THE PERSISTENCE OF CERTAIN PESTICIDES IN THE SOIL AND THEIR EFFECT ON CROP YIELDS

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee ◽  
D. Chisholm ◽  
C. R. MacEachern
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Root Crops

From 1954 to 1958 at Kentville, Nova Scotia, the persistence and residual effects of certain pesticides, added to the soil annually from 1949 to 1953 inclusive, were investigated. Stability of pesticides in the soil rated in descending order of persistency was as follows: arsenic, DDT, BHC, chlordane. Arsenic, DDT, and sulphur caused decreases in the yields of some crops. Evidence indicated that DDT, BHC, and parathion were translocated to root crops. Increased concentrations of arsenic in the soil resulted in increased accumulations of the element in plants.The use of lime in the soil did not ameliorate the toxic conditions resulting from the arsenic and DDT treatments, but did correct the effects of sulphur applications.

Wood Ash Improved Soil Properties and Crop Yield for Nine Years and Saved Fertilizer

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kabal S. Gill ◽  
Sukhdev S. Malhi ◽  
Newton Z. Lupwayi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Contribution Margin ◽  
Seed Yields

<p>Wood ash may be used to mitigate soil acidity and improve crop production. We compared effects of wood ash and recommended fertilizers on soil properties of a Gray Luivsol, crop yields and contribution margins in southeast Peace, Alberta, Canada. The CHK (no fertilizer, inoculation or wood ash), FRT (recommended fertilizers or inoculation), ASH (wood ash rate to supply amounts of phosphorus equivalent to the FRT treatment); and ASH+N (same as ASH + N fertilizer or inoculation) treatments were applied in 2006 and 2007. Their effects were studied from 2006 to 2014. Wood ash had all the essential plant nutrients, except nitrogen. Soil samples collected in 2007, 2008 and 2013 had or tended to have higher pH, P, K, Ca, Ca:Mg ratio, S, Cu, Zn and B levels for the ASH and ASH+N treatments than the CHK and FRT treatments. In the 2006 and 2007, the seed yields were ASH+N &gt; FRT &gt; ASH &gt; CHK. The seed yields in 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014 were greater from both the wood ash treatments than other treatments. Extra contribution margin from the ASH+N over the FRT treatment was $751/ha, i.e. $97 Mg<sup>-1</sup> of applied wood ash. Overall, wood ash reduced fertilizer expenditure and improved seed yield, contribution margin and soil properties, with residual effects observed up to seven years and likely for few more years.</p>

Some effects of primary cultivations on crop yields in a four-course rotation

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Term Experiment ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Consistent Method ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
Made In

A long-term experiment designed to study the effects on crop yields of different basic methods of cultivation used in the preparation of seedbeds is described and the results of the first completed cycle of 4 years are discussed. Four basic methods of cultivation were compared, namely, ploughing, rotary cultivating, cultivating and discing. Each one of these was done, early and late, for each crop in two four-course rotations which differed only in the cropping of 1 of the 4 years when potatoes were used in one case and a 1-year ley in the other. Each crop in the rotation (winter wheat, sugar beet, barley, ley or potatoes) was grown at two levels of fertilizer application and provision was made in the design of the experiment for two different weed control régimes. The soil was fairly easy to work, being of the Milton series of river gravels.As a result of the work described, the following conclusions have been drawn:1. Ploughing was the most consistent method of providing a satisfactory basis for the final seedbed preparation but in some circumstances other methods were equally good. On average, ploughing led to the highest yields and discing the lowest, with rotary cultivating second and cultivating third in order of merit.2. The yields of cereals grown after root crops were not dependent on the method of basic cultivation used.3. The effects of the cultivations on the yield of winter wheat after the ley appeared to be due to the extent to which the regrowth of rye-grass was controlled, the plough being most effective in this respect.

Residual effects of papermill biosolids and forest-derived alkaline materials on crop yield and plant metal accumulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Bernard Gagnon ◽  
Noura Ziadi
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Metal Accumulation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
P Accumulation ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
By Products

Combined papermill biosolids (PB) and forest-derived alkaline by-products are known for their direct benefits to agricultural crops, but their residual effects after several years of application have received little attention. A 10 yr field study was initiated on a loamy soil at Yamachiche, QC, to assess the residual effects of PB application after nine consecutive years, either alone or with several liming by-products, on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and metal accumulation in plant and crop yield. The treatments consisted of PB at 0, 30, 60, and 90 Mg wet·ha−1, three liming by-products (calcitic lime, lime mud, and wood ash), each at 3 Mg wet·ha−1 with 30 Mg wet PB·ha−1, and a mineral N fertilizer (MIN). During the residual years, only the MIN treatment was carried out every year according to crop needs. Grain yield and total plant N and P accumulation were evaluated each year, whereas metal accumulation was determined on a 3 yr cycle. The residual effects of PB applications increased crop yields in some years, but the effects were generally lower than with MIN. Plant N recovery in the first three residual years was half of that recorded during years of application (15% vs. 30%), whereas P recovery was at 6%. Residual PB applications had little effect on metal accumulation in grain. Soil liming decreased zinc and cadmium concentrations in grain but increased molybdenum. This study showed that repeated applications of PB and alkaline materials continued to have a positive effect on field crops 3–5 yr after their cessation.

scholarly journals Dispersion has a large effect (Cohen's d) on crop yield in crop residue application

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1831
Author(s):  
Masato Oda
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Anaerobic Decomposition ◽  
Coral Sand

Background: Crop residue application can maintain soil fertility and sustain agriculture. However, the effects of residue application are unstable because of variable weather conditions and the residual effects of crop residue application. Residue application often reduces crop yields. I tried to clarify effective residue application factors in an environment which was has stable weather conditions and low residual effects. Methods: Majuro atoll, a coral sand atoll near the equator, was selected for the experiment site because of its stable weather and low residual effect of coral sand. A factorial design experiment using sweet corn was conducted based on the following four factors: fungi propagation before application, cutting residue into pieces, dispersion (or accumulation) of applied residue, and placement (on the surface or incorporation) with an equal amount of crop residue. The effects of each factors on the corn yields were evaluated using Cohen’s power analysis. Results: The dispersion showed the largest effect (p = 0.045, Cohen’s d = 1.2), which exceeded the effect of incorporation (p = 0.223, Cohen’s d = 0.7). The interaction of dispersion and incorporation showed a huge effect on corn yield (p = 0.005, Cohen’s d = 4.9). Discussion: The effect of dispersion was not positive but it avoided the negative effects of residue clustering. The toxicity of the plant residue and generation of toxic substances by anaerobic decomposition are widely known. Anaerobic decomposition occurs inside the residue clusters. However, dispersion reduced the toxicity by adsorption in soil and avoiding anaerobic decomposition. Furthermore, incorporation showed an interaction effect, but surface placement did not. Conclusion: The dispersion of crop residue enhanced the positive effect of crop residue incorporation by avoiding the toxicity from crop residue. This finding adds a new viewpoint for the controversy between conventional and conservation agriculture.

EFFECTIVENESS OF HERBICIDES APPLICATION IN SOWINGS OF SUGAR BEET

1970 ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
V. Z. Venevtsev ◽  
M. N. Zakharova ◽  
L. V. Rozhkova
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Beet Root ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Sugar Beet Cultivar ◽  
Heavy Loam ◽  
Working Solution ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis ◽  
Almost All

The article presents the results of a 3-year test of the herbicides Lontrel Grand, VDG, Piraklid, VDG and Lontrel-300, BP, used to reduce the clogging of sugar beet crops by perennial dicotyledonous root weeds and increase crop yields. In Ryazan region the conditions these malignant plants are found in almost all fields sown with sugar beets, which is particularly vulnerable because being a root crop it cannot seriously compete with weeds. With a strong contamination of the crop by perennial dicotyledonous root shoot weeds its yield may decrease by more than 50%. Tests of drugs were carried out on sugar beet cultivar Ocean sowings on the experimental field of the institute in four replications. The size of the experimental plots is 50 m2. The soil of the experimental plot is dark gray forest heavy loam, the content of humus is 3.8%, pH is 5.8 ... 6.0, the forecrop is winter wheat. The tested herbicides were introduced with the “Agrotop” backpack compression sprayer equipped with a two-meter boom, consumption rate of the working solution was 200 l / ha. Twice sprayed in the phase of cotyledon leaves and 2 - 3 pairs of real leaves of the crop, once – in the phase of 2 - 3 pairs of leaves. The development phase of perennial dicotyledonous offset weeds during the first spraying is the leaf rosette, during the second spraying the length of the sow-thistles and thistles is 10 ... 20 cm. With the level of weediness of the crops by the Cirsium arvense, Sonchus arvensis to 26 pcs / m2 the studied preparations reduced the weediness of the crops of these weeds by 85.0 - 92.0% and increased beet root crops by 2.8 - 4.4 t / ha.

scholarly journals Occasional soil tillage, liming, and nitrogen fertilization on long-term no-tillage system

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 833-839
Author(s):  
Renato Yagi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage System

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the residual effects of occasional soil tillage in a 17-year-old, no-tillage system, associated with liming and nitrogen fertilization, on the crop yields and chemical properties of a very clayey Oxisol in the South of Brazil. A randomized complete block design in split-split plots was used, with two soil managements (with or without plowing), two liming treatments (with or without the required dose to raise base saturation to 70%), five N doses applied on side-dress (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 times the recommended amounts), and four replicates. A rotation system was used with corn and soybean in the summer, and with wheat and black oats in the winter. The residual effects of occasional soil tillage in a consolidated no-tillage system do not supplant those of liming applied on soil surface, in periods of water deficit, which subsidizes the recommendation to maintain the system consolidated. Excess N fertilization in no-tillage, with liming applied only on soil surface, may harm wheat yield, acidifying the topsoil and leaching Mg2+ to the subsurface soil layers. Without liming, soil acidification is more intense with N fertilization, which, however, favors the accumulation of organic matter on soil surface in a consolidated no-tillage system.

scholarly journals Amendment of Acidic Soil with Lime and Manure for Enhancing Fertility, Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Wheat-Mungbean-Monsoon Rice in the Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Begom Samia Sultana ◽  
Musharraf Hossain Mian ◽  
M. Jahiruddin ◽  
M. Mazibur Rahman ◽  
Md. Noor E. Alam Siddique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Piedmont Plain

Soil acidic conditions and the decline in soil fertility are among the critical factors that constraint higher crop productivity in the Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain (OHPP), Bangladesh. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lime and manure on soil fertility, nutrients and yields of wheat, mungbean and rice. Experiments were done at Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) farm and farmer field over two consecutive years with the cropping pattern, namely wheat-mungbean-transplanted (T.) aman rice/monsoon rice. The varieties used were Bijoy for wheat, BARI mung6 for mungbean and Bina dhan7 for T. aman rice. There were nine treatment combinations with three lime levels (0, 1 and 2 ton dololime ha-1) and three manure treatments (poultry manure, farmyard manure and no manure) with three replications. The rate of poultry manure was 3 t ha-1 and that of farmyard manure was 5 t ha-1. Nutrients from manure sources were supplemented with chemical fertilizers to adjust recommended dose. Lime was added to the first crop for entire two crop cycles and manures were applied to the first crop of each crop cycle. Soil pH increased by 0.5-1.11 units, the higher values were observed with higher rates of lime application. Soil organic matter (SOM) increased slightly due to manure treatment. Soil phosphorus availability increased, zinc and boron availability decreased, but the potassium and sulphur availability remained almost unchanged after liming. Application of lime and manure had significant positive effect on the yield of wheat, and their positive residual effects on mungbean and T. aman rice. The effect of 1 t lime ha-1 was comparable with that of 2 t lime ha-1. Between two manures, poultry manure performed better than FYM on crop yields. The trend of plant nutrient uptake by wheat, mungbean and rice followed the trend of these crops yield increase, i.e., crops that were able to uptake more nutrients shown higher yields. The treatment combinations with 1 t ha-1 lime and 3 t ha-1 poultry manure produced an average 35-55% yield benefit over control for the first crop (wheat) and 41-43% yield benefit for the third crop (T. aman rice). This study suggests that dololime @ 1 t ha-1 coupled with poultry manure @ 3 t ha-1 or FYM @ 5 t ha-1 would be an efficient practice for better soil acidic condition, soil fertility and productivity of crops in the Himalayan piedmont soil of Bangladesh.

A LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT WITH COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND MANURE.: II. FERTILITY LEVELS AND CROP YIELDS IN A ROTATION OF POTATOES, OATS AND HAY

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Bishop ◽  
L. B. MacLeod ◽  
L. P. Jackson ◽  
C. R. MacEachern ◽  
E. T. Goring
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Commercial Fertilizer ◽  
Phosphatic Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Trends ◽  
Term Field

Treatments in a field experiment, conducted from 1936 to 1957, included commercial fertilizers and manure. A rotation of potatoes, oats and hay was followed.Application of manure at 30 tons per acre every third year practically maintained initial levels of total nitrogen and soil organic matter. Marked decreases occurred with lower rates of manure and various commercial fertilizers applied at 1 ton per acre. Increases and decreases in adsorbed and easily acid-soluble phosphorus were directly related to the amounts of phosphatic fertilizer applied. Although the situation with respect to exchangeable potassium was not comparable there was some evidence that final values were influenced by the amounts of potassium applied.All treatments were applied for potatoes, and yield differences were much greater for this crop than for either oats or hay. Rate of fertilizer application was of primary importance for potatoes, and residual effects on the oat and hay crops from 500 or 1000 pounds of commercial fertilizer per acre were generally slight. They were much more marked from manure and where commercial fertilizer was applied at a ton per acre. Irrespective of the treatment applied, linear regression coefficients, showing yield trends with advancing rotation cycles, were positive for potatoes and negative for hay. In the case of oats they were generally negative for the lowest rates of fertilizer used and positive for the highest.

scholarly journals BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF APIUM GRAVEOLENS VAR. RAPACEUM (MILL.) GAUD

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
M. I. Ivanova ◽  
K. L. Alekseeva ◽  
V. N. Zelenkov ◽  
A. V. Kornev ◽  
A. I. Kashleva
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B ◽  
Russian Scientific Research Institute ◽  
Β Carotene

Celeriac (Apium graveolens L., Apiaceae), originating from the Mediterranean basin, is a two-yearold species grown worldwide. The article presents the content of chlorophylls a and b, β-carotene and anthocyanin in various celery root varieties, and an assessment of their resistance to septoriosis and the yield of root crops. The studies were carried out on the basis of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing, a branch of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (Moscow Region, Ramensky District) in 2014-2016. The total content of anthocyanins in the leaves in varieties with anthocyanin coloring on the leaf stem is on average 1.32 mg / 100 g, in the varieties with a green stem, 0.90 mg / 100 g, β-carotene – 1.82 and 1.67 mg / 100 g, chlorophyll a – 86.5 and 81.4 mg / 100 g, chlorophyll b – 43.1 and 44.9 mg / 100 g wet weight, respectively. Linear correlation analysis allowed to establish a reliable (at 5% significance level) positive relationship between the yield of root crops and the total content of anthocyanins in celery leaves (r = 0.53), the total content of anthocyanins and chlorophyll a in leaves (r = 0.55), a negative relationship between the degree of development septoria and root mass (r = -0.62), as well as the yield of root crops (r = -0.71), between the chlorophyll a content in the leaves and the degree of septoria development (r = -0.54). The revealed variability in chlorophyll, β-carotene, the total content of anthocyanins reflects genetic heterogeneity among the studied celery varieties and plant responses to the environment. For breeding for resistance to septoria and crop yields of root crops, varieties of celeriac Kornevoy Gribovskiy, Maxim, Kupidon were selected.

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