities to enhance economic returns, while improving environmental sustainability. This study compares the economic merits of reducing fallow (F) frequency, using an annual legume green manure (LGM) crop as a summer fallow replacement, adopting a flex-cropping approach based on available soil water reserves (if water) or the need to control problem weeds (if weeds), and the production of Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat (W) versus the higher yielding Canada Prairie Spring (CPS) wheat class (HY). The results are based on 15 yr of data from seven crop rotations included in an ongoing experiment being conducted on an Orthic Brown Chernozem at the Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. The crop rotations included F-W-W, LGM-W-W, F-HY-HY, F-W-W-W, continuous W (Cont W), Cont W (if water), and Cont W (if weeds). Cropping systems were managed using conservation tillage practices. They were fertilized with recommended rates of N and P based on soil tests, and crop residue was maintained as tall as possible (usually > 30 cm) to enhance snow trapping. The 1988–2002 study period was characterized by above normal growing season precipitation; thus, grain yields were also above average for this region. Results showed that producers will earn the highest net return with Cont W ($41 ha-1), despite this rotation having the highest production costs. Net returns ranked second highest for F-W-W-W, F-HYHY, and the flex-crop rotations (about $15 ha-1 less than Cont W), and ranked lowest for F-W-W and LGM-W-W (about $25 ha-1 less). However, since 1993, when the LGM was managed more effectively than in the first 6 yr, LGM-W-W was more profitable than F-W-W. On average, it was more profitable to produce CPS compared with CWRS wheat when the CPS/CWRS price ratio was greater than 0.8. Producers who are highly averse to risk would still choose cropping systems that included some summer fallow, while those with lower risk aversion would choose Cont W, but with all-risk crop insurance. In the absence of an all-risk crop insurance program, producers would typically choose Cont W (if water), F-W-W-W, or F-W-W. We concluded that area producers, who practice conservation tillage management and use tall stubble for snowtrapping, can enhance farm income by moving to more intensive cropping systems, and while doing so, they will foster improved environmental sustainability. Key words: Crop rotations, wheat, summer fallow, legume green manure, flex-cropping, production costs, net returns, income variability

An economic analysis of alternative cropping systems for east-central Nebraska

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn A. Helmers ◽  
Michael R. Langemeier ◽  
Joseph Atwood
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
East Central ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Row Crop ◽  
The Stability

AbstractThirteen cropping systems were analyzed with respect to profitability and risk for east-central Nebraska. The systems were developed from 1) a four-year rotation containing a small grain, 2) two row crop rotations, 3) three continuous cropped alternatives, and 4) combinations of continuous cropped alternatives. Three systems were developed from the four-year rotation including two alternative treatments of inorganic chemicals as well as an organic alternative. Eight years of experimental yields, historical prices, and estimated costs were combined to estimate net returns for each of the thirteen systems. Risk was analyzed as net return variability using statistical characteristics of the net return series. The stability component of rotation risk was separated from the diversification component. We found rotations to have higher average net returns than continuously cropped systems. Different chemical treatments (including organic) had little impact on profitability. Rotations had lower return variability than most continuous crops. The organic treatment did not decrease variability of returns compared to other chemical systems.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF FODDER CROP ROTATIONS ON CROP CONFERENCE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN BAIKAL REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Zoya Kozlova ◽  
Lyubov' Matais ◽  
Ol'ga Glushkova
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
Setaria Glauca ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis ◽  
Perennial Legumes

The research was carried out in Irkutsk region in 2011–2014. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of forage crop rotations on the degree of weediness of fields and the yield of forage crops. The objects of research are three forage crop rotations: one control without perennial legumes (meadow clover) and two with meadow clover in the structure of sown areas of 20 and 40%. The soil of the experimental site is gray forest heavy loamy, with the following characteristics: salt extract pH 4.7 ... 4.9, humus content 4.5 ... 4.8%, mobile phosphorus - 160 mg/kg, potassium - 130 mg/kg. The least amount of weeds in the experiment was in variants with perennial leguminous grasses (7 ... 9 pcs/m2), which ensured an increase in yield by crop rotation on average for 4 years of research by 14 ... 19%. The most contaminated was the control crop rotation. The greatest number of weeds in this crop rotation was noted in the crops of corn and pea-oat mixture - 5 ... 12 pcs/m2. Of the juvenile weeds, mainly gray mice (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), of perennial weeds, yellow sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) and field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) prevailed. Weediness of crops did not have a significant effect on the yield of forage crops in the links of crop rotations. Among the five-field crop rotations, the highest productivity was observed in the variant with two fields of meadow clover (2.5 thousand fodder units/ha) with the content of digestible protein in 1 fodder unit 99.1 g

scholarly journals Economics of flex-cropping in southwestern Saskatchewan

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
F. B. Dyck ◽  
K. R. Handford ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
F. Selles
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Insurance ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Decision Criteria ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Income Variability

The economic returns and riskiness of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production using fixed sequence rotations were compared to flexible cropping systems wherein the annual crop/fallow decisions are based on the level of available water at or near the time of planting. The study used 25 yr of data from a long-term crop rotation experiment conducted on a medium-textured, Orthic Brown Chernozemic soil at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Fixed cropping systems included fallow-wheat (F–W), fallow-wheat-wheat (F–W–W), and continuous wheat (CW), while flex-cropping systems included 2YR–IF, 3YR–IF, and CW–IF. The 2YR–IF system permitted the entire farm to be cropped when available spring water in stubble was favorable, but if water was unfavorable, 50% of the area was fallowed. The 3YR–IF system permitted two-thirds of the land area to be cropped whenever spring water was favorable, but only one-third of the area was cropped if water was unfavorable. Under CW–IF, the entire farm was cropped in years when spring water was favorable; it was fallowed in years when water was not favorable. Each flex-cropping system was constructed using two decision criteria: (i) available soil water (0- to 120-cm depth) in stubble measured about 1 May (SSW), and (ii) SSW plus precipitation received from date of spring soil sampling up to 31 May (TSW). Five threshold levels of available water were defined for each decision criteria, with SSW ranging between 35 and 95 mm and TSW ranging between 65 and 125 mm. The systems were evaluated at wheat prices of $110, $147, and $184 t−1, calculated with and without all-risk crop insurance. Expected net returns were generally higher for the flexible systems at all wheat prices. Income variability for flex-cropping systems was usually much lower than for CW, and it was often as low as that of the traditional F–W system which is known for its low income variability. This was particularly true when flex-cropping was combined with all-risk crop insurance. The TSW decision criterion was usually superior to SSW, because it was more highly correlated with final grain yields than was SSW. Higher wheat prices would encourage profit maximizing producers to select the more intensive cropping systems (CW–IF) and to use lower threshold water levels on which to base their decisions. Producers with low to moderate aversion to taking risk would favor selection of cropping systems that maintained some land in fallow each year (e.g., 3YR–IF). Such producers would also choose higher threshold water levels on which to base their decisions to crop stubble areas and include all-risk crop insurance in their production plan. Only Producers who are moderate to highly risk averse would choose F–W and, to a lesser extent, F–W–W. In all cases the optimum flex-cropping systems used fallow less frequently than is the tradition in this region. The study concluded that widespread use of flex-cropping practices by producers in southwestern Saskatchewan could increase farm-level net returns and reduce risks of financial loss, while potentially reducing soil degradation. Key words: Yield, available water, fallow, net returns, riskiness, production costs

scholarly journals ЕФЕКТИВНІ РІЗНОРОТАЦІЙНІ СІВОЗМІНИ У СУЧАСНОМУ ЗЕМЛЕРОБСТВІ

2014 ◽  
pp. 20-32
Author(s):  
П. І. Бойко ◽  
Н. П. Коваленко ◽  
М. М. Опара
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Rotary Press

Розглянуто стратегію удосконалення та інноваціїструктури посівних площ і науково обґрунтованихсівозмін з урахуванням ґрунтово-кліматичних умовта спеціалізації господарств. Встановлено, що висо-копродуктивними й екологічно безпечними є різноро-таційні: короткоротаційні 3–4–5-пільні й довгоро-таційні 6–10-пільні зернові, зерно-просапні, зерно-паро-просапні, просапні, кормові сівозміни із широ-кими межами насичення зерновими, технічними йкормовими культурами. Виявлено, що ефект сівозмі-ни підвищується за збільшення різновидності сільсь-когосподарських культур і довжини ротації, що по-трібно враховувати в процесі розробки проектів зем-леустрою для забезпечення еколого-економічного об-ґрунтування сівозмін і впорядкування угідь, їхньогоскладу й змісту. Strategy of improvement and innovation of structure of sowing areas and scientifically reasonable crop rotations is considered taking into account ground-climatic terms and specialization of economies. It is set that high-performance and environmentally sounds different term: shot term 3–4–5-fields and long term 6–10-fields grain, grain-growing, grain-par-growing, cultivated, forage crop rotations with the wide limits of satiation grain, technical and forage crops. It is discovered that the effect of crop rotation rises for the increase of variety of agricultural cultures and length of rotary press, that it is needed to take into account at development of projects of organization of the use of land for providing of eco-economical ground of crop rotations and organization of lands, their composition and maintenance.

Maize silage and winter crop options to maximise drymatter and energy for NZ dairy systems

2006 ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Densley ◽  
G.M. Austin ◽  
I.D. Williams ◽  
R. Tsimba ◽  
G.O. Edmeades
Keyword(s):  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Feed Value ◽  
Winter Crop ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Silage Production

Trade-offs in dry matter (DM) and metabolisable energy (ME) between combinations of three maize silage hybrids varying in maturity from 100-113 CRM and six winter forage options were investigated in a Waikato farmer's field over 2 years. Winter crops were triticale, cut once; oats grazed 1-2 times; and Tama and Feast II Italian ryegrass, each cut or grazed 2-3 times. Greatest DM and ME production (38.9 t/ha; 396 GJ/ha) was from a 113 CRM hybrid followed by a single-cut triticale crop. The most economical sources of DM and ME were obtained from a 100 CRM maize hybrid plus grazed oats (11.8 c/ kg; 1.12 c/MJ), while the cheapest ME source among cut winter forages was a 113 CRM maize hybrid + triticale (1.18 c/MJ). Reliable annual silage production of 30 t DM/ha and 330 GJ ME/ha (or 3000 kg MS/ha) is possible using a late maturing maize hybrid combined with a winter forage crop such as triticale, although the low feed value of the triticale may limit its use as feed for milking cows. Keywords: Italian ryegrass, oats, maize silage, supplements, triticale, winter forage crops

scholarly journals Assessment of soil salinity indexes using electrical conductivity sensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 110171
Author(s):  
Sebastián Bañón ◽  
Sara Álvarez ◽  
Daniel Bañón ◽  
María Fernanda Ortuño ◽  
María Jesús Sánchez-Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Salinity

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in the Yangtze River Estuary Using Electromagnetic Induction

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1875
Author(s):  
Wenping Xie ◽  
Jingsong Yang ◽  
Rongjiang Yao ◽  
Xiangping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Yangtze River Estuary ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
The Yangtze River Estuary

Soil salt-water dynamics in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) is complex and soil salinity is an obstacle to regional agricultural production and the ecological environment in the YRE. Runoff into the sea is reduced during the impoundment period as the result of the water-storing process of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which causes serious seawater intrusion. Soil salinity is a problem due to shallow and saline groundwater under serious seawater intrusion in the YRE. In this research, we focused on the temporal variation and spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity in the YRE using geostatistics combined with proximally sensed information obtained by an electromagnetic induction (EM) survey method in typical years under the impoundment of the TGR. The EM survey with proximal sensing method was applied to perform soil salinity survey in field in the Yangtze River Estuary, allowing quick determination and quantitative assessment of spatial and temporal variation of soil salinity from 2006 to 2017. We developed regional soil salinity survey and mapping by coupling limited laboratory data with proximal sensed data obtained from EM. We interpreted the soil electrical conductivity by constructing a linear model between the apparent electrical conductivity data measured by an EM 38 device and the soil electrical conductivity (EC) of soil samples measured in laboratory. Then, soil electrical conductivity was converted to soil salt content (soil salinity g kg−1) through established linear regression model based on the laboratory data of soil salinity and soil EC. Semivariograms of regional soil salinity in the survey years were fitted and ordinary kriging interpolation was applied in interpolation and mapping of regional soil salinity. The cross-validation results showed that the prediction results were acceptable. The soil salinity distribution under different survey years was presented and the area of salt affected soil was calculated using geostatistics method. The results of spatial distribution of soil salinity showed that soil salinity near the riverbanks and coastlines was higher than that of inland. The spatial distribution of groundwater depth and salinity revealed that shallow groundwater and high groundwater salinity influenced the spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity. Under long-term impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the variation of soil salinity in different hydrological years was analyzed. Results showed that the area affected by soil salinity gradually increased in different hydrological year types under the impoundment of the TGR.

scholarly journals Design and experiment of self-propelled straw forage crop harvester

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 168781402110244
Author(s):  
Fuyang Tian ◽  
Kelai Xia ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Zhanhua Song ◽  
Yinfa Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Hydraulic Control ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Cutting Height

The harvesting straw feed crops (silage corn, alfalfa, herbaceous mulberry, etc.) was tedious, high-labor-cost, and large-nutrient-loss. A self-propelled straw forage crop harvester, which could realize the integration of cutting, flattening and modulating, chopping, and throwing straw forage crops, was designed. The cutting angle could freely be adjusted between 0° and 8°. The max rotation speed of the flattening roller could reach 590 r/min and could be adjusted consecutively by the hydraulic control device. To verify the performance of this machine, several harvesting experiments of alfalfa, silage corn, and herbaceous mulberry with different moisture, were carried out on this machine. During the experiment, the average working speed of the machine was 1.6 m/s, the cutting height was 40–80 mm, and the flattening rate was 97.14%. It is determined that the suitable cutting speed for harvesting alfalfa is 2131 r/min; the suitable cutting speed for harvesting silage corn is 836 r/min; the suitable cutting speed for harvesting herb mulberry is 1045 r/min. The design of the machine can not only improve labor productivity and reduce the nutrient loss of forage crop but also support the silage harvesting machinery and equipment for forage crop.

scholarly journals Reliability of a Visual Recognition System for Detection of Johnsongrass(Sorghum halepense) in Corn

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionisio Andújar ◽  
Ángela Ribeiro ◽  
Cesar Fernández-Quintanilla ◽  
José Dorado
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Infested Area ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Combine Harvester

The feasibility of visual detection of weeds for map-based patch spraying systems needs to be assessed for use in large-scale cropping systems. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the reliability and profitability of using maps of Johnsongrass patches constructed at harvest to predict spatial distribution of weeds during the next cropping season. Johnsongrass patches visually were assessed from the cabin of a combine harvester in three corn fields and were compared with maps obtained in the subsequent year prior to postemergence herbicide application. There was a good correlation (71% on average) between the position of Johnsongrass patches on the two maps (fall vs. spring). The highest correlation (82%) was obtained with relatively large infestations, whereas the lowest (58%) was obtained when the infested area was smaller. Although the relative positions of the patches remained almost unchanged from 1 yr to the next, the infested area increased in all fields during the 4-yr experimental period. According to our estimates, using a strategy based on spraying full rates of herbicides to patches recorded in the map generated in the previous fall resulted in higher net returns than spraying the whole field, either at full or half rate. This site-specific strategy resulted in an average 65% reduction in the volume of herbicide applied to control this weed.

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