POTASSIUM-SUPPLYING POWER OF SOME CANADIAN SOILS

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Canadian Soils ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Exchangeable Form

The amounts of exchangeable potassium in surface samples of 11 Canadian soils were significantly correlated with uptake of potassium by plants in the greenhouse. Per cent K-saturation and water-soluble potassium were indicative of the percentage of K-uptake that was derived from soil potassium in exchangeable form at the time of seeding.Amounts of non-exchangeable potassium extracted from the soils by repeated boiling in 1 N HNO3, by H-saturated exchange resin, and by continuous leaching with 0.01 N HCl were significantly correlated with each other and with the amounts of this form of potassium removed by plants.Following cropping, release of non-exchangeable potassium to exchangeable form during moist incubation of the samples for 112 days was slight. When samples containing different levels of exchangeable potassium were incubated moist for 13 months and then wetted and dried five times, potassium tended to be released to exchangeable form or converted to non-exchangeable form depending on initial level established. The degree of K-saturation at which potassium in six Ontario soils would be expected to be at equilibrium was estimated by regression to be 1.21 per cent. There was evidence that the degree of K-saturation for equilibrium in a Brown soil from Saskatchewan was at least 4.5 per cent.

scholarly journals Forms and Dynamics of Soil Potassium in Acid Soil in the Wolaita Zone of Southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesfin Kassa ◽  
Wassie Haile ◽  
fassile kebede
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Land Use Type ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Crop Land ◽  
Land Use Types

Quantity-intensity characteristics are among conventional approaches for studying potassium dynamics and its availability; this was assessed to determine availability in four districts: namely, Sodo Zuria, Damot Gale, Damot Sore, and Boloso Sore at three different land use type viz., enset-coffee, crop land, and grazing land. There was water soluble, ammonium acetate, nitric acid extractable potassium, exchangeable potassium, and non-exchangeable potassium studied in soil samples, which were collected from 0-20 cm depth of each land type. The study revealed that water soluble and ammonium acetate extractable potassium concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 0.42 cmolKg-1 soils enset-coffee and grazing land use types, respectively. The study showed that exchangeable potassium constituted the highest proportion of available potassium, while the proportion of water soluble potassium was found to be the lowest. In this study, non-exchangeable potassium concentrations varied from 0.10 to 0.04cmolKg-1soils for enset-coffee, and crop and grazing land use type. Furthermore, available potassium and exchangeable potassium concentrations were positively correlated with OC(r=0.95***), cation exchange capacity, and sand and clay(r=0.98***). In addition, the K dynamics as impacted by land use types found that the highest change in exchangeable potassium (0.31cmolkg-1soils) and potential buffering capacity (1.79cmolkg-1soils) were noted in crop land use types, whereas the lowest change(1.26cmolkg-1 soils) was observed in the enset-coffee system, The varying properties, potassium status, dynamic and land use type of soils identified in the study areas provided adequate information to design soil potassium management options and further research about the soil in each site. Therefore, application of site specific soil fertility management practices and research can improve soil potassium status and quantity intensity parameters to sustain crop productive soils.

scholarly journals Potassium status of sod-podzolic loamy soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 2(26) ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
V.G. Sychev ◽  
◽  
L.V. Nikitina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Organic Mineral ◽  
Term Field ◽  
Exchangeable Form

Potassium is one of the essential plant nutrients. Despite numerous surveys, some issues related to the transformation of potassium in soils require additional study. The purpose of the research was to study the potassium transformation in sod-podzolic loamy soils and its entry into plants influenced by various farming methods in long-term field experiments of different duration. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental station of the FSBSI “Pryanishnikov Institute of Agrochemistry” located in the Moscow region, Domodedovo district, village of Barybino. To study the potassium status, an archive of soil samples created in the Geographical Network of Experiments with Fertilizers was used. Soil samples were collected in long-term field experiments after their closure (experiment SH-8, year of laying – 1971–1973, duration – 14 years) or modification (experiment SH-5, year of laying – 1964-1966, duration – 28 years). The experimental schemes included the systematic introduction of various fertilizing systems (organic, mineral, organo-mineral) and the determination of their impact on crop rotation productivity and soil fertility. Previous studies have shown that the formation of the crop yield in the context of long-term potassium deficiency burdened by the absence of fertilization was chiefly due to the consumption of non-exchangeable potassium by plants. For the 14–year period, the annual use of non-exchangeable potassium in the control and NP variants was 62.0-63.0 kg K2O/ha. As potassium reserves in the soil of the control variant become depleted (longer experiment), its assimilation from the non-exchangeable form decreased by 1.6 times and amounted to 39.5 kg K2O/ha. The use of a mineral fertilizing system (potassium dose < 90 kg/ha for 14 years) increased the annual mobilization of the non-exchangeable form of the element (over 100 kg/ha of K2O). The transformation of soil potassium forms that differed in the degree of their availability for plants was determined by the fertilizing systems, the doses of potassium fertilizers in the systems, as well as the duration of the experiments.

Forms of potassium in the profiles of two long-term experiments in relation to K nutrition of crops

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-212
Author(s):  
A. N. Ganeshamurthy ◽  
C. R. Biswas ◽  
Bhajan Singh
Keyword(s):  
Relative Rate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Discernible Difference ◽  
Exchangeable Form

Potassium occurs in soils in four different forms, namely water-soluble, exchangeable, nonexchangeable and mineral (Reitemeir, 1951; Munson & Nelson, 1963). Water-soluble and exchangeable forms are considered to be directly available to plants. Under continuous cropping one may therefore expect depletion of these two forms, but in fact not much discernible difference in the amounts of available K was observed even after a few crops had been grown. Hence several people have stated that there exists an equilibrium among the following forms of KThis equilibrium implies that a change in magnitude of a form is compensated by the movement from, to and among other forms (Reitemeir, 1951; Garman, 1957; Munson & Nelson, 1963; Chevalier, 1971). If water-soluble and exchangeable forms of K are removed by crops more potassium would become exchangeable from non-exchangeable forms (Maurya & Ghosh, 1972). Whether soils when cropped can maintain the level of exchangeable K depends upon the type of soil, nature and intensity of cropping, the relative rate of removal and release from non-exchangeable form. Continuous cropping therefore alters the existing equilibrium of soil potassium in the profile as crop roots penetrate as deep as 2 m. Since all the potassium fertilizer for a crop is applied at sowing, the temporary overloading of the system may cause leaching losses of K in light soils. This may result in the enrichment of deeper layers.

The movement of potassium in irrigated and fertilized red sandy clay

1940 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lachower
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Sandy Clay

The present investigation was intended to furnish information concerning:(1) The movement of water-soluble and exchangeable potassium in the soil profile after successive fertilizer applications.(2) The form of potassium—exchangeable, soluble, or non-exchangeable—into which added potassium fertilizer is converted in the soil.(3) The effect of doubling the fertilizer ration on the absorption of potassium by the soil; and the effect of doubling the ration of irrigation water on the absorption and accumulation of potassium in the soil.(4) The effect of frequent successive summer irrigation following fertilizer application on the distribution of the three forms of soil potassium.(5) The effect of fertilization followed by irrigation on soil pH. value.

Studies on soil potassium. II. The Q/I relation and other parameters compared with plant uptake of potassium

Soil Research ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
IF Fergus ◽  
AE Martin ◽  
IP Little ◽  
KP Haydock
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Potassium Uptake ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Setaria Sphacelata ◽  
Total Potassium ◽  
Equilibrium Activity

Setaria (Setaria sphacelata cv. Nandi) was grown in 10 surface soils, of contrasting properties, in pots until (after repeated harvesting of tops) plant growth virtually ceased. Uptake of potassium by tops and roots was correlated with change in exchangeable potassium during cropping, initial exchangeable potassium, and with quantities of potassium predicted from the immediate Q/I relations of the soils. Some initially non-exchangeable potassium was absorbed from seven of the soils by the plants, such that these soil quantity parameters (which were statistically equivalent) predicted two-thirds of the total potassium uptake averaged over all soils. Potassium uptake was also correlated with soil potassium soluble in constant-boiling hydrochloric acid, and with potassium extracted by a cation exchange resin (both of which predicted about twice the plant absorption). For six of the soils, uptake of initially non-exchangeable potassium was correlated with the quantity of total potassium present in each pot in the 1 0 . 1 pm clay fraction. The intensity of soil potassium (measured in dilute calcium chloride solution from the immediate Q/I relation) was reduced on all soils by exhaustive cropping to a mean value for the equilibrium activity ratio (AR0) of 4.7 10-4 mole1/2 L.-1/2 (�G = -4500 cal equiv.-1); it was suggested that the observed variations in this value were unlikely to prohibit its use for practical soil testing, except for the prediction of the quantity parameter for those soils for which the form of the isotherm is altered by cropping. A tentative value for the potential of soil potassium at which setaria has an adequate average potassium concentration in its tops was - 3600 cal equiv.-1 (AR0 2.1 x 10-4 mole1/2 L.-1/2).

scholarly journals Effect of Rice Straw on Potassium Availability in Illite Containing Soils of Central Plain, Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timtong DARUNSONTAYA ◽  
Wittaya JINDALUANG
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Straw Incorporation ◽  
K Release

Soil potassium (K) in various forms and the effect of rice straw on soil K release were studied in lowland soils containing illite clay minerals. Surface soils of 2 Inceptisols and 2 Alfisols were collected to study. Soil samples were incubated for 120 days with rice straw incorporation at different rates (0, 3,125, 6,250, and 9,375 kg/ha), and various forms of K in soils were determined at various times during the period of incubation. The results showed that the readily available K content (water-soluble K + exchangeable K) of the studied soils increased with the increasing rate of rice straw incorporation. In addition, non-exchangeable K content also increased with the increasing rate of rice straw incorporation by fixation process for all soils. The maximum increase of water-soluble K content of the studied soils was observed on the 4th day of incubation for all treatments, corresponding to the decrease of exchangeable K content at the same time. This result indicated that water-soluble K and exchangeable K were in equilibrium. Changes of non-exchangeable K content during the period of incubation through alternate release and fixation processes were observed monthly. This result suggested that most of the readily available K enhanced by rice straw incorporation would be beneficial for K uptake by the plant.

scholarly journals Adsorption of heavy metals by road deposited solids

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2622-2629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandima Gunawardana ◽  
Ashantha Goonetilleke ◽  
Prasanna Egodawatta
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Trivalent Cation ◽  
Urban Road ◽  
High Charge Density ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Exchangeable Form

The research study discussed in the paper investigated the adsorption/desorption behaviour of heavy metals commonly deposited on urban road surfaces, namely, Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb, for different particle size ranges of solids. The study outcomes, based on field studies and batch experiments, confirmed that road deposited solids particles contain a significantly high amount of vacant charge sites with the potential to adsorb additional heavy metals. Kinetic studies and adsorption experiments indicated that Cr is the most preferred metal element to associate with solids due to the relatively high electronegativity and high charge density of trivalent cation (Cr3+). However, the relatively low availability of Cr in the urban road environment could influence this behaviour. Comparing total adsorbed metals present in solids particles, it was found that Zn has the highest capacity for adsorption to solids. Desorption experiments confirmed that a low concentration of Cu, Cr and Pb in solids was present in water-soluble and exchangeable form, whilst a significant fraction of adsorbed Zn has a high likelihood of being released back into solution. Among heavy metals, Zn is considered to be the most commonly available metal among road surface pollutants.

RELEASE OF NON-EXCHANGEABLE SOIL POTASSIUM BY RESIN-EQUILIBRATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR CROP GROWTH

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Barber ◽  
B. C. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Quadratic Regression ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
The Difference

The non-exchangeable potassium released by soil after equilibration with cation-exchange resin was determined by extraction of the mixture with neutral ammonium acetate at room temperature and compared with a similar extraction in the absence of resin. The difference obtained following a 2-day equilibration period was called moderately-available potassium.Simple linear regression of yield on exchangeable potassium or exchangeable plus moderately-available potassium accounted for only 16 and 27 per cent respectively of the variability in yield response of corn, wheat, oats and potatoes to potassium fertilizer in the field. Multiple linear regression of yield on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for an average of 37 per cent of the variation in crop response; but a multiple quadratic regression of Log (100-per cent yield) on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for an average of 56 per cent of the variability in Log (100-per cent yield). Multiple quadratic regression of absolute yield or per cent yield on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for 46 and 50 per cent, respectively, of the variability in crop response to potassium fertilizer.

Ion Exchange Method for Rapid Determination of Alkalinity of Water-Soluble Tea Ash Containing High Levels of Manganese

1980 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-461
Author(s):  
Saidul Z Qureshi ◽  
Fadhil M Najib ◽  
Fahmi A Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Exchange Method ◽  
Strong Cation Exchange ◽  
Ion Exchange Method

Abstract An ion exchange method to determine the alkalinity of water-soluble tea ash containing high levels of manganese is described. A chromatographic column containing a strong cation exchange resin (20–50 mesh) in Na+ form, with a bed volume of 5 mL is used. The present ion exchange method is compared to pH titrations and also to the official AOAC methods (31.012, 31.015, 31.016). Results with the new method are accurate and precise.

THE EFFECTS OF AMMONIUM NITRATE AND UREA ON THE RELEASE OF NON-EXCHANGEABLE POTASSIUM BY EIGHT EASTERN PRAIRIE SOILS DURING CONTINUOUS CROPPING IN THE GREENHOUSE

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. BAILEY
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Total N ◽  
Prairie Soils ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Total Potassium

Continuous cropping of eight Manitoba soils to alfalfa in the greenhouse decreased the exchangeable potassium of the soils to low equilibrium levels. Non-exchangeable potassium was removed from the soils by the alfalfa. The rate of decrease of exchangeable potassium and the quantity of non-exchangeable potassium mobilized was significantly influenced by the addition of ammonium nitrate or urea to the soils. However, there were no significant differences between the soils treated with ammonium nitrate and those treated with urea. There was considerable variation among soils in the rate of decrease of exchangeable potassium and the quantity of non-exchangeable potassium mobilized. The total yield of soil potassium was related to the initial exchangeable potassium levels of the soils. Addition of NH4NO3 increased the percentage of total N in the plant material harvested prior to the eighth harvest. After this eighth harvest the added nitrogen had no effect on the nitrogen content of the harvested material. In general, fine-textured soils yielded more plant material and total potassium, and maintained a higher level of exchangeable potassium than coarse-textured soils.

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