ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MODAL PROFILE AND MEASUREMENT OF VARIABILITY WITHIN A SOIL LANDFORM UNIT

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Protz ◽  
E. W. Presant ◽  
R. W. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Basic Data ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Landform Unit ◽  
Normal Frequency ◽  
Mapping Units

A method for establishing a modal profile and separating inclusions in mapping units is presented. The statistical concepts and implications are discussed. Horizon thicknesses of 100 soil profiles in a 10-by-10 grid on a stable, remnant, upland terrace were used as the basic data to demonstrate the method. All horizon thicknesses did not follow normal frequency distributions, the Ae and AB were skewed and the depth to carbonates exhibited a tendency to a bi-modal distribution, whereas the Ah and B horizons approached normal distributions.

Collagen and elastin fibers in human pulmonary alveolar walls

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1659-1675 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Sobin ◽  
Y. C. Fung ◽  
H. M. Tremer
Keyword(s):  
Transpulmonary Pressure ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Fiber Bundles ◽  
Cube Root ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Statistical Frequency ◽  
The Mean

The morphology and morphometric data of collagen and elastin fibers in the pulmonary alveolar walls are presented. Specimens were obtained from postmortem lungs quick-frozen at specified transpulmonary pressures. Collagen was stained by silver, and elastin was stained by orcein. Photomicrographs were composed by computer. Young lungs typically show small collagen fibers that radiate from the "posts," whereas larger fiber bundles traverse the septum irrespective of capillary blood vessels. In older lungs, rings of collagen around the posts appear enlarged. Elastin bundles do not show obvious variation in pattern with age and inflation pressure. Statistical frequency distributions of the fiber width and curvature are both skewed, but the square root of the width and the cube root of the curvature have approximate normal distributions. Typically, for young lungs at transpulmonary pressure of 4 cmH2O, the mean of (width)1/2 (in micron1/2) for collagen fibers is 0.952 +/- 0.242 (SD), that of (curvature)1/3 (in micron-1/3) is 0.349 +/- 0.094. The corresponding values for elastin are 0.986 +/- 0.255 and 0.395 +/- 0.094.

scholarly journals Positionality-Weighted Aggregation Methods for Cumulative Voting

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kato ◽  
Yasuhiro Asa ◽  
Misa Owa
Keyword(s):  
Consensus Building ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Aggregation Methods ◽  
Building Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cumulative Voting ◽  
Majority Rules ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Further Development

Respecting minority opinions is vital in solving social problems. However, minority opinions are often ignored in general majority rules. To build consensus on pluralistic values and make social choices that consider minority opinions, we propose aggregation methods that give weighting to the minority's positionality on cardinal cumulative voting. Based on quadratic and linear voting, we formulated three weighted aggregation methods that differ in the ratio of votes to cumulative points and the weighting of the minority to all members, and assuming that the distributions of votes follow normal distributions, we calculated the frequency distributions of the aggregation results. We found that minority opinions are more likely to be reflected proportionately to the average of the distribution in two of the above three methods. This implies that Sen and Gotoh's idea of considering the social position of unfortunate people on ordinal ranking in the welfare economics, was illustrated by weighting the minority's positionality on cardinal voting. In addition, it is possible to visualize the number and positionality of the minority from the analysis of the aggregation results. These results will be useful to promote mutual understanding between the majority and minority by interactively visualizing the contents of the proposed aggregation methods in the consensus-building process. With the further development of information technology, the consensus building based on big data will be necessary. We recommend the use of our proposed aggregation methods to make social choices for pluralistic values such as social, environmental, and economic.

Loss and induction of conditional dormancy in seeds of Sitka spruce maintained moist at different temperatures

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve K. Jones ◽  
Richard H. Ellis ◽  
Peter G. Gosling
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
Normal Frequency ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Pretreatment Temperature ◽  
Logarithmic Relationship ◽  
Multiplicative Models

AbstractPretreatment of moist seeds at certain temperatures can reduce seed dormancy, but such observations represent the net effect of pretreatment. Seeds of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis [Bong.] Carr.) were raised to 30% moisture content and pretreated at five different temperatures between 5 and 30°C for up to 24 weeks (168 d). Subsequent ability to germinate at 10°C and viability were then determined in order to investigate the effects of pretreatment on seed dormancy and survival. There was a curvilinear, negative semi-logarithmic relationship between seed longevity and pretreatment temperature, such that Q10 for loss in viability increased from 2.6 between 10 and 20°C to 2.8 between 20 and 30°C. Simple multiplicative models combining cumulative normal frequency distributions for each of loss in viability and loss in dormancy were able to describe the changes in ability to germinate at 10°C, after pretreatment at 5, 10 and 30°C. However, in order to quantify the changes in ability to germinate observed at 10°C after pretreatment at 15°C, it was necessary also to invoke a model of dormancy reimposition, while for the results at 20°C it was necessary to postulate both dormancy reimposition and the further loss of this reimposed dormancy. It is concluded that moist seeds of Sitka spruce held at 15 and 20°C cycle between the dormant and non-dormant condition.

scholarly journals ATUALIZAÇÃO DA LEGENDA DO MAPA DE RECONHECIMENTO DE SOLOS DO ESTADO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO E IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE INTERFACE NO GEOBASES PARA USO DOS DADOS EM SIG/ Update to the legend of the reconnaissance soil map of Espírito Santo state and the implementation of Geobases interface for data usage in GIS

2016 ◽  
pp. 32-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexson de Mello Cunha ◽  
Hideko Nagatani Feitoza ◽  
Leandro Roberto Feitoza ◽  
Fernando Soares Oliveira ◽  
João Luiz Lani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Soil Map ◽  
Data Usage ◽  
Geospatial Database ◽  
Current Classification ◽  
Espirito Santo ◽  
Mapping Units

RESUMOO presente trabalho teve como objetivo a atualização das unidades de mapeamento de solos, definidas nos levantamentos publicados pelo Projeto Radambrasil/IBGE em 1983 e 1987, com foco principal nas classes de solos. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados de perfis de solos representativos daqueles levantamentos para classificá-los no atual Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação. As unidades de mapeamento que não dispõem de perfis representativos foram atualizadas com base apenas na correlação direta entre a denominação pela classificação antiga e a denominação pela classificação atual. Neste trabalho foi realizada também a atualização da legenda do mapa de reconhecimento de solos. A camada de informações referentes a solos, em formato shape, contendo tabela de atributos com dados sobre as unidades de mapeamento e as respectivas legendas (taxonomia, símbolos e cores) atualizadas encontra-se disponível, inclusive para baixar no navegador do Geobases para acesso ao público em geral. Foi também implementada uma interface geográfica específica para uso de parceiros do Geobases dedicados aos estudos de solos.  Esta interface permite a análise, aquisição e entrada de novos dados, recurso esse que contribui para a não duplicação de esforços e de recursos financeiros em atividades de levantamento, cadastro e manutenção do banco de dados geoespacializados sobre solos no Estado. Palavras-chave: Dados espaciais, base de dados geoespacial, sistema de informações geográficas RESUMENEl presente trabajo tiene como objetivo la actualización de las unidades de mapeo de suelos, definidas en los levantamientos publicados por el Proyecto Radambrasil/IBGE en 1983 y 1987, con el énfasis principal en las clases de suelos. Para ello se utilizaron datos de perfiles de suelos representativos de dichos levantamientos para clasificarlos en el actual Sistema Brasilero de Clasificación. Las unidades de mapeo que no disponen de perfiles representativos fueron actualizadas solamente con base en la correlación directa entre sus denominaciones según la clasificación antigua y la actual. En este trabajo se realizó también la actualización de la leyenda del mapa de reconocimiento de suelos. La capa de información referente a suelos, en formato shape, contentiva de la tabla de atributos sobre las unidades de mapeo y las respectivas leyendas actualizadas (taxonomía, símbolos y colores), se encuentra disponible y puede ser descargada por el público en general a través del navegador de Geobases. También se implementó una interfase geográfica específica para el uso de los socios de Geobases dedicados a los estudios de suelos. Esta interfase permite el análisis, adquisición y entrada de nuevos datos, lo que contribuye a la no duplicación de esfuerzos y recursos financieros en las actividades de levantamiento, catastro y mantenimiento del banco de datos georeferenciados sobre los suelos del Estado.Palabras clave: Datos geoespaciales, base de datos geoespacial, sistema de información geográfica. ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was the upgrade of soil mapping units defined in surveys published by the Radambrasil/ IBGE in 1983 and 1987, with the main focus on the classes of soils. To accomplish this, data from representative soil profiles of those surveys were used to classify them in the current Brazilian Classification System. The mapping units which do not have representative profiles were updated based solely on the direct correlation between the denomination used in the old and current classification. This work has also updated the legend of the reconnaissance soil map. The layer of information related to soil, in shape format, containing an attribute table with data regarding mapping units and the respective updated legends (taxonomy, symbols and colors) is currently available and can be downloaded by the general public using the Geobases browser. A specific geographic interface for the partners of Geobases dedicated to soil studies has also been created. This interface allows the analysis, acquisition and input of new data, which contributes to the non-duplication of efforts and financial resources on activities of surveying, registering and maintenance of geospatial database related to soils in the State.Keywords: spatial data, geospatial data base, geographic information system.

Trace element contents of some Queensland soils

Soil Research ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Oertel ◽  
JB Giles
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Taxonomic Group ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Unique Trace ◽  
Trace Element Contents ◽  
Element Contents ◽  
Cobalt Copper

The weighted mean concentrations of cobalt, copper, gallium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, zinc, and zirconium (and also of iron) are given for 28 soil profiles from Queensland. The concentrations of the same elements in 118 surface soils are presented as histograms. Soils of any one taxonomic group have characteristic, but not unique, trace element properties. The concentrations in surface soils of most of the elements have well-defined frequency distributions.

Is Alcohol Consumption Log-Normally Distributed among Fourteen- to Seventeen-Year-Olds?

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 995-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barrie G. Stacey ◽  
Geoffrey A. Elvy
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Theoretical Position ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
Normal Frequency ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Nation Wide Survey ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

The problem of explaining the distribution of alcohol consumption in a population is discussed with particular reference to the log-normal frequency distribution of alcohol consumption and the claims associated with it. Criticisms directed at this application of the log-normal distribution are presented, as is Ole-Jørgen Skog's defense of the log-normal hypothesis. A nation-wide survey of alcohol consumption by 1278 New Zealand 14- to 17-yr.-olds is described. In this sample, representing homogeneous substrata of the New Zealand population, the distribution of alcohol consumption is not close to log-normality in the high consumption segment of the distribution for males, females, and the total sample. However, some analysts would probably interpret our results as borderline or even approximate log-normal distributions. The significance of these results for the log-normal hypothesis and Skog's theoretical position is outlined. Important features of alcohol consumption among 14- to 17-yr.-olds in New Zealand are discussed.

Inheritance of kernel protein content in five spring wheat crosses

1983 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Sampson ◽  
D. W. Flynn ◽  
P. Y. Jui
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Additive Gene Action ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Normal Frequency ◽  
Percent Protein ◽  
Additive Gene ◽  
Kernel Protein

Kernel protein content was determined in the F4 and F6 generations, grown in 1976 and 1977, of five crosses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using infrared reflectance spectroscopy. All crosses showed continuous variation in percent protein with more or less normal frequency distributions between the two parents. Progeny means were slightly lower than the midparent values in most crosses and significantly so in the cross between the two high protein parents. The ranks of the midparent values were excellent predictors of the ranks of the progeny means. Heritability in standard units, based on intergeneration correlations, ranged from 0.25 to 0.50. These results suggest additive gene action by at least two minor genes whose individual segregation patterns were masked by larger environmental and error variances. Epistatic effects are postulated to account for the lower mean protein in the high × high cross. Two of the five crosses showed significant correlations between kernel hardness and protein content of r = 0.22 and 0.25 in the F4 but these were negative and not significant in the F6.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document