EFFECT OF REPEATED APPLICATIONS OF STRAW ON GRAIN YIELDS AND ON SOME SOIL PROPERTIES

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Effect On Yield

During the period 1956 to 1963 three rates of cereal straw (0, 4,484 and 8 967 kg/ha) and three rates of nitrogen (0, 44.8 and 89.7 kg/ha) were applied annually in factorial arrangement on Miniota sandy loam at the Research Station, Brandon, Manitoba. The plots were cropped each year, alternating wheat and oats. Alternated grain-summerfallow was used as a control.The yield of the first stubble crop without nitrogen was approximately 60% of the yield on summerfallow. After 8 years of repeated application of straw with continuous cropping, the ninth and tenth crops showed a residual benefit from the heaviest rate of straw and yielded more than a second crop after summerfallow. Approximately 40 kg/ha N were sufficient to maintain yields under continuous cropping, regardless of the amount of straw added. The evidence suggests that repeated applications of straw had a residual effect on yield because of its effect on the amount of nitrogen mineralized. Available potassium was increased by applications of straw.

scholarly journals Maize-Legumes Rotation Effects on Growth and Yield of Maize in a Semi-Arid Agro-Ecology in Northern Ghana

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
R. A. L. Kanton ◽  
P. V. V. Prasad ◽  
E. Y. Ansoba ◽  
A. L. Alhassan ◽  
J. K. Bidzakin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Continuous Cultivation ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Continuous Maize

Low soil fertility is the most significant agricultural production constraint also mentioned by resource-poor Farmers participating in the Annual Review and Planning Sessions organized under the auspices of the Research, Extension and Farmer Linkage Committees across Ghana. It is in an attempt to find a very cost effective but yet cheaper and most sustainable solution that this work was undertaken. A six-year field trials were conducted at the Manga Agricultural Research Station near Bawku in the Upper East Region in northern Ghana to determine the most suitable grain legume rotation partners for maize relative to continuous cultivation of maize (Zea mays L.) after maize, which is often practiced by cereal farmers under inherently poor soils conditions. The grain legumes evaluated were cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea), pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.], mucuna (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC and green gram (Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek. The trial was established in a randomized complete block with four replications. Growth, development, grain yield and its components and some derived variables were computed. Mean grain yield of maize in the first year, preceding rotation was 2055 Mt ha-1. All the grain legumes recorded significantly greater grain yields as compared to the farmers’ practice of continuous cultivation of maize. This is consistent with the very low Carbon and Nitrogen ratios recorded under the grain legumes as compared to the continuous maize treatment. Maize after pigeon pea, groundnuts and cowpea recorded consistently superior grain yields as compared to the other grain legumes and farmers’ practice. Mean grain yield increment recorded for one of the first cycle of rotation was as high as 62% over continuous cropping of maize. Similarly, mean grain yield increment of maize after pigeon pea, groundnut and cowpea over continuous maize was 42.5, 41.5 and 31.5% respectively, over the farmer practice. It was concluded that continuous crop rotation of grain legumes with maize resulted in higher maize grain yields as reflected in the superior economic returns on a sustainable basis than the current farmers’ practice of continuous cropping of maize after over the years. This obviously has important implications on food security at the farmer household level not only in northern Ghana but equally so in other countries with similar, agro-ecology zones in the African and Asian Continents.

Surgical Scrub and Skin Disinfection

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham A.J. Ayliffe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Skin ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Skin Disinfection ◽  
Skin Flora ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
The Uk

AbstractThe role of pre-operative disinfection of the surgeon's hands and the skin of the operative site in the prevention of wound infection remains uncertain. The normal resident skin flora, consisting mainly of coagulase-negative staphylococci and aerobic and anaerobic diphtheroids, is an uncommon cause of infection except in prosthetic operations. Staphylococcus aureus is rarely a resident on normal skin other than the perineum, and is mostly present on the hands as a transient acquired from the nose. Nevertheless, it seems rational to kill or remove all transients on the hands of the surgeon and reduce residents to low levels.Surgical skin disinfection is usually assessed by measuring the reduction in organisms on the hands immediately after disinfection, after repeated applications of the disinfectant and after wearing gloves for two to three hours. The hands are commonly sampled in a bowl or plastic bag containing Ringer's or a similar solution and relevant neutralizers, or by the use of glove washings. A standardized technique is necessary to provide a statistical comparison between agents. Antiseptic detergents, chlorhexidine or povidone iodine show immediate reductions in bacterial counts of 70% to 80%, increasing to 99% after repeated application. Hexachloraphene and triclosan detergents show a lower immediate reduction but a good residual effect. Seventy percent ethyl or 60% propyl alcohol, with or without an antiseptic, show an immediate reduction of over 95%, and in excess of 99% on repeated application. Residual levels of organisms tend to be lower after repeated alcohol treatment than following the use of antiseptic detergents. A two to three-minute application of the antiseptic to the hands, without a scrubbing brush, is commonly recommended in the UK, but possibly in routine surgery an application time of 30 seconds is sufficient, killing or removing transients and superficial residents.

Influence of tillage and liquid swine manure on productivity of a soybean-barley rotation and some properties of a fine sandy loam in Prince Edward Island

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Carter ◽  
A J Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Liquid Swine Manure ◽  
Second Year

Interactions between tillage management for manure incorporation and rate of manure application may influence crop productivity and soil properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liquid swine (Sus scrofa L.) manure (LSM) applied at three N rates (40, 80, 160 kg ha-1), compared with mineral N fertilizer, in a 2-yr barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation, incorporated by two tillage methods (chisel plough and disc), on crop yield and quality and some soil properties, especially C parameters. The LSM was applied every second year in the spring, prior to barley seeding. The study was conducted over a 5-yr period on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam (Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol) in Prince Edward Island. The experimental design was a split-plot with four replicates. Soil samples (0–60 cm) were obtained at the termination of the study to determine residual effects of the LSM on soil properties. The two methods of LSM incorporation had no differential effect on crop response. Generally, increasing the application rate of LSM increased the barley yield, but had no effect on grain N concentration. A residual effect on crop grain yield for the high rate of LSM was evident in the soybean year. Crop response to LSM was similar to that of mineral fertilizer. Application operations for LSM had no adverse effect on soil strength or soil bulk density. Soil properties (microbial biomass C, carbohydrates, water-stable aggregates) were not greatly influenced by LSM application, however, increases in particulate C (POM-C) were evident for the high LSM rate at the 10- to 30-cm soil depth. The study showed that for fine sandy loams in Prince Edward Island low to medium rates of LSM applied every second year could serve as a source of N for barley in barley-soybean rotations. Key words: Barley, soybean, liquid swine manure, fine sandy loam, soil properties, tillage incorporation, eastern Canada

Effect of Burning Cereal Straw on Soil Properties and Grain Yields in Saskatchewan

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. O. Biederbeck ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
K. E. Bowren ◽  
M. Schnitzer ◽  
R. N. McIver
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Cereal Straw

scholarly journals Effect of Differentiated Nitrogen Fertilization on the Enzymatic Activity of the Soil for Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L. [Lam.]) Cultivation

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1970
Author(s):  
Barbara Sawicka ◽  
Barbara Krochmal-Marczak ◽  
Piotr Pszczółkowski ◽  
Elżbieta Jolanta Bielińska ◽  
Anna Wójcikowska-Kapusta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Fourth Degree

The experiment was conducted between 2015–2017 in the Research Station for Cultivar Testing in Uhnin (51°34′ N, 23°02′ E), in Luvisols developed from sandy loam soils. Soil samples for the tests of enzymatic activity were collected after the crop was harvested. The measurements included: the content of dehydrogenases, phosphatases, urease and protease, as well as total organic carbon, total nitrogen and mineral nitrogen in soil, based on standard methods. The research results point to changes in the enzymatic activity of light soil under the influence of varied nitrogen fertilization. In objects fertilized with this ingredient, the activity of the analysed enzymes was significantly higher than in the control soil, except for combinations fertilised with 150 kg ha−1 N characterised by the highest accumulation of N-NO3− in soil. The activity of dehydrogenases, phosphatases and urease changed as the nitrogen dose increased. The polynomial regression analysis enabled a better understanding of those dependences. In the case of dehydrogenases, phosphatases and urease, a third-degree curvilinear relation of enzymatic activity to nitrogen fertilisation was observed (a fourth-degree relation was found, with a coefficient R2 in those equations amounting to =0.958, 0.977, 0.979, respectively) and in the case of protease activity, a fourth-degree relation, with coefficient R2 = 0.989. However, soil acidity did not have a significant influence on either the enzymatic activity or physico-chemical characteristics of soil under the cultivation of sweet potatoes. The C:N ratio turned out to be significantly negatively related to the content of the enzymes dehydrogenase (Adh), phosphatase (AF), urease (AU) and protease (AP) as well as the content of total nitrogen, especially its ammonium form (N-NH4). The obtained results indicate the usefulness of research on enzymatic activity as an indicator of soil reaction to nitrogen fertilization and will enable maintenance of the optimal biological balance of cultivated soils.

Continuous cropping under elevated CO2: Differential effects on C4 and C3 crops, soil properties and carbon dynamics in semi-arid alfisols

2016 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. Srinivasarao ◽  
Sumanta Kundu ◽  
Arun K. Shanker ◽  
R. Prakash Naik ◽  
M. Vanaja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Carbon Dynamics ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Semi Arid

scholarly journals Role of Mineral and Bio-fertilizers on Some Soil Properties and Rice Productivity under Reclaimed Saline Soils

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Mohamed I. Mohaseb ◽  
Mona H. M. Kenawy ◽  
Khaled A. H. Shaban
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Available N ◽  
Rice Productivity ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Crop Field ◽  
And Control

A field experiment (randomized complete blocks with three replicates) was conducted during two successive summer seasons of 2016 and 2017 at Sahl El-Houssinia Agriculture Research Station in El-Shakia Governorate, Egypt. Its lies between 32˚00/00 to 32˚15/00/ N latitude and 30˚50 / 00// to 31˚15 00// E longitude. The combined effect of bio-fertilizers inoculated with Rhizobium radiobacter sp strain (salt tolerant PGPR); Bacillus megatherium (dissolving phosphate) and Bacillus circulans (enhancing potassium availability) and yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) combined with different rates of N, P and K fertilizers (50, 75 and 100%) was evaluated on some soil properties, nutrient content in rice plants, and rice productivity in a reclaimed saline soil. From the crop field of the Agricultural Research Institute (ARC), Egypt, 101 grain kernels from rice (Oryza sativa) var. Sakha were selected.   The results indicated that soil pH and EC were decreased in soil treated with bio-fertilizers combined with different rates of mineral fertilizers in comparison with soil treated with yeast and control. Available N, P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn in the soil increased with the use of bio-fertilizers. Application of mineral fertilizers (N, P and K) alone or combined with bio-fertilizers (bacteria and yeast) resulted in increased yield grains and straw of rice plant. Macro- and micronutrients concentrations and uptake in grain and straw of rice plants increased in soil treated with bacteria + 75% N+P+K fertilizers compared with other treatments.                          

scholarly journals Direct and Residual Effect of Sulphur and Zinc on Potato-Boro-T. Aman Rice Cropping Pattern

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Tarafder ◽  
MQ Haque ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
MR Khan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Boro Rice

The experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) sub-staion, Tajhat, Ranpure, using potato-Boro-T. aman rice cropping pattern with an objective to evaluate the direct and residual effects of sulphur and zinc on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake by the crops. The surface soil was sandy loam texture, pH 6.3, organic matter 1.24%, available sulphur 6.62 ppm and available zinc 0.45 ppm. The experiment comprised of eight treatments for potato S15Zn2 (T2, T4 and T8, S8Zn1 (T5 and T6)and S0Zn0 (T1, T3 and T7), for boro rice S20Zn4 (T3, T5, T6 and T7) and S0Zn0 (T1, T3, T4 and T6). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Average tuber yield of potato (var. cardinal) varied from 28.29 to 32.86 t ha-1 with the highest yield in S15Zn2 treatment (100% recommended dose) and the lowest was in the S0Zn0 treatment (control). In the second crop (Boro rice), growth and yield attributes, grain and straw yields responded significantly to S and Zn applied either in the first crop or in both crops. The average grain yield varied from 3.51 to 5.27 t ha-1 over the treatments. In the third crop (T. aman rice), the grain and straw yields responded significantly to S and Zn applied either in the first and second crop or in the third crops. The grain yield of T. aman rice varied from 2.96 to 4.46 t ha-1 over the treatments. The growth and yield contributing characters were also significantly influenced by the treatment. There was a significant direct and residual effect of the treatments on S and Zn uptake by the crops.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.16987 Progress. Agric. 19(1): 33 - 38, 2008 

scholarly journals Effects of Growing-Finishing Pig Stocking Rates on Bermudagrass Ground Cover and Soil Properties

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1666
Author(s):  
Silvana Pietrosemoli ◽  
Charles Raczkowski ◽  
James T. Green ◽  
Maria Jesús Villamide
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pig ◽  
Stocking Rates

This study compares four stocking rates (37, 74, 111 and 148 pigs ha−1) for growing to finishing pigs (18.4 ± 0.5 kg and 118.5 ± 2.0 kg and 35.7 ± 2.1 kg and 125.7 ± 2.3 kg initial and final BW for grazing periods 1 and 2, respectively) and their effect on ground cover and soil traits in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers) pastures, over two 14-week grazing periods (July–September and May–August). The study was conducted at the Center for Environmental Farming systems at the Cherry Research Station, Goldsboro North Carolina. A continuous stocking method was implemented to manage the pasture. The percent ground cover was estimated with a modified step point technique. Soil samples were collected in three sampling positions (center, inner and outer areas of the paddocks) and two soil sampling depths (0–30 and 30–90 cm). The experimental design was a completely randomized block with three field replicates. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS/STAT ® Version 9.4. Greater ground cover and lesser soil nutrient concentrations were registered in bermudagrass paddocks managed with 37 pigs ha−1. The results of this study also validated the existence of a spatial pattern of soil properties, which differed among sampling positions and depths.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS ON SOIL EROSION PROCESSES AND SOIL PROPERTIES ON HILLY LANDSCAPE IN WESTERN LITHUANIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gintaras JARAŠIŪNAS ◽  
Irena KINDERIENĖ
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different land use systems on soil erosion rates, surface evolution processes and physico-chemical properties on a moraine hilly topography in Lithuania. The soil of the experimental site is Bathihypogleyi – Eutric Albeluvisols (abe–gld–w) whose texture is a sandy loam. After a 27-year use of different land conservation systems, three critical slope segments (slightly eroded, active erosion and accumulation) were formed. Soil physical properties of the soil texture and particle sizes distribution were examined. Chemical properties analysed for were soil ph, available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N). We estimated the variation in thickness of the soil Ap horizon and soil physico-chemical properties prone to a sustained erosion process. During the study period (2010–2012) water erosion occurred under the grain– grass and grass–grain crop rotations, at rates of 1.38 and 0.11 m3 ha–1 yr–1, respectively. Soil exhumed due to erosion from elevated positions accumulated in the slope bottom. As a result, topographic transfiguration of hills and changes in soil properties occurred. However, the accumulation segments of slopes had significantly higher silt/clay ratios and SOC content. In the active erosion segments a lighter soil texture and lower soil ph were recorded. Only long-term grassland completely stopped soil erosion effects; therefore geomorphologic change and degradation of hills was estimated there as minimal.

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