Solonetzic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 889-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Miller ◽  
J. A. Brierley
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Septic Systems ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Anisotropic Flow ◽  
Hydraulic Gradients ◽  
Total Salt Content ◽  
Pedogenic Processes ◽  
Capillary Movement ◽  
Zonal Soils

Miller, J. J. and Brierley, J. A. 2011. Solonetzic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 889–902. Soils of the Solonetzic order are defined as having a Solonetzic B horizon designated as a Bn or Bnt horizon. The Solonetzic Order includes four great groups: Solonetz, Solodized Solonetz, Solod, and Vertic Solonetz. Solonetzic soils are thought to develop via the stepwise pedogenic processes of salinization, solonization (desalinzation and alkalization), and solodization. Soluble salts are brought into the soil pedon of Solonetzic soils by capillary movement and evaporation from spring to fall, and upward water flow from the water table to the freezing zone in the winter deposits salts upon freezing. Solonization proceeds when desalinization lowers the total salt content and alkalization is initiated by high exchangeable Na. Solodization occurs when anisotropic flow conditions or a change in vertical hydraulic gradients prevent capillary rise and replenishment of soluble Na in the Bn horizon. Two common Solonetzic catenas are found in the prairies. In the first sequence, Gleyed Solonetz or Solonetz occur in the depressional areas of the landscape, and soils then grade through Solodized Solonetz, Solods, and in some cases, Chernozems or normal zonal soils at higher elevations. In the second sequence, Solods are found in the lowest topographic position, while Solodized Solonetz, Solonetz and Chernozems are found at progressively higher slope positions. Solonetzic soils have unique properties that adversely affect their use for agriculture and other land uses (e.g., construction, septic systems). Further interdisciplinary research is required to better understand the genesis of these soils at the “meter scale” or local landscape level because of the extreme spatial variability of these soils.

Titration of sulphates and lead using lead ion selective electrode

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Veselý
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Ion Selective Electrode ◽  
Lead Ion ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Limit Of Determination ◽  
Total Salt Content ◽  
Automatic Titration

Titration of sulphates with lead perchlorate employing lead ion selective electrode indication was studied using additions of various organic solvents at different pH' and ionic strength values. As the optimum emerged systems with 60-70% 1,4-dioxane, pH' 5.3-5.6. After dehydration with sodium hydroxide, dioxane must be freed from the electrode surface-oxidizing impurities by their reduction with sodium metal and subsequent distillation. The method was applied to determination of sulphates in mountain spring waters. Units of ppm can be determined; the limit of determination, however, depends considerably on the content of dioxane, total salt content in the sample, and speed of the semi-automatic titration. Lead can be determined with EDTA in concentrations down to c(Pb2+) = 5 . 10-6 mol l-1.

scholarly journals Comparison of Different Interpolation Methods for Prediction of Soil Salinity in Arid Irrigation Region in Northern China

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1535
Author(s):  
Tonggang Fu ◽  
Hui Gao ◽  
Jintong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Spatial Prediction ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Interpolation Methods ◽  
Distance Weighting ◽  
Total Salt Content ◽  
Inverse Distance

Numerous methods have been used in the spatial prediction of soil salinity. However, the most suitable method is still unknown in arid irrigation regions. In this paper, 78 locations were sampled in salt-affected land caused by irrigation in an arid area in northern China. The geostatistical characteristics of the soil pH, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Total Salt Content (TSC), and Soil Organic Matter (SOM) of the surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) layers were analyzed. The abilities of the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Ordinary Kriging (OK), and CoKriging (CK) interpolation methods were compared, and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was used to justify the results of the methods. The results showed that the spatial distributions of the soil properties obtained using the different interpolation methods were similar. However, the surface layer exhibits more spatial heterogeneity than the subsurface layer. Based on the RSME, the nugget/sill value and range significantly affected which method was the most suitable. Lower nugget/sill values and lower ranges can be fitted using the IDW method, but higher nugget/sill values and higher ranges can be fitted using the OK method. These results provide a valuable reference for the prediction of soil salinity.

scholarly journals Partitioning of volatile components (Cl, F, CO2) in water-saturated fluid-magmatic systems of various composition

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 638-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Chevychelov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pressure Range ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Basaltic Magmas ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Total Salt Content ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Basaltic Melts

The results of experimental studies of the behavior of volatile components (Cl, F, CO2 and H2O) in fluid-magmatic systems are presented. The maximum chlorine content in magmatic melts mainly depends on the composition of the melt and, to a lesser extent, on pressure (10300 MPa) and temperature (8001000C). The Cl content in the melt increases from 0.20.3 to 35 wt.% with increasing in the Ca content during the transition from polymerized granitoid to depolymerized basaltic melts. The pressure dependence of solubility has a maximum at a pressure of about 100200 MPa. A tendency of increasing in the Cl content and decreasing in the F content in the melt during the transition from acidic and alkaline to basaltic melts has been established. The maximum Cl content in the melt significantly increases from rhyolitic (up to 0.25 wt.%) to phonolitic (up to 0.85 wt.%) and dacitic (up to 1.2 wt.%) at temperatures of 10001200C and pressure of 200 MPa. The addition of CO2 to the system causes an increase in the Cl content in the melt by 2025 relative %, which is apparently associated with an increase in the Cl activity in the fluid. In this case, the H2O content in the melt decreases by ~ 0.51.0 wt.%. A strong effect of hydrolysis was shown in the interaction of an alumina-rich granitic melt with ~ 0.51N chloride fluid. This effect shows that at hypabyssal magmatic conditions (P = 100 MPa, T = 750C), the fluid is acidic (the pH after the experiment is ~ 11.5) and it is characterized by high dissolving power. It was established experimentally that as a result of the interaction of aqueous Na-K-Ca-chloride fluid of variable composition with granodioritic and granitic melts in the pressure range of ~ 100200 MPa and temperatures of 8201000C and with increasing in the total salt content, the Na and K replace Ca in the silicate melt, displacing the latter into the fluid, that is enriched in CaCl2 and is depleted in NaCl. Experimental results on the joint partitioning of Cl and F provide a quantitative basis for understanding the degassing processes in the course of the evolution of alkaline and basaltic magmas. They are important for assessing the extent of the removal of Cl and F into the earths atmosphere during volcanic activity and the effects of this removal on climate change.

scholarly journals Micromorphological features of soils of semidesertic solonetzic complexes under different herbaceous communities with the participation of fodder plant Kochia prostrata (Caspian lowland)

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-116
Author(s):  
Oxana Plotnikova ◽  
Marina Lebedeva ◽  
E. B. Varlamov ◽  
Yu. D. Nukhimovskaya ◽  
E. V. Shuyskaya
Keyword(s):  
Salt Content ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
The North ◽  
Herbaceous Communities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Caspian Lowland ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Humus Accumulation ◽  
Maximum Penetration ◽  
Pedogenic Processes

The aim of the study was to research the relationship of chemical and micromorphological properties of soils with the growth of Kochia prostrata. The objects of study were the soils on natural pastures of the North-Western part of the Caspian lowland. It was laid 4 soil pits (soils – light solonetz, solonetzic chestnut) with the maximum penetration depth of the main mass of roots of the studied plants. K. prostratais a very plastic forage species that can grow on soils with a wide range of morphological properties, different salt content and their chemical composition. It is revealed that on the background of almost the same content of humus and high content of exchangeable magnesium micromorphological features represent the different degree of manifestation of primary pedogenic processes – humus accumulation, leaching of soluble salts, gypsum accumulation, carbonate enrichment, solonetzization. Despite the different content of exchangeable sodium, in all soils there are fresh clay or humus-clay illuvial coatings, indicating the manifestation of the modern eluvial-illuvial redistribution of fine matter (lessivage or illimerization).

Surface acoustic wave sensor system for the determination of total salt content in serum

1994 ◽  
Vol 287 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouzhuo Yao ◽  
Kang Chen ◽  
Fangnan Zhu ◽  
Dazhong Shen ◽  
Lihua Nie
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Wave ◽  
Surface Acoustic Wave ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Sensor System ◽  
Acoustic Wave Sensor ◽  
Total Salt Content

scholarly journals Influence of initial heterogeneities and recharge limitations on the evolution of aperture distributions in carbonate aquifers

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 3715-3729 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hubinger ◽  
S. Birk
Keyword(s):  
Karst Aquifers ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Breakthrough Time ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Carbonate Aquifers ◽  
Generic Models ◽  
Bedding Planes ◽  
Hydraulic Gradients ◽  
Conduit Development

Abstract. Karst aquifers evolve where the dissolution of soluble rocks causes the enlargement of discrete pathways along fractures or bedding planes, thus creating highly conductive solution conduits. To identify general interrelations between hydrogeological conditions and the properties of the evolving conduit systems the aperture-size frequency distributions resulting from generic models of conduit evolution are analysed. For this purpose, a process-based numerical model coupling flow and rock dissolution is employed. Initial protoconduits are represented by tubes with log-normally distributed aperture sizes with a mean μ0 = 0.5 mm for the logarithm of the diameters. Apertures are spatially uncorrelated and widen up to the metre range due to dissolution by chemically aggressive waters. Several examples of conduit development are examined focussing on influences of the initial heterogeneity and the available amount of recharge. If the available recharge is sufficiently high the evolving conduits compete for flow and those with large apertures and high hydraulic gradients attract more and more water. As a consequence, the positive feedback between increasing flow and dissolution causes the breakthrough of a conduit pathway connecting the recharge and discharge sides of the modelling domain. Under these competitive flow conditions dynamically stable bimodal aperture distributions are found to evolve, i.e. a certain percentage of tubes continues to be enlarged while the remaining tubes stay small-sized. The percentage of strongly widened tubes is found to be independent of the breakthrough time and decreases with increasing heterogeneity of the initial apertures and decreasing amount of available water. If the competition for flow is suppressed because the availability of water is strongly limited breakthrough of a conduit pathway is inhibited and the conduit pathways widen very slowly. The resulting aperture distributions are found to be unimodal covering some orders of magnitudes in size. Under these suppressed flow conditions the entire range of apertures continues to be enlarged. Hence, the number of tubes reaching aperture sizes in the order of centimetres or decimetres continues to increase with time and in the long term may exceed the number of large-sized tubes evolving under competitive flow conditions. This suggests that conduit development under suppressed flow conditions may significantly enhance the permeability of the formation, e.g. in deep-seated carbonate settings.

IV.—Some Ecological Aspects of the Intertidal Area of the Estuary of the Aberdeenshire Dee

1941 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec Milne
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Intertidal Area ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Total Salt Content ◽  
Homogeneous Environment

In the seaward direction in an estuary there are usually the following main gradients:—(a) Increase in osmotic pressure (total salt content, especially chlorides).(b) Increase in calcium and magnesium content.(c) Increase in alkalinity.(d) Increase in winter and decrease in summer temperature.(e) Increase in light penetration.There are other gradients of less importance. The first three are dependent on salinity. Thus, from the ecological standpoint, the three important physical observations relative to the study of estuarine life are the salinity, temperature, and light (silt content) gradients.Ecological studies are directed towards the elucidation of two types of problems:(i) Characteristics of the physical environment relevant to the distribution of specific forms of life.(ii) The growth of mixed populations and their interrelations in a homogeneous environment or in a physical gradient.The present study concerns itself especially with the former, and to a less extent with the latter.

Evaluation of the origin of nitrate influencing the Ključ groundwater source, Serbia

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Miljević ◽  
Djulija Boreli-Zdravković ◽  
Vesna Obradović ◽  
Dušan Golobočanin ◽  
Bernhard Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Aquifer ◽  
Septic Systems ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Sandy Gravel ◽  
Dual Isotope ◽  
Soil Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Sampling Campaign ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Groundwater Source ◽  
Observation Wells

This paper describes the use of the dual isotope method involving δ15N and δ18O measurements of dissolved nitrates to assess the origin and fate of groundwater nitrate at the Ključ groundwater source, Serbia. A sampling campaign was conducted in September 2007 during flow conditions obtaining groundwater from observation wells and river water fed by a shallow aquifer hosted in alluvial (sandy-gravel) sediments. Nitrate isotope ratios ranged from +5.3 to +16.9‰ and δ18ONO3 values varied from −2.3 to +5.0‰. Two major contamination sources were identified with isotopic compositions characteristic for nitrate derived from nitrification of soil organic nitrogen (+5.3 to +7.8‰ for δ15N) resulting in nitrate concentrations of 33.6 and 78.8 mg/L and nitrate derived from animal wastes or human sewage, e.g. via septic systems, yielding δ15N values of +9.9 to +11.9‰ and elevated nitrate concentrations of 31.2–245.8 mg/L. The occurrence of nitrification and denitrification was also revealed based on concentration and isotope data for dissolved nitrate.

THE ENTOMOSTRACA OF SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 410-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Total Concentration ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
Total Salt Content ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Wide Geographic Distribution

Forty-nine species of Entomostraca were found in 48 lakes situated in the southern half of Saskatchewan. These lakes form a series ranging from fresh to extremely saline waters. The salinity in most cases was less than 10,000 p.p.m. The occurrence of Entomostraca is correlated with the degree of salinity. Total concentration is considered to be of prime importance in determining presence or absence of species. There were pronounced differences in the total salt content of waters inhabited by the various species. Cladocera were more markedly restricted by high salinity than were Copepoda. Littoral species were apparently more susceptible to increasing concentration than were those of limnetic habits. Typical entomostracan communities in these lakes are discussed. The communities in highly saline waters are quite comparable to those reported in similar habitats in other parts of the world. Marked alterations in the fauna of two lakes have resulted from salinity changes over a period of 20 years. Tentative upper limits of salinity tolerance for many of the species have been proposed. Salt concentrations of between 4000 and 16,000 p.p.m. appear to be upper limits for most freshwater types. The majority of species are considered to possess no special osmoregulatory mechanisms. Except for Artemia salina and Moina hutchinsoni the Entomostraca present in these lakes are typically freshwater species which in general have a wide geographic distribution. The fauna has undoubtedly been derived from many sources and in only a few instances are there indications of definite points of origin.

THE EFFECT OF A SUBSURFACE HYDROPHOBIC LAYER ON WATER AND SALT MOVEMENT

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. DE JONG
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Uncontaminated Soil ◽  
Hydrophobic Layer ◽  
Water And Salt Movement

Experiments were conducted on the effect of a hydrophobic layer, a 1:4 mixture of crude oil:soil, on water and salt movement in columns of brine-contaminated and uncontaminated soil. The mixing of oil with soil lowered water retention at low suctions, and increased saturated permeability and water repellency of the mixture. The hydrophobic layer reduced capillary rise, and increased waterholding capacity of the overlying soil. After 6 wk of intermittent leaching the salt content of the soil above and below the hydrophobic layer was lower than in the absence of this layer. The hydrophobic layer prevented resalinization of the overlying soil during a subsequent 4-wk evaporation period. The thickness of the hydrophobic layer (0.5 or 1.0 cm) did not seem important. Key words: Salt movement, hydrophobic layers, redistribution of water and salt

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