Transformations and losses of swine manure 15N as affected by application timing at two contrasting sites

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jayasundara ◽  
C. Wagner-Riddle ◽  
G. Parkin ◽  
J. Lauzon ◽  
M. Z Fan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Liquid Swine Manure ◽  
Fall Application

An improved understanding of the fate of manure N is necessary for developing efficient manure management plans that ensure adequate crop nutrition and minimum environmental problems. This study quantified the fate of 15N-labelled liquid swine manure applied at three different times (late-fall, spring pre-plant and side-dress) on two soil types (a well-drained fine sandy loam and an imperfectly drained silt loam). Manure N uptake by corn (Zea mays L.) was significantly lower with fall application than with two spring applications (14-18% vs. 30-38% of applied N) in both soil types. Manure application increased total N leaching (30-43 vs. 27 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in the control), especially with fall application. Manure N contributed 18-25% of the total N leached in the fine sandy loam and 8-10% of the total N leached in the silt loam. Application timing did not affect manure N leaching in the silt loam, which ranged between 3 and 5% of applied N. In the fine sandy loam, fall application resulted in significantly higher manure N leaching (15% of applied N) than with two spring applications (8-10% of applied N). Unaccounted losses, assumed to be in gaseous forms, over 6 mo following fall application were higher in the silt loam than in the fine sandy loam (29% vs. 16% of applied N). Estimated NH3 losses were low (<7% of applied N); hence, denitrification is suggested to be the main mechanism for gaseous N losses. The estimated ratio of denitrification to leaching manure N loss for fall application was about 7:1 in the silt loam and 2:1 in the sandy loam. To maximize manure N use by corn and minimize environmental N losses, spring or side-dress application of liquid swine manure is recommended, particularly in well-drained soils.Key words: Swine manure, application timing, soil type, 15N, N losses

Influence of tillage and liquid swine manure on productivity of a soybean-barley rotation and some properties of a fine sandy loam in Prince Edward Island

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Carter ◽  
A J Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Liquid Swine Manure ◽  
Second Year

Interactions between tillage management for manure incorporation and rate of manure application may influence crop productivity and soil properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liquid swine (Sus scrofa L.) manure (LSM) applied at three N rates (40, 80, 160 kg ha-1), compared with mineral N fertilizer, in a 2-yr barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation, incorporated by two tillage methods (chisel plough and disc), on crop yield and quality and some soil properties, especially C parameters. The LSM was applied every second year in the spring, prior to barley seeding. The study was conducted over a 5-yr period on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam (Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol) in Prince Edward Island. The experimental design was a split-plot with four replicates. Soil samples (0–60 cm) were obtained at the termination of the study to determine residual effects of the LSM on soil properties. The two methods of LSM incorporation had no differential effect on crop response. Generally, increasing the application rate of LSM increased the barley yield, but had no effect on grain N concentration. A residual effect on crop grain yield for the high rate of LSM was evident in the soybean year. Crop response to LSM was similar to that of mineral fertilizer. Application operations for LSM had no adverse effect on soil strength or soil bulk density. Soil properties (microbial biomass C, carbohydrates, water-stable aggregates) were not greatly influenced by LSM application, however, increases in particulate C (POM-C) were evident for the high LSM rate at the 10- to 30-cm soil depth. The study showed that for fine sandy loams in Prince Edward Island low to medium rates of LSM applied every second year could serve as a source of N for barley in barley-soybean rotations. Key words: Barley, soybean, liquid swine manure, fine sandy loam, soil properties, tillage incorporation, eastern Canada

Applying urine collected from non-lactating dairy cows dosed with dicyandiamide to lysimeters and grass plots: effects on nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate leaching and herbage production

2015 ◽  
Vol 154 (4) ◽  
pp. 674-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. O'CONNOR ◽  
D. MINOGUE ◽  
E. LEWIS ◽  
M. B. LYNCH ◽  
D. HENNESSY
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
N Loading

SUMMARYIn agricultural production systems, nitrogen (N) losses to the environment can occur through nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrate (NO3−) leaching. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate: (1) if urine excreted by non-lactating dairy cows pulse-dosed with dicyandiamide (DCD) and applied to lysimeters reduced N2O-N emissions and NO3−-N leaching on two soil types; and (2) if urine + DCD would increase herbage production over winter. Lysimeters were used to measure N2O emissions and NO3-N leaching. The soils used were a free-draining acid brown earth of sandy loam to loam texture (termed free-draining) and a poorly drained silt loam gley (termed poorly drained). Grass plots were established on the free-draining soil to measure herbage production. The N loading rate of the urine + DCD was 508 kg N/ha and the urine without DCD (urine only) was 451 kg N/ha. Total NO3−-N leaching losses from the free-draining and poorly draining soils were reduced from 100 and 81 kg NO3−-N/ha on the urine-only treatment, respectively, to 9 and 11·6 kg NO3−-N/ha on the urine + DCD treatment, respectively. Total N2O-N emissions from the free-draining and poorly drained soils were reduced significantly from 13·6 and 12·1 kg N2O-N/ha on the urine-only treatment, respectively, to 2·23 and 5·24 kg N2O-N/ha on the urine + DCD treatment, respectively. Applying urine with DCD to pastures inhibited the nitrification process for up to 56 days after treatment application. In the current experiment, there was no significant effect on spring herbage production when urine + DCD was applied to grass plots. Therefore, feeding DCD to dairy cows to apply DCD directly in urine patches was shown to be an effective mitigation strategy to reduce NO3−-N leaching and N2O-N emissions but did not appear to increase spring herbage production.

Effect of macropore flow on the transport of surface-applied cow urine through a soil profile

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Silva ◽  
K. C. Cameron ◽  
H. J. Di ◽  
N. P. Smith ◽  
G. D. Buchan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Macropore Flow ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Total N ◽  
Lysimeter Experiment ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Leaching Experiments ◽  
Soil Pores

A field lysimeter experiment was conducted to determine the effect of macropore flow on the transport of surface-applied cow urine N through soil. The lysimeters (500 mm diameter by 700 mm depth) used for this experiment were collected from Templeton fine sandy loam soil (Udic Ustochrept), which had been under ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture for 9–10 years. The effect of macropore flow on urine-N leaching was determined by leaching experiments under 0.5 kPa and 0 kPa water tensions (suctions) imposed on top of the lysimeter using a disc tension infiltrometer. The 0.5 kPa suction prevented soil pores >600 µm diameter from conducting water and solutes, while the 0 kPa suction allowed conduction under ‘field saturated’ condition. Pores >600 µm diameter transmitted about 98% of the total nitrogen (N) leached below 700 mm depth. The main form of N transmitted under 0 kPa was ammonium (NH4 -N), accounting for 10.5% of the total N applied at 0 kPa suction. This was significantly higher than the amount of NH 4 -N leached at 0.5 kPa suction, which accounted for 0.17% of N applied. The urea-N in the leachate reached 16 mg/L at 0 kPa suction, and accounted for 1.6% of the total N applied. No urea was detected in the leachate at the 0.5 kPa suction. The concentrations and amounts of nitrate (NO3 -N) leached were very low and did not differ between the two suctions. The forms and amounts of N leached were affected by the interactions of macropore flow and N transformations in the soil, and the environmental conditions during the two leaching events. From this work, it is recommended that stock should be removed 1–2 days before irrigation water is applied as this will allow animal urine to diffuse into soil micropores and thus decrease N leaching by macropore flow.

The nitrogen footprint of food products in the European Union

2013 ◽  
Vol 152 (S1) ◽  
pp. 20-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. LEIP ◽  
F. WEISS ◽  
J. P. LESSCHEN ◽  
H. WESTHOEK
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
The European Union ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Reactive N ◽  
Livestock Products

SUMMARYNitrogen (N) is an essential element for plants and animals. Due to large inputs of mineral fertilizer, crop yields and livestock production in Europe have increased markedly over the last century, but as a consequence losses of reactive N to air, soil and water have intensified as well. Two different models (CAPRI and MITERRA) were used to quantify the N flows in agriculture in the European Union (EU27), at country-level and for EU27 agriculture as a whole, differentiated into 12 main food categories. The results showed that the N footprint, defined as the total N losses to the environment per unit of product, varies widely between different food categories, with substantially higher values for livestock products and the highest values for beef (c. 500 g N/kg beef), as compared to vegetable products. The lowest N footprint of c. 2 g N/kg product was calculated for sugar beet, fruits and vegetables, and potatoes. The losses of reactive N were dominated by N leaching and run-off, and ammonia volatilization, with 0·83 and 0·88 due to consumption of livestock products. The N investment factors, defined as the quantity of new reactive N required to produce one unit of N in the product varied between 1·2 kg N/kg N in product for pulses to 15–20 kg N for beef.

Distribution of Arsenic in Soil Profiles after Repeated Applications of MSMA

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Hiltbold ◽  
B. F. Hajek ◽  
G. A. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Column Studies ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Surface Horizon ◽  
Repeated Applications

Arsenic as MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) was applied to three soil types over a 6-year period. Percentage recovery of applied arsenic averaged 67, 57, and 39% in Hart-sells fine sandy loam, Decatur silt loam, and Dothan loamy sand soils, respectively. Essentially all of the arsenic recovered in the soils occurred in the plow layer with no evidence of leaching into deeper zones. Batch-equilibrium and soil-column studies in the laboratory indicated that the rate of MSMA movement through the surface horizon would be fastest in Dothan loamy sand and slowest in Decatur silt loam.

Influence of Acetamide Herbicide Applications on Efficacy of the Protectant CGA-43089 in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 646-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Simkins ◽  
L. J. Moshier ◽  
O. G. Russ
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam

The influence of acetamide herbicide applications on efficacy of CGA-43089 [α-(cyanomethoximino)-benzacetonitrile] in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] was studied under field conditions. Acetamide herbicides applied preplant and incorporated on a Haynie very fine sandy loam caused more grain sorghum injury in 1979 than in 1978. Reductions in plant population, plant height and yield, along with delay in maturity, were severe for acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-6′-ethyl-O-acetotoluidide], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], and alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide]; moderate for diethatyl [N-(chloroacetyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)glycine], xylachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-N-(1-methylethyl)acetamide], and butam [2,2-dimethyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-N-(phenylmethyl)propanamide]; and did not occur for propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) treatments. Acetamide herbicides caused less grain sorghum injury on a Reading silt loam than on a Haynie very fine sandy loam in 1979. CGA-43089 applied as a seed treatment protected grain sorghum grown on soils treated with metolachlor, alachlor, diethatyl, or xylachlor. Metolachlor-triazine combinations at five locations in Kansas reduced yields at two locations. CGA-43089 provided protection from metolachlor injury at those two locations.

Sorption and Mobility of Chlorimuron in Alabama Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Goetz ◽  
Robert H. Walker ◽  
Glenn Wehtje ◽  
Ben F. Hajek
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Solution Technique ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Soil thin-layer chromatography and a soil solution technique were used to evaluate chlorimuron adsorption and mobility in five Alabama soils. The order of adsorption was atrazine > metribuzin > chlorimuron; mobility was chlorimuron > metribuzin > atrazine. The order of adsorption of chlorimuron in the five soils was Sumter clay > Eutaw clay > Lucedale fine sandy loam > Decatur silt loam > Dothan sandy loam, and Rfvalues were 0.63, 0.73, 0.69, 0.76, and 0.80, respectively. Chlorimuron mobility and adsorption were not highly correlated to any one soil type. Adsorption of all herbicides was inversely related to soil pH. Maximum chlorimuron adsorption in the Hiwassee loam was attributed to the high hematite and gibbsite content of the soil.

Solute movement through two unsaturated soils

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
GN Magesan ◽  
I Vogeler ◽  
DR Scotter ◽  
BE Clothier ◽  
RW Tillman
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Soils ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Breakthrough Curves ◽  
Dead Volume ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Solute Movement ◽  
Structured Soil

Simple and inexpensive apparatus is described for studying the solute movement during unsaturated water flow through intact soil columns. A preset pressure head is maintained at the top and bottom of the soil. The applied solution is easily changed, and there is negligible 'dead volume' both above and beneath the soil. Columns 37-150 mm long, carved from the A horizons of a well structured silt loam and a weakly structured fine sandy loam, were used in the apparatus. After the soil was preleached with calcium sulfate solution, solid potassium nitrate was applied, followed by a solution of potassium chloride. Nitrate and chloride concentrations in the effluent, and in the soil after leaching, were measured. With the imposed pressure heads of between -40 and -150 mm, flow rates ranged from 0 . 5 to 9 mm/h. The convection dispersion equation (CDE) with the appropriate boundary conditions was found to adequately describe the flow of chloride and nitrate in both soils. The outflow concentration data indicated all the soil water participated in the solute transport, and the chloride breakthrough curves scaled with column length as predicted by the CDE rather than by stochastic-convective theory. The dispersivity values for the well structured silt loam were 15 and 19 mm. The values for the weakly structured fine sandy loam were 68 and 27 mm. The dispersivity may be a useful structure index, as well as being the key parameter needed to describe solute movement. The resident concentration data indicated all the water in the well structured soil was mobile, but about 15% of the water in the weakly structured soil was relatively immobile.

Influence of dicyandiamide on nitrogen transformation and losses in cow-urine-amended soil cores from grazed pasture

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagrati Singh ◽  
S. Saggar ◽  
N. S. Bolan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
N Transformations

In New Zealand, urine deposited by grazing animals represents the largest source of nitrogen (N) losses, as gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and leaching of nitrate (NO3−).We determined the effect of dicyandiamide (DCD) on gaseous emissions from pasture with increasing rates of urine-N application, mineral N transformations and potential leaching of N using undisturbed soil cores of Manawatu sandy loam at field capacity. The treatments included four levels of urine-N applied at 0 (control), 14.4, 29.0 and 57.0 g N/m2 with and without DCD at 2.5 g/m2. Results showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in NH3 and N2O-N emissions as urine application was increased. The addition of DCD to corresponding urine treatments reduced N2O emissions by 33, 56 and 80%, respectively. The addition of DCD with urine to the intact soil cores at field capacity moisture content resulted in a significant increase in the soil ammonium-N (NH4+-N) concentration but little change in NH3 emissions. Addition of DCD to urine reduced potential NO3−-N leaching by 60–65% but potential NH4+-N leaching increased by 2–3.5 times. There was no difference in pasture dry matter production with and without DCD treatments.

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