EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS AND FERTILIZERS ON MEAN WEIGHT-DIAMETER OF AGGREGATES OF BRETON PLOT SOILS

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Toogood ◽  
D. L. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Polysaccharide Content ◽  
Definite Relationship ◽  
Mean Weight Diameter ◽  
Cropping Practices ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wet Sieving

Aggregate analyses of Breton plot soils using a wet sieving technique revealed marked differences resulting from cropping practices but few, if any, due to fertilizers. The mean weight-diameter of soils from plots in a 5-year rotation of grains and legumes was almost double the diameter of soils from plots in a wheat-fallow sequence. With respect to fertilizers, however, mean weight-diameter of soils from high yielding plots in either cropping system were in general similar to those on low-yielding plots of the system in question. Incidentally polysaccharide content of the soil showed a definite relationship to mean weight-diameter.

scholarly journals Effects of cropping system and genotype on variability in important phytonutrients kontent of the barley grain for direct food use

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 443-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ehrenbergerová ◽  
K. Vaculová ◽  
V. Psota ◽  
P. Havlová ◽  
V. Šerhantová
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Beta Glucan ◽  
Beta Glucans ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Starch Composition

In a four-year period (1997–2000), selected phytonutrients, of which the beta-glucan content is most important for human health, were studied in caryopses of different types of barley varieties and lines (standard, waxy, hulless) from two cropping systems. It was significantly highest in the waxy variety Washonubet (4.93%). The whole group of waxy types of barley showed a significantly higher mean content of beta-glucans (4.75%) than the varieties with standard starch composition (4.12%), the starch content, however, was significantly higher in standard varieties (61.98%) than in waxy types (60.30%). The hulless varieties, however, had a significantly higher mean starch content (61.73%) than the hulled forms (61.07%) and a significantly higher protein content (13.82% versus 13.00%). The hulless intensive varieties and lines had a significantly higher content of beta-glucans (4.34%) and protein (13.95%) than the hulled intensive varieties (4.07%, 12.65%). Chemical treatment and fertilization increased significantly only the mean content of protein in caryopses (13.77%) compared to the variants with the absence of treatment (13.13%), the content of beta-glucans and starch increased insignificantly (by 0.12% and 0.27%). Years and varieties participated most in the variability of starch content (31.67%, 28.08%), varieties in the content of beta-glucans and protein (per 22%), and (21%) the interaction of varieties and years in the variability of these two nutrients.

scholarly journals Effect of Phosphorous Application on Yield and its Uptake by Soybean (Glycine max L.) in Different Cropping Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sikka ◽  
Simranpreet Kaur ◽  
R.K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Spring Maize ◽  
Stover Yield ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Optimum Production

Background: Soybean-wheat is the most dominant soybean based cropping system and it also fits well in soybean-spring maize and soybean-gobhi sarson cropping systems. Soybean being a highly nutrient-exhaustive crop requires higher amounts of nutrients, particularly phosphorus for its optimum production. Thus, the present investigation was undertaken. Methods: A field experiment was conducted for three years to study the effect of phosphorous application on yield and P uptake by soybean in different cropping systems. There were three cropping systems which were kept in main plots and five P levels viz., 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 applied to soybean which were kept in the sub plot. Result: Application of 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 resulted in highest mean seed yield of soybean (20.9 qha-1) but significant response was observed up to 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 (19.8 qha-1) only. Highest mean seed P uptake of soybean was observed under application of 80 kg P2O5 ha-1. The mean seed yield, stover yield and P uptake of soybean was not affected significantly under different cropping systems. The interaction effects of cropping system and applied P levels were however non-significant. A significant build-up of available P in surface soil over control was observed under 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 level.

A Study on Sustainability of Contemporary Cropping Systems in Bam

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 78-88
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Zarei ◽  
Somaye Baniasadi
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Agricultural Knowledge ◽  
The Mean

The study was conducted in Bam in 2019 to develop an index to quantify sustainability of cropping systems in the region. The studied cropping systems included single-cropping systems (palm trees) and multi-cropping systems (citrus, palm trees and alfalfa). The studied indices included economic, social, agricultural indices, as well as, personal features, market access, features of communication, education-extension activities, sustainable agricultural knowledge, attitude towards sustainable agriculture, and obstacles facing sustainable agriculture. The results indicated that the amount of sustainability index was lower than the mean value in 0.56% of the farms and this index was higher than the mean value in 0.44% of the others. Comparison of the mean value of sustainability indices in the studied cropping systems indicated that the mean indices of the type of cropping system, attitude towards sustainable agriculture and extension training activities in multi-cropping systems were more than single crops. The mean indices in social participation and the obstacles facing sustainable agriculture in single cropping systems was more than the multi-cropping ones. Some indices including social participation, sustainable agricultural knowledge and education-extension activities in multivariate regression model  remained in the final model as variables that had the largest contribution in the rate of change in the dependent variable (sustainability) and explained = 60% of the changes in the dependent variable. The study showed that the sustainability of multi-cropping systems was more than the single-cropping ones.

Soil Quality Assessment Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Uttam Kumar ◽  
Nirmal Kumar ◽  
V. N. Mishra ◽  
R. K. Jena
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Soil Quality Index ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Available Water Content ◽  
Mean Weight Diameter ◽  
Hierarchy Process

Fields with rice-based cropping systems are unique from other wetland or upland soils because they are associated with frequent cycling between wetting and drying under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. This alters the C and N transformations, microbial activities and their diversity, and soil physical properties, depending on the other crop in rotation with rice. This chapter aims to compare the soil quality of vertisols of central plains of Chhattisgarh under rice-wheat and rice-chickpea cropping systems. Soil quality index was developed using analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Five soil quality indicators were selected under minimum datasets including soil organic carbon, mean weight diameter, available water content, available phosphorous and zinc. The results indicated that the rice-chickpea cropping system shows improved soil quality than that of rice-wheat cropping system.

scholarly journals On-farm Evaluation of Rice-groundnut Sequence vis-a-vis Rice-rice Cropping System under Limited Irrigated Situations of Telangana, India

2020 ◽  
pp. 148-155
Author(s):  
Md. Latheef Pasha ◽  
S. Sridevi ◽  
M. Goverdhan ◽  
G. Kiran Reddy ◽  
Md. Alibaba
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Mean ◽  
On Farm

Crop diversification with resource efficient and remunerative cropping systems is a sustainable agricultural practice. On farm evaluation with an improved cropping system of rice-groundnut vis-a-vis farmers’ practice of rice-rice was conducted in ten farmer’s fields of Medak district of Telangana state. Crop diversification with Rice-groundnut realized 7.3% (881 kg ha-1) higher mean rice grain equivalent yield (12969 kg ha-1) over farmer’s practice of cultivation of rice-rice (12,088 kg ha-1). Mean technology and extension gaps were 2,231 kg ha-1 and 881 kg ha-1 respectively.  Technology index ranged from 8.8 to 23.7% with an average value of 14.7%. The mean gross and net returns of improved cropping system were Rs 1,92,930 and 1,09,658 ha-1, while that of farmers practice was Rs 1,81,320 and 83,955 ha-1 respectively.  On an average a B C ratio of 2.3 was earned in improved cropping system as against the 1.9 under farmers practice. The mean additional returns in improved cropping system were Rs 13,210 ha-1 with a mean effective gain of Rs 27,303 ha-1. Improved cropping system registered a mean total productivity per day of 35.5 kg ha-1 day-1 with a mean profitability of Rs 300 day-1. Average Production Use Efficiency of improved cropping system was 56.4 kg ha-1 day-1, while that of farmer’s practice was 49.3 kg ha-1 day-1.  The edge in productive economic parameters in terms of Mean Relative Productive Use Efficiency and Relative Economic Efficiency were 7.3 and 30.6 respectively and were indicating the profitability of improved cropping system.

The effects of diverse cropping systems on aggregation of a Luvisolic soil in the Peace River region

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Broersma ◽  
J. A. Robertson ◽  
D. S. Chanasyk
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Wet Sieving

Aggregate distribution and stability of surface soil were determined for different cropping systems of a Luvisolic soil in the Peace River region of Alberta. Gray Luvisolic soils have inherent problems that include weak platy structured surface horizons which are underlain by compact sub-soils. The cropping systems consisted of (i) continuous barley (CB) (Hordeum vulgare L.); (ii) barley/forage (BF), 3 yr of barley followed by 3 yr of forage (mixture of bromegrass [Bromus inermis Leyss] and red clover [Trifolium pratense L.]); (iii) continuous grass (CG) (bromegrass); and (iv) continuous legume (CL) (red clover). The barley/forage rotation consisted of two phases, the barley phase (BF) and forage phase (BF). Each phase was present every year. Aggregate separation by dry-sieving with a rotary sieve indicated that the CL cropping system had fewer large aggregates and more small aggregates than the other cropping systems. The CG, BF and CB cropping systems had more larger aggregates and were similar to each other. Wet-sieving, by contrast, resulted in the CG cropping system having greater amounts of large aggregates while the CL, BF phases, and CB cropping systems were similar with more smaller aggregates. Wet-sieving of the different aggregate size fractions from the rotary dry-sieve indicated that the cropping system aggregate stability was in the order of: CG > CL > BF ≥ BF ≥ CB. The stability of the BF cropping system was greater than that of the BF as it had recently come out of the BF phase (3 yr of forage production). Aggregate stability for the cropping system soils was consistent among the evaluation method of wet-sieving and the McCalla water-drop method. Inclusion of forage crops are important in maintaining or improving soil structure of Luvisolic surface horizons. Key words: Luvisolic soil, cropping systems, aggregation, aggregate stability, Peace River region

THE EFFECT OF FREEZING-THAWING AND WETTING-DRYING CYCLES ON SOIL AGGREGATION

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Sillanpää ◽  
L. R. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Mean Weight Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Natural Aggregates ◽  
Wet Sieving

Three fractions: 1) natural aggregates 2 to 3 mm.; 2) aggregates < 0.25 mm. prepared by crushing 2- to 3-mm. aggregates; and 3) aggregates < 0.25 mm. obtained by sieving the dry soil, were acquired from the Waupoos silty clay loam. After five cycles of wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing, the mean weight-diameter (M.W.D.) was determined after wet-sieving. Cycles of wetting and drying increased the M.W.D. of the large aggregates but did not cause significant changes in the fractions < 0.25 mm.Cycles of freezing and thawing at moisture contents near saturation significantly decreased the M.W.D. of the large aggregates and increased the M.W.D. of the crushed aggregates at both rates of freezing. A significant decrease occurred in the M.W.D. of the original aggregates < 0.25 mm. at the slower rate of freezing.

Nitrate Leaching to a Shallow Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain Aquifer as Influenced by Conventional No-Till and Low-Input Sustainable Grain Production Systems

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 691-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Craig ◽  
R. R. Weil
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Atlantic Coastal Plain ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Low Input ◽  
No Till

In December, 1987, the states in the Chesapeake Bay region, along with the federal government, signed an agreement which called for a 40% reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus loadings to the Bay by the year 2000. To accomplish this goal, major reductions in nutrient loadings associated with agricultural management practices were deemed necessary. The objective of this study was to determine if reducing fertilizer inputs to the NT system would result in a reduction in nitrogen contamination of groundwater. In this study, groundwater, soil, and percolate samples were collected from two cropping systems. The first system was a conventional no-till (NT) grain production system with a two-year rotation of corn/winter wheat/double crop soybean. The second system, denoted low-input sustainable agriculture (LISA), produced the same crops using a winter legume and relay-cropped soybeans into standing wheat to reduce nitrogen and herbicide inputs. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in groundwater were significantly lower under the LISA system. Over 80% of the NT groundwater samples had NO3-N concentrations greater than 10 mgl-1, compared to only 4% for the LISA cropping system. Significantly lower soil mineral N to a depth of 180 cm was also observed. The NT soil had nearly twice as much mineral N present in the 90-180 cm portion than the LISA cropping system.

scholarly journals A Novel Index (RI) to Evaluate the Relative Stability of Soils Using Ultrasonic Agitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4229
Author(s):  
Fakher Abbas ◽  
Fang Lin ◽  
Zhaolong Zhu ◽  
Shaoshan An
Keyword(s):  
Relative Stability ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Soil Stability ◽  
Dispersion Energy ◽  
Ultrasonic Agitation ◽  
Mean Weight Diameter ◽  
Change In Mean ◽  
Wet Sieving

As soil stability is a complex phenomenon, various methods and indexes were introduced to assess the strength of soils. Because of the limitations of different stability methods and indexes (including wet sieving-based), we aimed to presents a relative stability index (RI) that was based on the estimated components of the soil overall disruptive characteristic curve (SODC): (1) soil disruption constant (Ki, that is based upon dispersion energy of soils); (2) resulting change in mean weight diameter (ΔMWD). To evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of RI as well as to compare it with classical soil stability indexes of mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD). Ultrasonic agitation (UA) along with a wet sieving method (followed by dry sieving) was applied against four different soils named on the basis of sample location, Qingling soil (QL), Guanzhong soil (GZ), Ansai soil (AS), and Jingbian soil (JB). To evaluate the relative strength of soils at different applied energies (increase in sonication duration usually resulted in increased input energy and temperature of soil–water suspension), soils were subjected to six sonication durations (0, 30, 60, 120, 210, and 300 s) with a fixed (and exact) initial amplitude and temperature. Output energy was calculated based on the amplitude and temperature of the suspension, vessel, and system. The most abrupt and maximum disruption of soil aggregates was observed at a dispersion energy level of 0–200 J g−1. The MWD value of surface and subsurface ranged between 0.58 to 0.15 mm and 0.37 to 0.17 mm, respectively, while GMD was ranged from 0.14 to 0.33 mm overall. The results for MWD and GMD showed a similar trend. MWD and GMD showed more strong associations with physicochemical characteristics of soil than RI. A non-significant correlation was found between RI and MWD/GMD. Contrary to MWD and GMD, RI was significantly positively correlated with sand content; this finding indicated the influential role of sand in assessing the soil’s relative strength. The results indicated that JB soil possessed the least MWD and GMD but proved to be relatively stable because of having the highest RI value.

scholarly journals Influence of Organic and Conventional Farming on Grain Yield and Protein Composition of Chickpea Genotypes

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Michele Andrea De Santis ◽  
Michele Rinaldi ◽  
Valeria Menga ◽  
Pasquale Codianni ◽  
Luigia Giuzio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
2S Albumin ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Health Quality ◽  
Water Holding

Chickpea is a key crop in sustainable cropping systems and for its nutritional value. Studies on agronomic and genetic influences on chickpea protein composition are missing. In order to obtain a deep insight into the genetic response of chickpeas to management in relation to agronomic and quality traits, a two-year field trial was carried out with eight chickpea genotypes under an organic and conventional cropping system. Protein composition was assessed by SDS-PAGE in relation to the main fractions (vicilin, convicilin, legumin, lectin, 2s-albumin). Crop response was highly influenced by year and presumably also by management, with a −50% decrease in grain yield under organic farming, mainly due to a reduction in seed number per m2. No effect of crop management was observed on protein content, despite significant differences in terms of protein composition. The ratio between the major globulins, 7s vicilin and 11s legumin, showed a negative relationship with grain yield and was found to be higher under organic farming. Among genotypes, black-seed Nero Senise was characterized by the highest productivity and water-holding capacity, associated with low lectin content. These findings highlight the importance of the choice of chickpea genotypes for cultivation under organic farming in relation to both agronomic performance and technological and health quality.

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