CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL ON SUMMERFALLOW

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Molberg ◽  
J. R. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Soil Moisture Conservation ◽  
Heavy Clay

Use of residual and contact herbicides was compared with cultivation for weed control on summerfallow on Regina heavy clay from 1964 to 1967, inclusive. A single spring application of desmetryne (2-isopropylamino-4-methylamino-6-methylthio-s-triazine) at 3 kg/ha gave 77 to 90% weed control without reducing wheat yields the following year. Disadvantages were incomplete weed control, and herbicide persistence in the soil with thinning of the following wheat crop in some years.Three or four applications of paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium (salt)) at 1 kg/ha gave weed control equal to cultivation of summerfallow. Chemical summerfallow was equal to cultivated summerfallow in its effects on soil moisture conservation, NO3-N accumulation and crop yields. Chemical summerfallow conserved 91% of the original crop residues compared with 24% for cultivated summerfallow. This extra crop residue was sufficient to prevent serious soil erosion from wind. Paraquat is currently too expensive to compete with cultivation.

scholarly journals Crop Residue Management for Sustenance of Natural Resources and Agriculture Productivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maninder Singh ◽  
Anita Jaswal ◽  
Arshdeep Singh
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Crop Residue Management

Crop residue management (CRM) through conservation agriculture can improve soil productivity and crop production by preserving soil organic matter (SOM) levels. Two major benefits of surface-residue management are improved organic matter (OM) near the soil surface and boosted nutrient cycling and preservation. Larger microbial biomass and activity near the soil surface act as a pool for nutrients desirable in crop production and enhance structural stability for increased infiltration. In addition to the altered nutrient distribution within the soil profile, changes also occur in the chemical and physical properties of the soil. Improved soil C sequestration through enhanced CRM is a cost-effective option for reducing agriculture's impact on the environment. Ideally, CRM practices should be selected to optimize crop yields with negligible adverse effects on the environment. Crop residues of common agricultural crops are chief resources, not only as sources of nutrients for subsequent crops but also for amended soil, water and air quality. Maintaining and managing crop residues in agriculture can be economically beneficial to many producers and more importantly to society. Improved residue management and reduced tillage practices should be encouraged because of their beneficial role in reducing soil degradation and increasing soil productivity. Thus, farmers have a responsibility in making management decisions that will enable them to optimize crop yields and minimize environmental impacts. Multi-disciplinary and integrated efforts by a wide variety of scientists are required to design the best site-specific systems for CRM practices to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability while minimizing environmental impacts.

scholarly journals Reduced Tillage Impacts on Pumpkin Yield, Weed Pressure, Soil Moisture, and Soil Erosion

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1524-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E. O’Rourke ◽  
Jessica Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
No Till ◽  
Trade Offs

Conservation tillage has the potential to decrease the environmental footprint of pumpkin production, but possible trade-offs with yield are not well understood. This study experimentally tested the effects of three cultivation techniques (conventional-till, strip-till, and no-till) on pumpkin production, weed pressure, soil moisture, and soil erosion. Randomized complete block field experiments were conducted on Cucurbita pepo L. ‘Gladiator’ pumpkins in 2014 and 2015. Overall yields were higher in 2015, averaging 45.2 t·ha−1, compared with 37.4 t·ha−1 in 2014. In 2014, pumpkin yields were similar across tillage treatments. In 2015, the average fruit weight of no-till pumpkins was significantly greater than strip-till and conventional-till pumpkins, which corresponded to a marginally significant 13% and 22% yield increase, respectively (P = 0.11). Weed control was variable between years, especially in the strip-till treatment. Soil moisture was consistently highest in the no-till treatment in both years of study. Conventional-till pumpkin plots lost ≈9 times more soil than the two conservation tilled treatments during simulated storm events. The 2015 yield advantage of no-till pumpkins seems related to both high soil moisture retention and weed control. Research results suggest that no-till and strip-till pumpkin production systems yield at least as well as conventional-till systems with the advantage of reducing soil erosion during extreme rains.

PERFORMANCE OF UMAR-SRIMAT ON SOIL WATER CONSERVATION AND WEED CONTROL IN SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umar Mohammed ◽  
Aimrun Wayayok ◽  
Mohd Amin Mohd Soom ◽  
Khalina Abdan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
System Of Rice Intensification ◽  
Planting Geometry ◽  
Rice Intensification

Weed emergence is among the most important problems in system of rice intensification (SRI) due to extensive planting geometry of at least 25 × 25 cm and moist environment, thereby leading to water loss by means of evaporation from the broad space as a result of the extensive planting geometry, and transpiration by the weeds. This reduces the additional water saving which affect the potential of SRI water productivity.  It also reduces rice crop yields up to 70% if there is no weed control attempted. Nowadays, weed is being controlled by manual weeder which is labour demanding, while motorized weeders overcome the problem but still, it able to remove the weeds before rice canopy closure or 30 days after transplanting (DAT). This research was designed to evaluate the performance of UMAR-SRImat on soil moisture conservation and weed control. UMAR-SRImat was made using flaked rice straw and biodegradable adhesive. The design was laid out using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three treatments [without soil cover (T1), SRImat (T2), UMAR-SRImat (T3)] and three replications. The analysis was conducted using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Volumetric moisture content (VMC) was determined at 18 and 25 DAT.  Weeds were observed and recorded to determine the weed dry weight and weed control efficiency at 20, 40 and 60 DAT. Plant height per hill was measured at 30 and 50 DAT, likewise, the number of tillers were counted at 30 and 50 DAT. The result of VMC showed that UMAR-SRImat significantly conserved water higher than the control treatment at 18 and 25 DAT of 3100.0a and 2680.0a m3/ha, respectively. The effectiveness of UMAR-SRImat mulched was 100% at 20 DAT 99.64% at 40 DAT and 97.99% at 60 DAT. This research revealed that UMAR-SRImat mulch could retain soil moisture and suppressed weeds up to 60 DAT.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effect of maize-legume intercropping on soil moisture improvement in arid area of Bena-Tsemay district, South omo zone, Southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
HM Ayele
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Crop Failure

Usually crop failure due to moisture shortage in soils is very much common due to high evaporation. Sometimes famers try to combat this problem by using mulches of crop residues in the study area. However, this is also highly challenged shortage because the crop residues used as feed for animals. Therefore, using the advantage and opportunity of cover legumes as an intercrop is the solution of the problems simultaneously in addition to their contribution improving soil nutrient balance and other many fold benefits. Therefore, this study aimed for evaluating the effect of maize-legume covers intercropping on soil moisture improvement and crop yield in moisture stress areas of the study area. The entire grain yield of maize and legumes, as well as soil moisture data were collected. The result on soil moisture revealed that intercropping of maize with cowpea had better soil moisture contents during active crop development (15.98%) and after harvest (16.70%) in average as compared to the others. The current finding also showed that adopting intercropping of maize with cowpea-boosted yield by 5256.24 kg ha-1 maize and 977.45 kg ha-1 cowpea in average with higher moisture improvement as compare to the other treatments. Therefore, intercropping of maize with cowpea is important to farmers since it would provide additional crop yield with the same piece of land. However, to get considerable changes on soil and water balances, other soil physic-chemical properties and crop yields, conducting similar studies in more than two years period at permanent field plots is paramount in the future. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 80-86, June 2020

Skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea) in the Victorian Mallee. 5. Chemical fallowing

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (50) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
GJ Wells
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fallow Period ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Yield Responses

Skeleton weed is difficult to control on cultivated fallows during the summer and experiments were commenced in 1963 on the use of short-term residual herbicides for chemically fallowing infested land for wheatgrowing. Rates and times of application of simazine mixtures, a picloram/2,4-D mixture, an atrazine/amiltrole mixture, and fenac were tested. Compared with cultivated fallows, chemical fallowing increased wheat yields in four years out of six. The yield responses were associated with increased soil nitrate and soil moisture at sowing, reflecting the improved weed control by herbicides, particularly during the summer period. The effects of toxic residues from simazine and atrazine on the wheat crop were influenced by rate and time of application, rainfall during the fallow period, and soil type.

scholarly journals Root mass may affect soil water infiltration more strongly than the incorporated residue

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1523
Author(s):  
Masato Oda ◽  
Burhanuddin Rasyid ◽  
Hide Omae
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Soil Water Infiltration

This Brief Report includes a single-finding that is reported with descriptions of an unexpected observation. Crop residue incorporation increases stable soil pores and soil water infiltration, consequently, reduces surface water runoff and soil erosion. However, to our knowledge, quantitative studies for the relation between incorporated residue and infiltration rate has not been conducted. We examined the relationship between the quantity of crop residue of the prior crop and the water infiltration rate. We continuously grew corn (cleaning crop), rhodes grass, and okra under greenhouses. The water infiltration rate was measured on the ridge at similar soil moisture conditions, on the day incorporating the prior crop residue. A correlation between the quantity of incorporated residue and the soil water infiltration rate was not constant; because, the infiltration rate per incorporated residue was irregularly low when it had no prior crop. By contrast, aboveground biomass of the prior crop showed a stronger correlation with water infiltration rate ( r = 0.965), without outliers. Furthermore, the correlation was weakened ( r = 0.872) by the treatment affected the soil moisture that affects the root mass. Previous studies have revealed the positive relation between plant root mass and soil erosion resistance. Our data also show a positive relationship between resistance to erosion and root mass when assuming that the aboveground biomass is proportional to the underground biomass. The result also showed that the effect of the prior crop root mass disappears within the next crop period. This suggests that maintaining a large root mass is crucial for reducing soil erosion.

Effect of Crop Residue on Seedling Emergence and Growth of Selected Weed Species in a Sprinkler-Irrigated Zero-Till Dry-Seeded Rice System

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
Seth B. Abugho
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Residue Retention

Crop residues acting as mulches can influence weed seedling emergence and weed biomass. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of rice residue amounts (0, 3, and 6 t ha−1) on seedling emergence of eight weed species in zero-till dry-seeded rice. The highest seedling emergence of spiny amaranth, southern crabgrass, crowfootgrass, junglerice, eclipta, goosegrass, and Chinese sprangletop was observed in the absence of residue. Seedling emergence of these weeds declined with increasing residue amounts; however, the greatest and most substantial reductions in emergence occurred with 6 t ha−1of residue. The presence of residue also resulted in less weed biomass than with the no-residue treatment. The emergence and biomass of threelobe morningglory seedlings, however, were not influenced by residue amounts. The use of residue also increased the time taken to reach 50% of maximum emergence for some species, for example, spiny amaranth and Chinese sprangletop. The results of our study suggest that the use of residue at high rates can help suppress seedling emergence and growth of many weeds. However, there is a need to integrate other weed management strategies with residue retention to achieve season-long weed control.

scholarly journals Impact of Open Crop Residue Burning and Alternate Options for Mitigation: A Review

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar Gupta ◽  
Anshuman Kohli ◽  
S. Roy Choudhury ◽  
S. K. Dutta ◽  
S. K. Pathak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Gangetic Plains

Burning of crop residues in field include unavailability of labour, high cost in residue removing process and use of combined in rice-wheat cropping system especially in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP). Primary crop types whose residues are typically burned include rice, wheat, maize, millet, sugarcane, jute, rapeseed-mustard and groundnut. Farmers in northwest India dispose a large part of rice straw by burning in situ. The ‘rice-wheat cropping system’ is the dominant cropping system in South Asia [1]. This system involves growing rice and wheat in rotation throughout the year where rice and wheat is either grown in the same plot in the same year or in different plots in the same year or in the same plot in different years. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh have the largest areas under this system among the Indian states. Approximately 500-550 Mt of crop residues are produced per year in the country. With a production of 93.9 million tons (Mt) of wheat, 104.6 Mt of rice, 21.6 Mt of maize, 20.7 Mt of millets, 357.7 Mt of sugarcane, 8.1 Mt of fibre crops (jute, mesta, cotton), 17.2 Mt of pulses and 30.0 Mt of oilseeds crops, in the year 2011-12. Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide causing global warming, loss of plant nutrients such as N, P, K and S, adverse impacts on soil properties and  wastage of valuable C and energy rich residues. Black carbon emissions are the second largest contributors to current global warming, after carbon dioxide emissions [2]. Using IPCC emission coefficients, the CH4 released from this source was found to be about 167 Gg [3]. Agricultural crop residues are burnt during the months of October and November every year in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGPs) in huge quantities which has a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions and aerosol loading [4]. In the IGP region of India, 12 million hectares is accounted for rice-wheat crop rotation and harvesting of these crops with combine harvesters is very popular with the farmers of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh [4]. Crop residue management is one of the best options for maintaining the ecological sustainability of farms. There are several options which can be practiced such as composting, generation of energy, production of biofuel, mulching, baling, biochar production and recycling in soil to manage the residues in a productive manner. Conservation agriculture (CA) offers a good promise in using these residues for improving soil health, increasing productivity, reducing pollution and enhancing sustainability and resilience of agriculture.

scholarly journals Effect of Crop Residues Management on Soil Properties and Crop Productivity of Rice-wheat System in Inceptisols of Seemanchal Region of Bihar

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rama Kant Singh ◽  
Girijesh Kumar Sharma ◽  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
S. K. Singh ◽  
Reeta Singh
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Crop Residue Management

A field experiment was carried out at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Katihar, Bihar in jurisdiction of Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur during 2014 to 2018 with the objective to find out suitable crop residue management option under rice- wheat cropping system in Inceptisols of Seemanchal area of Bihar. The results after four years clearly indicates that the crop residue management practices involving  incorporation of residues improved favorably and significantly the soil properties such as bulk density, infiltration rate, mean weight diameter, aggregate stability, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, bacterial and fungal population, enzyme dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity in the soil and increased the grain yields of rice and wheat crop in the system over removal or burning of crop residue practices. Due to increased availability of readily decomposable organic matter in the form of crop residue and freshly incorporated green manure, the microbial population increased dramatically when crop residues are incorporated in the soil which might be responsible for increased enzyme phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity, decrease in bulk density, increase in granulation and aggregation and thus infiltration rate. The incorporation of crop residues with or without green manuring found promising for the environmental friendly and effective utilization of the crop residues under prevailing rice wheat system in this area.

scholarly journals Economic and Environmental Performace of Straw Baler for Collection of Rice Residue Generated after Mechanical Harvesting by Combine Harvester

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ram Pal ◽  
Ratan Kumar ◽  
R. K. Jalal ◽  
Ajay Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Animal Population ◽  
Paddy Straw ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
Paddy Crop

The study aims to determine the economic and environmental performace of Straw Baler for collection of rice residue generated after mechanical harvesting by combine harvester. Increased mechanization, particularly use of combine, declining number of livestock, long period required for composting and no economically viable alternate use of crop residues are some of the reasons for open field burning of crop residue after harvesting of paddy crop for cleaning of field to sow wheat crop without chocking the conventional zero-till machine in field. This study was conducted at KVK, Rohtas farm Dhangain in year 2013-14 with baler Model 338 of John Deere make, tractor of Zetor model and hydraulic trailer. Straw baler facilitated in collection of paddy straw of 43.6 quintal/ha at cost of just Rs. 1650, which promotes animal rearing, compost/vermicompost production, power generation, bio-gas production, bio-char production, mushroom production, ehtenoal production, mulching in high value crops for stress mitigation. Promotion of straw baler may facilitates in setting up of fodder bank at large scale which may be used in case of natural extemities i.e. flood or drought for feeding animal population.

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