EFFECTS OF HEATING AND INSULATING SOIL ON CORN GROWTH

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. KETCHESON
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Advanced Development

Interacting effects of controlled heat from electric heating cables 15 cm below the surface and of polystyrene insulation on the soil surface were studied over four seasons on an imperfectly drained outwash soil at Guelph, Canada. Heating to 22 C advanced germination of corn (Zea mays L.) by three days, improved emergence, advanced growth and increased yield at maturity. Insulation retarded germination, early growth and silking, but increased yields in three of the four years. Where heating decreased ear moisture content at harvest, insulation increased it. Heat combined with insulation gave the greatest response in growth, advance in silking, and increase in yield. The season with favorable soil temperature combined with low air temperature gave the highest yield of the four years. Fertilizer banded near the seed at planting advanced development and increased yields, but did not produce a statistically significant interacting effect with heat and insulation. However, fertilizer phosphorus uptake early in the season was markedly increased by heat and insulation. It was concluded that insulation can favor yield, provided that soil temperature is maintained near optimum.

Relative contribution of seed phosphorus reserves and exogenous phosphorus uptake to maize (Zea mays L.) nutrition during early growth stages

2011 ◽  
Vol 346 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 231-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nadeem ◽  
Alain Mollier ◽  
Christian Morel ◽  
Alain Vives ◽  
Loïc Prud’homme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Relative Contribution

Performance of silage corn (Zea mays L.) in a cool climate ecosystem: effects of photodegradable plastic mulch

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Kwabiah
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Heat Units ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Cool Climate ◽  
Degradable Plastic

Yield of silage corn (Zea mays L.) in Newfoundland (NL), Canada, is limited by low corn heat units (CHU). This is a reflection of generally moderate temperature throughout the growing season in addition to having a late spring and early fall. Clear photo-degradable plastic film, applied to the soil after sowing, may boost soil and air temperatures and hence advance growth and development. Research was conducted at three on -farm sites near St. John’s in 2000 and 2001 to determine the effects of plastic mulch on time from planting to emergence (VE), 50% silking (R1), 50% kernel milk line (R5.5) and dry matter (DM) yield. Three early hybrids with CHU ratings of 2100, 2200 and 2300 were planted in late May of each year when the soil temperature was above 10°C. At planting, half of each plot was covered (PC) with a clear photo-degradable plastic film (X-Tend Plastic System®), 1.32 m in width and 6 m thick, and the other half was not covered (NC). During the first 30–35 d after planting, the crops grew under the thin plastic mulch before breaking through as it started to degrade. During this time, air (10 cm above soil surface) and soil (5 cm depth) temperatures underneath the plastic film were recorded. These were compared to the soil (5 cm depth) and air (100 cm high) temperatures of the NC plots. Soil and air temperatures for PC plots were consistently higher than for NC plots in both years. The plastic continued to degrade during the rest of the season and was completely degraded by the time of harvest in late `September. In 2000, the plastic advanced VE by 9 to 13 d, R1 by 10 to 15 d and R5.5 by 9 to 15 d relative to the NC treatment. In 2001, advancement of VE due to the plastic mulch ranged from 8 and 12 d, 6 to 9 d for R1 and 6 to 11 d for R5.5. Relative to the NC treatment, the plastic improved CHU by 9% and total DM yield by 22% in 2000 and improved CHU by 7% and total DM yield by 14% in 2001. A small increase in CHU due to plastic mulch resulted in a proportionately larger increase in total DM yield. Plastic mulches have the potential to accelerate maturity thereby insuring silage corn crops achieve acceptable DM yields in cool climate regions such as Newfoundland. Key words: Air temperature, corn heat units, soil temperature, total DM yield

scholarly journals The Effect of Tillage Treatments on Soil Temperature at Planting and on Corn (Zea mays L.) Yield

2001 ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Miklós Pakurár ◽  
László Lakatos ◽  
János Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Corn Hybrid

The effect of soil temperature was evaluated on the yield of the Occitan corn hybrid at a depth of 5 cm. We examined this effect on the time required from planting to emergence for three average durations: five, ten and fifteen days, all calculated from the day of planting. Winter plowing (27 cm), spring plowing (23 cm), disc-till (12 cm) treatments and 120 kg N per hectare fertilizer were applied. As a result of our analysis, we determined the post planting optimum soil temperatures for various time periods. The average soil temperature for a time period of 15 days post planting is the most usable for determining actual yields, followed by ten days, with five days proved to be the least usable (winter plow R2 = 0.86, spring plow R2 = 0.87, disc-till R2 = 0.64).

scholarly journals Aflatoxigenic contamination of freshly harvested white maize (Zea mays L.) from some selected Ugandan districts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Omara
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Strategic Adaptation ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Agroecological Zones

The moisture content and total aflatoxin (AF) content of 27 samples of freshly harvested white maize (Zea mays L.) from Mubende (n = 3), Ibanda (n = 3), Jinja (n = 3), Mayuge (n = 3) , Buikwe (n = 3), Hoima (n = 3), Mpigi (n = 3), Masindi (n = 3) and Bugiri (n = 3) districts of Uganda representing the agroecological zones: Lake Victoria crescent, Western Highlands, South East and Lake Albert Crescent were determined in the second season harvest of January 2019 to March 2019. Moisture content ranged from 12.9 to 18.8% (mean moisture content varied from 13.9±0.35-17.2±1.55%) with the highest moisture recorded in maize from Ibanda. The highest mean AF contamination of 11.0±3.01 μg/kg was recorded in maize from Hoima while the lowest AF content of 3.8±1.30 μg/kg was recorded in maize from Mpigi. Despite the fact that all the samples had detectable aflatoxins, none of the maize samples had aflatoxin greater than WHO regulatory limit of 20 μg/kg. White maize in Uganda are precontaminated by aflatoxins prior to harvest. Whereas the spectre of aflatoxigenic contamination of foods remains a ticklish challenge to address, strategic adaptation and deployment of appropriate interventions can help secure a safe harvest. Farmers should plant maize varieties with established maturity periods to ensure timely harvesting. Further research should assess the presence of other mycotoxins as zearalenone, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A, citrinin, vomitoxin and diacetoxyscirpenol that may co-occur with aflatoxins in freshly harvested maize.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Pengeringan Biji Jagung (Zea Mays L.) Menggunakan Alat Pengering Surya Adriyarkara Termodifikasi

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-360
Author(s):  
Athul Fadhli ◽  
Diswandi Nurba ◽  
Raida Agustina
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Average Relative Humidity

Abstrak. Jagung merupakan tanaman penghasil karbohidrat terpenting. Pengeringan jagung pipil menggunakan alat pengering merupakan proses untuk menghasilkan jagung pipil yang siap diolah untuk pembuatan tepung jagung dengan batas kadar air tertentu sehingga menghaslkan jagung pipil dengan kualitas yang baik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji karakteristik pengeringan biji jagung menggunakan alat pengering surya Termodifikasi. Metode penelitian  menggunakan 3,15 kilogram jagung pipil dengan kadar air awal 22% untuk proses pengeringan. Parameter yang dianalisis terkait alat pengering kolektor surya yaitu temperatur, kelembaban relatif, kecepatan udara dan iradiasi surya, sedangkan parameter yang dianalisis terkait bahan yaitu kadar air, lama waktu pengeringan, laju pengeringan dan organoleptik. Prosedur penelitian terdiri dari pengujian kosong dan pengujian dengan menggunakan jagung pipil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa temperatur rata-rata dalam rak pengering sebelum dilakukan modifikasi yaitu 44,4oC, temperatur rata-rata setelah dilakukan modifikasi yaitu 55,5oC dan temperatur rata-rata rak pengering pada pengeringan menggunakan jagung pipil yaitu 46,96oC. Kelembaban relatif rata-rata dalam rak pengering sebelum dilakukan modifikasi yaitu 40,1%, kelembaban relatif rata-rata dalam rak pengering setelah modifikasi yaitu 35,1% dan kelembaban relatif rata-rata pengeringan menggunakan jagung pipil yaitu 44,45%. Dari hasil pengukuran tersebut menunjukkan bahwa nilai temperatur dan kelembaban pada alat setelah modifikasi lebih baik dibandingkan sebelum alat dimodifikasi. Pengukuran temperatur dan kelembaban relatif terdiri dari 4 titik pengukuran yaitu rak 1A,1B dan rak 2A, 2B. Kecepatan udara rata-rata yang diukur konstan yaitu 0,7 m/s pada ruang pengering, sedangkan lingkungan 1,1 m/s. Total iradiasi surya selama pengeringan yaitu 1848,84 W/m2. Kadar air jagung pipil masing-masing rak yaitu rak 1A 14,29%, rak 1B 14,47%, rak 2A 13,91% dan rak 2B 14,1%. Hasil dari pengujian organoleptik, panelis agak menyukai jagung pipil yang dikeringkan menggunakan alat pengering tersebut.Characteristics of Seed Drying (Zea mays L.) Using a Modified Adriyarkara Solar DryerAbstract. Corn is the most important carbohydrate plant. Drying corn using a drying tool is a process to produce corn that are ready to be processed for making corn flour with a certain water content limit so as to produce corn with good quality. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of drying of corn kernels using a modified solar dryer. The research method used 3,15 kilogram of corn milled with the initial moisture content of 22% for drying process. The parameters analyzed in relation to solar collector dryers are temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and solar irradiation, while the parameters analyzed are materials such as moisture content, drying time, drying rate and organoleptic. The research procedure consists of unloaded testing and testing using corn. The results showed that the average temperature in the dryer tray before modification was 44,4°C, the average temperature after modification was 55,5°C and the average temperature of the dryer tray on drying using corn was 46,96oC. The average relative humidity in the dryer tray before modification is 40,1%, the average relative humidity in the dryer tray after modification is 35,1% and the average relative humidity of drying using corn is 44,45%. From the measurement results show that the value of temperature and humidity in the tool after modification is better than before. Measurement of temperature and relative humidity consist of 4 point of measurement that is tray 1A, 1B and tray 2A, 2B. Average mean air velocity measured is 0,7 m/s at the dryer room, while the environment is 1,1 m/s. Total solar irradiation during drying is 1848,84 W/m2. Moisture level of corn each shelves tray 1A is 14,29%, tray 1B is 14.47%, tray 2A is 13,91% and tray 2B is 14,1%. As a result of organoleptic testing, panelists rather like dried corn using the dryer.

scholarly journals Exploitation of variability for salinity tolerance in maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) at early growth stage

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (42) ◽  
pp. 4206-4213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qayyum Abdul ◽  
Muhammad Saeed Hafiz ◽  
Hanif Mamoona ◽  
Noor Etrat ◽  
Malik Waqas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Early Growth Stage ◽  
Maize Hybrids

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA DAN DAYA CERNA PATI TEPUNG JAGUNG DAN TEPUNG KECAMBAH JAGUNG (Zea mays L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Willem Kurniawan Lombu ◽  
Ni Wayan Wisaniyasa ◽  
AAI. Sri Wiadnyani
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Corn Flour ◽  
The Difference

This study aims to determine the difference of characteristic and starch digestibility of germinated and ungerminated flour. This study used randomized complete design (RCD) three repeated. The corn germinated for 36 hours. Corn germinated flour and ungerminated flour were evaluated directly of the chemical composition of the flour content, moisture content, ash content, protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, starch content and starch digestibility. The results showed the corn germinated flour has increased of moisture content from 9.66% into 10.38%, increased of protein into 7.22% into 8.45%, increased of fiber content from 2.28% into 2.79% and increased of starch digestibility from 57.04% into 62.43%. While were the decreased fat content from 5.17% into 4.76%, decreased of carbohydrate from 75.41% into 73.89% and decreased of starch content from 76.10% into 69.40%. The treatmented has no effect for the flour content decreased from 41.40% into 40.36% and ash content decreased from 2.52% into 2.51%. Germinated increased starch digestibility and changed the character of corn flour.

DETERMINATION OF VARIABILITY IN SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MICROBIAL BIOMASS UNDER CONTINUOUS DIRECT-PLANTED CORN

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. CARTER ◽  
R. P. WHITE
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Winter Period

The spatial variability of soil strength, porosity, and microbial biomass was determined under 4-yr continuous direct-planted silage corn (Zea mays L.) on Prince Edward Island. All soil properties changed relative to the row position. Microbial biomass C and N were lower in the in-row compared to the between-row position. Positional and depth differences for soil bulk density and volume of macropores (EPD > 50 μm) were only evident at the soil surface (0–8 cm). Temporal and spatial variations in soil strength indicated the extent of the rooting potential within the soil profile, the depth to compacted soil layers, and the degree of soil structure regeneration during the winter period. Key words: Spatial variability, soil strength, soil porosity, microbial biomass, direct-planted corn, Zea mays L.

Maize (Zea mays L.) endogenous seed phosphorus remobilization is not influenced by exogenous phosphorus availability during germination and early growth stages

2012 ◽  
Vol 357 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nadeem ◽  
Alain Mollier ◽  
Christian Morel ◽  
Alain Vives ◽  
Loïc Prud’homme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Phosphorus Availability ◽  
Growth Stages

COMPARISON OF MORPHOLOGY AND POROSITY OF A SOIL UNDER CONVENTIONAL AND ZERO TILLAGE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. SHIPITALO ◽  
R. PROTZ
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Soil Morphology ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
No Till ◽  
Oriented Parallel ◽  
Earthworm Activity

Effects of tillage on soil morphology and porosity were investigated in plots planted to corn (Zea mays L.) for seven consecutive years. Micromorphometric analyses indicated that Ap horizons of no-till plots had approximately half the macroporosity (pores ≥ 200 μm equivalent circular diameter) of those of conventionally tilled plots. Loss of macroporosity was characterized by a decrease in mean pore size and a tendency for pores to become elongated, less tortuous, and oriented parallel to the soil surface. Obvious zoological activity, which consisted mainly of burrowing earthworms, resulted in two to nine times more bioporosity in a no-till pedon than in a conventionally tilled pedon. Earthworm activity also contributed to the formation of 5-cm-thick B & A horizon and a more uniform distribution of organic carbon than in the conventionally tilled pedon. These differences in morphology are reflected in the classification under Soil Taxonomy but not under the Canadian System. We speculate that zoological activity may serve to counteract the reduction in macroporosity in the Ap of the no-till pedon. Key words: Bioporosity, earthworms, micromorphometric analysis, zoological activity

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