OXYGEN-CONTAINING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC SOILS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE DEGREE OF HUMIFICATION AS DETERMINED BY SOLUBILITY IN SODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE SOLUTION

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schnitzer ◽  
J. G. Desjardins
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Data ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Sodium Pyrophosphate ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Functional Group Analysis ◽  
Phenolic Oh Groups

Carboxyls, phenolic and alcoholic hydroxyls, carbonyls, and methoxyls were determined in 20 organic soil samples that ranged from peats, mucky peats, peaty mucks to mucks. The absorbance of a sodium pyrophosphate extract of each sample served as basis for grouping the samples into three broad classes: (i) peat, (ii) mucky peat – peaty muck, and (iii) muck.A statistical analysis of the analytical data showed that (a) the determination of COOH and of OCH3 groups distinguished between the peat and muck classes, and (b) measurement of alcoholic OH groups differentiated between the peat class and the intermediate class and between the peat and muck classes. The experimental data indicated that increased humification was associated with increases in COOH, OCH3, and to a lesser extent of C==O groups, increased solubility in dilute sodium pyrophosphate solution, decreases in alcoholic OH groups but practically no changes in phenolic OH groups. It is suggested that functional group analysis could be used as a supplementary diagnostic tool for assessing the degree of humification of organic matter in organic soils and could thus serve as an aid in the classification of organic soils.

scholarly journals Selected issues relating to classification of mountain organic soils in Poland according to the Polish Soil Classification (2011)

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-189
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Glina ◽  
Adam Bogacz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Materials ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Mineral Material ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractDespite a large number of organic soil types and subtypes in the Polish Soil Classification the problems of organic soils classification are still very common. In relation to mountain organic soils, in particular. The aim of this paper is to discuss the most common problems related to mountain organic soils classification according to the Polish Soil Classification. Based on authors’ own research and literature studies mentioned problem was described. This work allows to define some new proposals, which should be considered during developing of the next update of the Polish Soil Classification (PSC). The most important proposals related to: criteria for organic materials and organic soils, taxonomy position and criteria for shallow organic soils and new definition of mineral material admixture in organic soils.

scholarly journals A New Approach to the Determination of Mineral and Organic Soil Types Based on Dilatometer Tests (DMT)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Rabarijoely
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
New Classification ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Material Index

In order to identify the soil type in the ground, Marchetti’s nomogram chart is commonly used on the basis of dilatometer tests (DMT). In this chart, the material index values (ID) and the dilatometer modulus (ED) are used to determine the state and type of soils predominant in mineral soils. Unfortunately, this classification is not accurate enough for the identification of organic soils. This article proposes a new classification based on a nomogram chart for both mineral soils and organic soils using (p0), (p1) readings and pore water pressure (uo).

scholarly journals Identification of local organic soils based on cone penetration test results

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 049-056
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Straż
Keyword(s):  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Penetration Testing ◽  
Cone Penetration Testing ◽  
In Situ Conditions

This paper presents the results of attempts to identify organic soils on the basis of test results performed under in situ conditions by cone penetration testing (CPT). The results of 439 selected tests were analysed which reflected the behaviour of local organic soils of organic matter ranging from 6,3 to 17,4%. Crucial to soil investigation were values measured of cone resistance (qc) and sleeve friction (fs) and the friction ratio (Rf) estimated according to those values. To identify organic soils, selected criteria were used, proposed among others by: Mayne, Marr, Bergmann, Schmertmann, Capanella and Robertson [2,5]. An analysis showed that an identification of organic soil types in terms of the present classification of standards, in view of the criteria used, is ambiguous and does not allow to identify them precisely by CPT.

Characterization of technical lignins by NMR spectroscopy: optimization of functional group analysis by 31P NMR spectroscopy

Holzforschung ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Korntner ◽  
Ivan Sumerskii ◽  
Markus Bacher ◽  
Thomas Rosenau ◽  
Antje Potthast
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Solution Technique ◽  
31P Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Nmr Analysis ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Functional Group Analysis ◽  
First Time

Abstract31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based on the derivatization reagent 2-chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane is a common approach for the hydroxyl group determination of lignins, but the results are sometimes less reproducible compared to other methods. In the present work, common pitfalls in31P NMR analysis of kraft lignin (KL) and lignosulfonates (LS) are addressed and the results are compared to those obtained by1H NMR spectroscopy. Several experimental parameters are revisited in terms of the reliability of the obtained data, such as the choice of relaxation delay, internal standards, and the best solution technique for the31P NMR analysis of LS. For the first time,31P NMR data of LS are presented based on a new dissolution protocol. The analytical data of a set of lignins consisting of three KLs, one LS, and one milled wood lignin are presented based on the optimized31P NMR approach.

THE ESSENCE, THE NEED FOR EVALUATION AND TYPES OF ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF ENTERPRISES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olexandr Yemelyanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Enterprise Management ◽  
Value Assessment ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Enterprise Value ◽  
Development Assessment ◽  
State Of The Environment

The formation of business strategies of enterprises should be based on a preliminary assessment of their current and future economic opportunities. Such an assessment is to establish the value of the total economic potential of enterprises and its individual varieties. The purpose of this study was to clarify the essence of the economic potential of enterprises, justify the need for its evaluation and selection of its types. The main approaches to interpreting the terms "potential" and "enterprise potential" are identified. These include resource, result, resource-result, resource-target, and result-target concepts. It is established that the potential of any object, including the enterprise, can be interpreted as a set of its external functional properties, which this object shows or can show in a certain state of the environment in which it is located. Accordingly, the assessment of the potential of an object should be based on the identification and determination of its external properties, taking into account the environment in which the object is located. The main situations in which there is a need for information about certain components of the economic potential of the enterprise are identified, and the types of this potential and the consumers of the information about their level, corresponding to these situations, are determined. In particular, such situations include management of production and sales, management of financial and economic results of the enterprise, management of enterprise development, assessment of the company's need for various types of resources, assessment of enterprise value, assessment of current and future impact of the enterprise on the economy of the country (region), etc. The features of classification of types of enterprise potential existing in the scientific literature are supplemented by the following ones: by the main types of economic activity, by the dynamics of changes in the economic and production system of the enterprise, by consequences for the subject of enterprise potential assessment, by the stages of economic activity, enterprise potential, etc. The obtained results make it possible to improve the understanding of the complex patterns that underlie the formation of the economic potential of enterprises.

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