Regosolic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution and classification

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. VandenBygaart
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Anthropogenic Processes

VandenBygaart, A. J. 2011. Regosolic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution and classification. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 881–887. Regosolic soils of the Canadian System of Soil Classification are those soils that are weakly developed and do not contain a recognizable B horizon at least 5 cm thick. They must be able to support plant life and thus represent the boundary between pedologic and geologic realms. They commonly occur in Canada where recent geomorphic or anthropogenic processes have exposed fresh parent materials to the climatic forcings at the earth's surface, but can also occur where parent materials are highly resistant to weathering or where climatic conditions are arid and cold. A key stage in their development involves stabilization of the parent material usually by vegetation, which through the plant carbon cycle provides organic matter to the surface, a key component of many soil formation processes. Regosolic soils occur broadly across Canada with major areas in southern Quebec, southern Manitoba, the Rocky Mountains and the Arctic. Classification and taxonomy are fairly straightforward in that all Regosolic soils lack a well-developed B horizon. They are divided into two Great Groups based on the development of an Ah horizon that is either greater than 10 cm thick or is less than 10 cm thick or absent.

Weathering and soil formation on dolerite in Tasmania with particular reference to several trace elements

Soil Research ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
KG Tiller
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Nickel Copper ◽  
Soil Groups

The mineralogy and chemistry of weathering and soil formation have been studied at 17 widely separated sites with contrasting climatic conditions on comparatively uniform dolerite in Tasmania. The clay and fine sand mineralogy of the soils has been related to their degree of weathering. These studies have shown large chemical and mineralogical changes accompanying the initial stages of weathering in some krasnozem soils. The reorganization of cobalt, zirconium, nickel, copper, molybdenum, manganese, and zinc during genesis of four soil groups has been considered in terms of the factors involved. Some of these results indicate that the clay horizon of the podzolic soils has probably been formed by weathering in situ. Seasonal waterlogging in certain horizons has strongly mfluenced the chemistry and mineralogy of weathering in many of these soils. This study has shown that the composition of the parent material has only influenced the geochemistry of trace elements in less weathered soils and that pedogenic factors assumed greater significance as the soils became more strongly weathered. Geomorphic processes had a marked influence on the geochemistry of some soils by the truncation of mature soil profiles.

scholarly journals Effects of geological formations and topography on the evolution and diversity of soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 476-789
Author(s):  
Hengameh Javadi ◽  
Reza Sokouti ◽  
Ebrahim Pazira ◽  
Mohammad Hassan Massihabbadi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Soil Diversity ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Family Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Geological Formations

Different soils with various properties and sometimes with different types of limitations can be formed which is necessary to investigate the conditions of soil formation and evolution for their optimal use. In this study, we studied the relationship between soil, topography in terms of slope and elevation, and parent material with the land morphology and physical and chemical properties of soil, how the soil formed and evolved. From 19 control soil profiles, 57 soil samples were obtained from three layers and some soil characteristics including Acidity, Salinity, Gypsum, Lime, Texture and Organic matter were measured. Using NEWHALL software, the soil temperature and moisture regime was determined. To study the conditions of topography, the digital elevation map and slope was prepared, the characteristics of geological formations were determined and based on the Gower index and Jacquard index, the relationship between soil evolution factors with topography and parent materials were studied. The diversity of soils classification was studied using richness, uniformity of Shannon and Simpson indices. Based on the results obtained from Gower and jacquard similarity indices, the effect of topography and parent materials on soil diversity was proved. Soil diversity indices showed an increasing trend from the soil order level to the soil family. The increase in the Richness index was higher at the soil family level, so that the highest soil diversity observed at the soil family level. Also, soil diversity is mainly affected by intrinsic factors and to some extent by environmental factors. Soil profile development is mostly influenced by slope, parent materials and in some areas by groundwater level.

scholarly journals Dark-humus soils on the updated soil map of Russian Federation scale 1 : 2.5 M

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-54
Author(s):  
T. V. Ananko ◽  
M. I. Gerasimova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Unsaturated Soils ◽  
Humus Horizon ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Soil Map ◽  
Diagnostic Horizons

The dark-humus soil type was included in the updated legend of the Soil Map of the Russian Federation at scale 1 : 2.5 M, converted to the system of Soil Classification of Russia. The soil profile starts with the dark-humus horizon gradually merging to the parent rock; any mid-profile diagnostic horizons are absent. Large areas of dark-humus soils are found in the forest-steppe, steppe and taiga zones of the European Russia, Western and Central Siberia, in the Trans-Baikal region, the Altai-Sayany Mountains, and the Caucasus. The type of dark-humus soils comprises both mesomorphic soils (of normal moisture conditions) and soils with additional surface or ground-water moisture. The main prerequisites for the formation of dark-humus soils are, on the one hand, the climatic conditions favorable for the dark-humus horizon formation, and, on the other hand, parent material - mostly derivates of hard rocks, restricting the development of mid-profile diagnostic horizons. In the updated map, the following initial legend units are partially or completely converted to dark-humus soils: several units of chernozems, dark-gray forest and gray forest non-podzolized soils, soddy-taiga base-saturated and slightly unsaturated soils, several mountain soils, a significant part of soddy-calcareous soils, as well as some mountainous forest-meadow soils. The diversity of dark-humus soils subtypes is determined by secondary carbonate features, weak signs of clay accumulation and podzolization, alteration of the mineral mass, gley and cryogenic phenomena.

scholarly journals The relationship of climatic and gelogical factors to the composition of soil clay and the distribution of soil types

1930 ◽  
Vol 107 (748) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Geological Factors ◽  
Local Geology ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Irregular Topography

Few soil problems have aroused more discussion and controversy than the assessment of the relative importance of climatic and geological factors in soil formation. At international Soil Congresses such as that held in 1927 in the United States it has been apparent that British and other workers familiar with small highly cultivated areas of irregular topography and varied geology attach much less importance to the climatic factors than do the Russians whose experience is largely of vast plains of fairly uniform loess material extending over well defined climatic zones. Purely practical considerations led under these extreme conditions to the development of geological and climatic systems of soil classification respectively, but both systems were found to require considerable modification when they were applied to other countries or when the scale of soil mapping was greatly changed. Even in the British Isles a generalised soil map would allow for considerable modifications of the climatic soil types by variations in local geology and topography. Both systems are open, however, to the more fundamental criticism that they are based not on the actual properties of the objects classified but on external factors which have influenced the formation of the soil to varying and unknown degrees. The Russian work has demonstrated that an essential preliminary a o all field and laboratory examination of soils should be the recognition and separation of the soil profile down to the unaltered parent material into a series of distinct horizons of approximately uniform composition and mode of formation.

scholarly journals Mineralogy of recent pelitic sediments from the Fiskenæsset region, southern West Greenland

1976 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
D Heling
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
Fast Transport ◽  
Mineral Alteration

Recent muds were sampled during the summer of 1973 from different fjords and lakes in the Fiskenæsset region of southern west Greenland. The samples were analysed for their mineralogical composition in order to study sorting effects and possibie mineral alteration by transport action under subarctic climatic conditions. In an investigation of the composition of sands from the Fiskenæsset region Kalsbeek et al. (1974) revealed a close correspondence between the mineralogical composition of the coarser clastic components and that of the bedrock. Such relationships occur when chemical weathering of the sediment material is negligibie due to low temperatures and in connection with fast transport (high relief) and corresponding high sedimentation rates. All these influencing factors are active in southern west Greenland. Sampling was undertaken in Buksefjorden, Sermilik, Grædefjord, Fiskenæsfjorden, Bjørnesund and at the margin of Frederikshåbs Isblink. Further bottom samples were taken from the lakes marked in fig. 45. A total of 121 samples were recovered from depths ranging from Oto 275 m using grab sampling devices. Almost the entire sediment material under consideration has been produced by glacial abrasion and only a negligibie proportion by soil formation processes. Both bed load and suspension load are brought by melt water streams from beneath the glaciers. The melt waters run into glaciaIly eroded lakes, where most of the coarse sediment material and some of the clay fraction is trapped. Most of the clay fraction remains in suspension, however, and is transported downstream to sea level. Considerable amounts of clay in suspension are carried far into the fjords.

Post-Glacial changes in soil profiles

1965 ◽  
Vol 161 (984) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Buried Soils ◽  
Direct Estimate ◽  
Early Stages

In assessing the importance of soil genesis in the development of habitat conditions through the post-Glacial, we need to know first of all the sequence of stages which a soil goes through in maturing, and secondly the time required for this sequence to be completed. Estimates of the first come from studies of the processes which are involved and comparisons of soil sequences seen in the field today. Inevitably, perhaps, we know more about the early stages of soil formation on new parent material and about the mature profile than we do about the long developmental stages in between. The time scale, too, has been estimated by extrapolation from known circumstances, such as the rate of soil formation after the draining of Lake Ragunda in 1796 (Tamm 1920), but this type of estimation involves assumptions about the constancy of the processes involved; allowances for climatic, hydrologic, or biotic environmental change are difficult to make with any precision. Nevertheless, on the rare occasions when direct estimate has been possible, as for instance the series of sand bars investigated by Burges & Drover (1953) in Australia, the results indicate that our indirect estimates are at least of the right order. It appears that in temperate regions two to four thousand years are necessary for a primary soil profile to mature. This may be an underestimate for soils derived from calcareous parent material, but in what follows, reference will be mainly to non-calcareous conditions, so it is unlikely that serious error will be introduced by taking this figure. It should be noted, however, that secondary soil development can take place at a very much greater speed. The ten thousand or so years of the post-Glacial have clearly provided ample time for the primary soils to reach maturity; in fact, if the estimated time scale is correct, and making generous allowance for possibly less favourable climatic conditions in the early stages of the post-Glacial, it seems that soils in Britain could have been mature (under normal free-draining conditions) by the end of the Boreal period. By then the poorest parent materials would have developed mature podsols if they were going to, and the more base-rich ones some form of brown earth. This conclusion can only be checked by studying soils of this age which have been preserved in some way. Buried soils appear to retain their visible profile charac­teristics relatively unchanged. Soil profiles may be buried artificially or by some natural process involving the mass movement of large quantities of material; or by the formation of peat. However, the formation of peat in Boreal or earlier times implies special hydrological conditions. Nevertheless, Havinga (1963), in Holland, has recently provided indirect evidence of ‘ homogeneous forest profiles ’ under a variety of forest types in pre-Boreal and Boreal times. In some cases bleached soils had succeeded these homogeneous profiles, usually due to a change in hydrologic conditions, and he points out that a homogeneous profile is never found directly under peat, the soils under peat always being more or less podsolized.

scholarly journals Tropical Volcanic Soils From Flores Island, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Hikmatullah Hikmatullah ◽  
Kesumo Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Volcanic Soils ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Tropical Volcanic Soils

Tropical Volcanic Soils from Flores Island, Indonesia (Hikmatullah and K Nugroho): Soils that are developed in tropical region with volcanic parent materials have many unique properties, and high potential for agricultural use. The purpose of this study is to characterize the soils developed on volcanic materials from Flores Island, Indonesia, and to examine if the soils meet the requirements for andic soil properties. Selected five soils profiles developed from andesitic volcanic materials from Flores Island were studied to determine their properties. They were compared in their physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics according to their parent material, and climatic characteristic different.  The soils were developed under humid tropical climate with ustic to udic soil moisture regimes with different annual rainfall. The soils developed from volcanic ash parent materials in Flores Island showed different properties compared to the soils derived from volcanic tuff, even though they were developed from th e same intermediary volcanic materials. The silica contents, clay mineralogy and sand fractions, were shown as the differences. The different in climatic conditions developed similar properties such as deep solum, dark color, medium texture, and very friable soil consistency. The soils have high organic materials, slightly acid to acid, low to medium cation exchange capacity (CEC). The soils in western region have higher clay content and showing more developed than of the eastern region. All the profiles meet the requirements for andic soil properties, and classified as Andisols order. The composition of sand mineral was dominated by hornblende, augite, and hypersthenes with high weatherable mineral reserves, while the clay fraction was dominated by disordered kaolinite, and hydrated halloysite. The soils were classified into subgroup as Thaptic Hapludands, Typic Hapludands, and Dystric Haplustands.

Contributions to the Knowledge of Sandy Soils from Oltenia Plain

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-200
Author(s):  
Anca-Luiza Stanila ◽  
Catalin Cristian Simota ◽  
Mihail Dumitru
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Wind Characteristic ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Highlighting the sandy soil of Oltenia Plain calls for a better knowledge of their variability their correlation with major natural factors from each physical geography. Pedogenetic processes specific sandy soils are strongly influenced by nature parent material. This leads, on the one hand, climate aridity of the soil due to strong heating and accumulation of small water reserves, consequences emphasizing the moisture deficit in the development of the vegetation and favoring weak deflation, and on the other hand, an increase in mineralization organic matter. Relief under wind characteristic sandy land, soil formation and distribution has some particularly of flat land with the land formed on the loess. The dune ridges are less evolved soils, profile underdeveloped and poorly supplied with nutrients compared to those on the slopes of the dunes and the interdune, whose physical and chemical properties are more favorable to plant growth.Both Romanati Plain and the Blahnita (Mehedinti) Plain and Bailesti Plain, sand wind shaped covering a finer material, loamy sand and even loess (containing up to 26% clay), also rippled with negative effects in terms of overall drainage. Depending on the pedogenetic physical and geographical factors that have contributed to soil cover, in the researched were identified following classes of soils: protisols, cernisols, cambisols, luvisols, hidrisols and antrosols.Obtaining appropriate agricultural production requires some land improvement works (especially fitting for irrigation) and agropedoameliorative works. Particular attention should be paid to preventing and combating wind erosion.

scholarly journals Paleocene-Eocene volcanic segmentation of the Norwegian-Greenland seaway reorganized high-latitude ocean circulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jussi Hovikoski ◽  
Michael B. W. Fyhn ◽  
Henrik Nøhr-Hansen ◽  
John R. Hopper ◽  
Steven Andrews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
Subaerial Exposure ◽  
Thermal Maximum ◽  
Volcanic Facies

AbstractThe paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic development of the Norwegian–Greenland seaway remains poorly understood, despite its importance for the oceanographic and climatic conditions of the Paleocene–Eocene greenhouse world. Here we present analyses of the sedimentological and paleontological characteristics of Paleocene–Eocene deposits (between 63 and 47 million years old) in northeast Greenland, and investigate key unconformities and volcanic facies observed through seismic reflection imaging in offshore basins. We identify Paleocene–Eocene uplift that culminated in widespread regression, volcanism, and subaerial exposure during the Ypresian. We reconstruct the paleogeography of the northeast Atlantic–Arctic region and propose that this uplift led to fragmentation of the Norwegian–Greenland seaway during this period. We suggest that the seaway became severely restricted between about 56 and 53 million years ago, effectively isolating the Arctic from the Atlantic ocean during the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum and the early Eocene.

scholarly journals High-time resolved radon-progeny measurements in the Arctic region (Svalbard Islands, Norway): results and potentialities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Salzano ◽  
Antonello Pasini ◽  
Antonietta Ianniello ◽  
Mauro Mazzola ◽  
Rita Traversi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Atmospheric Stability ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Radon Emanation ◽  
Radon Progeny ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Scientific Challenge ◽  
The Arctic Region

Abstract. The estimation of radon progeny in the Arctic region represents a scientific challenge due to the required low limit of detection in consideration of the limited radon emanation associated with permafrost dynamics. This preliminary study highlighted, for the first time, the possibility to monitor radon progeny in the Arctic region with a higher time resolution. The composition of the radon progeny offered the opportunity to identify air masses dominated by long-range transport, in presence or not of near-constant radon progeny instead of long and short lived progenies. Furthermore, the different ratio between radon and thoron progenies evidenced the contributions of local emissions and atmospheric stability. Two different emanation periods were defined in accordance to the permafrost dynamics at the ground and several accumulation windows were recognized coherently to the meteo-climatic conditions occurring at the study site.

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