Cropping systems for spring and winter cereals under simulated pasture: Sward structure

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Baron ◽  
A. C. Dick ◽  
H. G. Najda ◽  
D. F. Salmon ◽  
J. R. Pearen
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Yield Distribution ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Tiller Density ◽  
Sward Structure

The feasibility of using mixtures of spring-planted spring and winter cereals for pasture in central and southern Alberta was demonstrated previously. In the current study cropping system treatments consisting of: spring cereal monocrops (SMC), either oats (Avenu sativa L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.); winter cereal monocrops (WMC), either winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack); binary mixtures of the spring and winter cereals planted together as intercrops (IC) in the spring at the same time; and a doublecrop (DC) system where the winter cereal was planted into the spring cereal after one clipping were grown during 2 yr at Lacombe, Alberta. Pasture was simulated by clipping the stands five times, beginning at the joint stage of the spring cereal and four times subsequently at about 4-wk intervals. Prior to each clip, tiller weight, tiller density, tiller height and leaf area index (LAI) were measured in each sward. Differences for yield among treatments within systems did not occur, so small differences in sward structure were considered to be due to a compensatory interaction of yield components which stabilized yield and were ignored. Sward structure appeared to explain differences among systems for yield distribution. Tiller density and LAI of the SMC and spring component of the IC and DC became relatively small as the season advanced, especially after cut 2. Tiller density and LAI of the WMC were maintained at high levels throughout the season after cut 1. After cut 2 the winter cereal components of the IC and DC were responsible for the maintenance of total tiller density and LAI in their respective swards. Average seasonal total LAI were 3.36, 3.02, 1.87 and 1.17 cm2 cm−2 in the WMC, IC, DC and SMC. Late planting and competition for light from the taller spring cereal component delayed tillering of the winter cereal component in the DC compared with the IC during midsummer (cuts 2 and 3) resulting in the low average LAI. In contrast, planting the spring and winter cereal components at the same time (IC) resulted in a relatively stable total tiller density, high average LAI and yield. Thus the superior yield distribution of the IC, shown previously, was due to the complementary way in which spring and winter cereal tillers responded to clipping when planting occurred at the same time. Key words: Monocrop, intercrop, double-crop, yield components

Response of forage yield and yield components to planting date and silage/pasture management in spring seeded winter cereal/spring oat cropping systems

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Baron ◽  
A. C. Dick ◽  
E. A. de St. Remy
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Tiller Density

Spring-planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals in a silage/fall pasture system have been shown to extend the grazing season in the Parkland of the Canadian prairies. Experiments were conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to determine the effects of planting date on yield and yield components of spring-seeded spring oat (Avena sativa L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.). The cereals were grown as monocrops or as binary mixtures of the oat and winter cereals. Treatments were planted in early May and mid-June and harvested twice for forage. The initial harvest for early and late planting dates occurred when oat reached the early-milk and heading stages, respectively. Regrowth was harvested in mid- to late September. The planting date x treatment interaction did not affect (P ≤ 0.05) annual yield (initial + regrowth) even though oat was harvested at different developmental stages. Averaged over treatments, late planting reduced annual yield by 42%. The annual yields ranked: mixtures = oat monocrop > winter cereals. Late planting date reduced the initial yield of all treatments, but the winter monocrops were reduced less than oat. Oat dominated the initial yield of all mixtures. Although oat tiller density was lower in the mixtures than monocropped oat at the initial cut, oat constituted a greater proportion of the mixture than would have been expected from the seeding ratio (1:1). A larger tiller weight in the oat mixture vs. the monocrop may have compensated for low tiller density in the mixture. Mixture regrowth yields tended to be greater in late-planted treatments and were dominated by the winter cereals. Although the winter cereal component of the mixture had more tillers at the regrowth cut, they still had lower yields when compared with their respective monocrops. Thus, late planting reduced annual yields of mixtures and monocrops, but did not limit regrowth of winter cereals in mixtures given equal regrowth periods. Key words: Oat, winter rye, winter wheat, winter triticale, forage yield, tillering

Winter survival and yield of early-seeded winter wheat and triticale

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Salmon ◽  
V. S. Baron ◽  
A. C. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Spring Cereals

On the Canadian prairies, winter cereals such as rye (Secale cereale L.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. EM Thell) have shown potential for forage production when spring-seeded as monocrops (WMC) or as intercrops (IC) and doublecrops (DC) in binary combinations with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or oat (Avena sativa L.). Producers are frequently tempted to overwinter the winter cereals for seed production in the second year. The current study evaluated the influence of forage harvest during the establishment year on the winter hardiness and seed production of winter wheat and triticale in the WMC, IC, and DC cropping systems. Clippings of the WMC and IC as well as planting of the DC were timed to correspond to jointing (DS1), boot (DS2), late milk (DS3) and grain harvest (DS4). Planting of the winter cereal after grain harvest (DS4) of the spring cereal simulated the conventional cropping system. All plots were clipped in late fall to remove aftermath prior to overwintering. Consequently treatments first clipped at DS1 received five clippings compared with DS4 which received only two clippings. Subsequent winter survival and grain yield of both winter species were reduced in the WMC and IC compared with DC treatments. However, increasing the frequency of clipping during the year of establishement in the WMC and IC improved grain yield and winter survival in the winter wheat compared with treatments receiving less frequent or no clipping. Less consistent results were observed for winter triticale. Overwintering spring-planted winter wheat and triticale is not a suitable means for seed production compared with conventional fall planting or reseeding to spring cereals. Key words: Spring cereals, winter cereals, winter survival

Cropping systems for spring and winter cereals under simulated pasture: Yield and yield distribution

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Baron ◽  
A. C. Dick ◽  
H. G. Najda ◽  
D. F. Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Jointing Stage ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack

Annual crops are used routinely for pasture in many parts of the world, but in Alberta they are used primarily to offset feed shortages. Experiments were conducted during 1987 and 1988 at Lacombe, Alberta under dryland conditions and at Brooks, Alberta under irrigation to determine the feasibility of using spring-planted combinations of spring and winter cereals to extend the grazing season. Treatments for simulated grazing were spring oat (Avena sativa L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) monocrops (SMC), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) monocrops (WMC), spring and winter cereal binary mixtures, seeded together in the spring (intercrop-IC) and the winter cereal seeded after one clipping of the spring cereal (double crop-DC). Clippings were initiated at the jointing stage of the spring cereals and were repeated at intervals of 4 wk. The SMC produced the highest yields during the first two cuts (mid-June and mid-July), but regrowth declined thereafter. The WMC generally had superior yields after mid-July. The IC yield was similar to the higher of the SMC or WMC at any cut with more uniform productivity over the growing season. The DC was inferior to the IC for late summer and fall production. Averaged over years the IC produced 92 and 87% as much DM in the fall as the WMC at Lacombe and Brooks, respectively. Yield totalled over all cuts resulted in the sequence IC > WMC > DC > SMC. The IC is a feasible season-long pasture system under irrigation in southern Alberta and under rain-fed conditions in central Alberta. Key words: Cereals, double-crop, intercrop, monocrop, pasture, yields

Delay of harvest effects on forage yield and regrowth in spring and winter cereal mixtures

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Baron ◽  
E. A. de St Remy ◽  
A. C. Dick ◽  
D. F. Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Tiller Density

Spring-planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals extend the grazing season and maximize dry matter yield if the initial defoliation is delayed until the milk stage of kernel development of the spring cereal component. However, fall regrowth may be less than spring-planted winter cereal monocrops. Research was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to determine the effect of time of initial cut and winter cereal species on initial yield, regrowth yield and factors affecting regrowth (tiller density, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and etiolated regrowth immediately post-cutting) of the winter cereal component of spring-seeded monocrops of fall rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and in binary mixtures with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Treatments were planted in early May and harvested initially when the barley reached the boot (B), heads emerged (H), H + 2 wk, H + 4 wk and H + 6 wk stages. Three weeks after the initial cut a regrowth harvest was conducted. Initial yields of both mixtures and monocrops increased until approximately H + 4 wk and H + 6 wk respectively, with no differences due to species in the mixture. The effect of crop stage at initial harvest on regrowth was much larger than the species effect. Monocrop regrowth decreased almost linearly with delay of defoliation, while that of the mixture (winter and spring components combined) declined at a faster rate. Tiller density, WSC and etiolated regrowth also followed decreasing trends with time of initial cut in the monocrops and mixtures. These trends were due directly or indirectly to very low light intensities in the lower levels of the canopies of both cropping systems after H + 2 wk. Both initial and regrowth yields of the winter cereal component of mixtures involving rye and triticale were generally superior to those involving wheat. The ability of the winter cereal component to regrow in mixtures may be related to plant size and therefore ability to compete during initial growth. In general, the initial harvest of the mixture should occur no later than H + 2 wk of the spring cereal component in order to allow sufficient time for recovery of the winter cereal component after harvest. Otherwise, a spring-seeded winter cereal would be a better alternative for fall pasture. Key words: Delayed harvest, spring and winter cereals, forage yield, regrowth

scholarly journals The effect of drought and cropping system on the yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.)

2018 ◽  
pp. 51-53
Author(s):  
Salifu Mahama
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Nutrition Quality ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Photosynthesis Efficiency

Different Cropping Systems have many advantages and ensure better crop growth and yielding. Its combination with other agronomic measures can ensure optimal crop density for maximum crop growth and photosynthesis efficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different cropping systems on monoculture and biculture rotations [maize- wheat]. The study found that crop rotation does not have a significant effect on the grain nutrition quality, Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) but has a significant effect on the Soil-Plant Analysis Development (SPAD). Yield and yield components were significantly influenced by crop rotation in this study as yield, plant height, cob weight and number of grains per row all recorded lower mean at 5% probability levels.

Adaptation of winter cereal species to shade and competition in a winter/spring cereal forage mixture

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Baron ◽  
E. A. de St Remy ◽  
D. F. Salmon ◽  
A. C. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Carbon Exchange ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Shoot Weight

Spring planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals maximize dry matter yield and provide fall pasture by regrowth of the winter cereal. However, delay of initial harvest may reduce the winter cereal component and therefore subsequent regrowth yield. Research was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to investigate the effect of time of initial cut (stage), winter cereal species (species) and cropping system (monocrop and mixture) on winter cereal shoot weight, leaf carbon exchange efficiency and shoot morphology. These parameters may be related to adaptation of winter cereals to growth and survival in the mixture. Winter cereal plants were grown in pails embedded in monocrop plots of fall rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and in binary mixtures with Leduc barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The plants were removed when the barley reached the boot (B), heads emerged (H), H + 2, H + 4 and H + 6 wk stages. Shoot weight was generally smaller in the mixture than in the monocrop and wheat was reduced more than fall rye and triticale in the mixture compared to the monocrop. Dark respiration rate (r = −0.54) and carbon exchange (r = 0.36) under low light intensity were correlated (P < 0.05) to shoot size in the mixture. Fall rye and winter triticale had lower dark respiration rates than winter wheat. Leaf area index (LAI) was closely correlated (r = 0.83 and 0.84) with shoot weight in both the mixture and monocrop. While species failed to exhibit clear cut differences for LAI, fall rye and winter triticale were reduced less than winter wheat in the mixture relative to the monocrop. Stage was the dominant factor affecting winter cereal growth in both cropping systems, but fall rye and triticale exhibited superior morphological features, and their carbon exchange responses to light were more efficient than wheat, which should allow them to be sustained longer under the shaded conditions of a mixture. Key words: Delayed harvest, shade, spring and winter cereal mixtures, adaptation, carbon exchange, respiration

Transplanting improves the allometry and fiber quality of Bt cotton in cotton–wheat cropping system

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asghar Shah ◽  
Mubshar Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Shahzad ◽  
Khawar Jabran ◽  
Sami Ul-Allah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Fiber Strength ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Fiber Fineness

AbstractIn cotton–wheat cropping system of Pakistan, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is harvested in late April; however, the optimum sowing time of Bt cotton is mid-March. This indicates a time difference of 4–6 weeks between the harvest of wheat and cotton sowing. It is hypothesized that this overlapping period may be managed by transplanting cotton seedlings (30–45 days old) in late April, after the harvest of wheat due to better performance of already established seedlings. To this end, this study was conducted to evaluate the allometric traits and fiber quality of transplanted Bt cotton after harvesting wheat in the cotton–wheat cropping system. The Bt cotton–wheat cropping systems were flat sown wheat (FSW)–conventionally tilled cotton, FSW–zero tilled cotton, ridge sown wheat–ridge transplanted cotton using 30- and 45-days-old seedlings, and bed sown wheat (BSW)–bed transplanted cotton (BTC) also using 30- and 45-days-old seedlings. The study was conducted at Vehari and Multan in Punjab, Pakistan. Bt cotton in BSW–BTC with 45-days-old seedlings showed better performance for allometric (leaf area index; (LAI), net assimilation rate; (NAR), and crop growth rate; (CGR)), seed cotton yield, and fiber traits (fiber uniformity, fiber length, fiber strength, and fiber fineness) in comparison to other treatments. Most of the fiber quality traits were positively correlated with allometric traits and biological yield (dry matter yield at maturity) at both locations, except correlations of CGR and LAI with fiber fineness and fiber length and NAR with fiber length. As plant growth and fiber quality of transplanted cotton was significantly higher than conventionally grown cotton, our data indicate transplanting is an interesting management practice for improving productivity in wheat–cotton cropping systems.

scholarly journals Impact of Different Barley-Based Cropping Systems on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Barley Growth under Conventional and Conservation Tillage Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naeem ◽  
Noman Mehboob ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Shahid Farooq ◽  
Shahid Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Area Index

This two-year study observed the influence of various barley-based cropping systems on soil physicochemical properties, allometric traits and biomass production of barley sown under different tillage systems. Barley was cultivated in different cropping systems (CS), i.e., fallow-barley (fallow-B), maize-barley (maize-B), cotton-barley (cotton-B), mungbean-barley (mungbean-B) and sorghum-barley (sorghum-B) under zero tillage (ZT), minimum tillage (MT), strip tillage (ST), conventional tillage (CT) and bed-sowing (BS). Interaction between different CS and tillage systems (TS) positively influenced soil bulk density (BD), total porosity, available phosphorus (P), ammonical and nitrate nitrogen (NH4-N and NO3-N), available potassium (K), allometric traits and biomass production of barley. The highest soil BD along with lower total porosity were noted in ZT leading to lesser leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), specific leaf area (SLA), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) of barley. Nonetheless, bed-sown barley produced the highest biomass due to better crop allometry and soil physical conditions. The highest postharvest soil available P, NH4-N, NO3-N, and K were recorded for zero-tilled barley, while BS followed by CT recorded the lowest nutrient contents. Barley in mungbean-B CS with BS produced the highest biomass, while the lowest biomass production was recorded for barely sown in fallow-B cropping system with ZT. In conclusion, barley sown after mungbean (mungbean-B cropping system) with BS seems a pragmatic choice for improving soil fertility and subsequently soil health.

scholarly journals Competition Indices of Safflower and Faba Bean Intercrops as Affected by Fertilizers

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-137
Author(s):  
Mahmoodreza SAEIDI ◽  
Yaghoub RAEI ◽  
Rouhollah AMINI ◽  
Akbar TAGHIZADEH ◽  
Bahman PASBAN-ESLAM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
System Productivity ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Sole Cropping

Cropping systems of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) with faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under different fertility were compared with sole cropping of each crop during 2015 and 2016 at the Research Farm of Tabriz University in Iran. The treatments were cropping systems (safflower and faba bean sole croppings, intercropping systems of safflower and faba bean with ratios of 1:1 and 2:1), and nutrient levels (100% chemical fertilizers, 60%, 30% chemical + biofertilizers and no fertilizer). A factorial set of treatments based on a randomized complete block design replicated three times was used. Cropping system and fertility effects were significant for yield and yield components of each crop. Yield and yield components were increased with the integrated use of 60% chemical plus biofertilizers for both years, while seed yield was reduced by intercropping. Maximum land equivalent ratio (LER), relative value total (RVT), system productivity index (SPI) and monetary advantage index (MAI) were achieved in nutritive level of 60% chemical plus biofertilizers as intercropped plants in ratio of 1:1 for both years. The total actual yield loss (AYL) values were positive and greater than zero in all mixtures, indicating an advantage from intercropping over sole crops. Intercropped safflower had a higher relative crowding coefficient (RCC) than intercropped faba bean, indicating that safflower was more competitive than faba bean in intercropping systems. From this study, it is inferred that intercropping (safflower and faba bean) with integrated use of the reduced chemical and biofertilizers may give better overall yield and income than sole cropping of each crop species.

Yield components of nodulated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and maize (Zea mays) plants grown with exogenous phosphorus in different cropping systems

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Ndakidemi ◽  
Felix D. Dakora
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
Number Of Seeds

A 2-factorial experiment, involving three levels of phosphorus (0, 40, and 80 kg/ha) and four cropping systems (mono crop, maize–cowpea inter-row, maize–cowpea intra-row, and maize–cowpea intra-hole cropping) was conducted in the field for two consecutive years in 2003 and 2004 at Nietvoorbij (33°54′S, 18°14′E), Stellenbosch, South Africa. Plant density (number of plants per hectare) was 166 666 for sole cowpea, 111 111 for maize–cowpea inter-row, 55 555 for maize–cowpea intra-row and 55 555 for maize–cowpea intra-hole cropping. Applying 40 or 80 kg phosphorus (P)/ha significantly increased cowpea grain yields by 59–65% in 2003 and 44–55% in 2004. With maize, the increases in grain yield were 20–37% in 2003 and 48–55% in 2004 relative to the zero-P control. In both cropping seasons, the number of pod-bearing peduncles per plant, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, and grain yield per cowpea plant were significantly increased with the application of exogenous P. In contrast, the number of pod-bearing peduncles per plant, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, and the grain yield per plant were all significantly depressed by mixed culture relative to mono crop cowpea. There was also a significant interactive effect of P and cropping system on cowpea, such that, all cowpea yield components were generally lower in intercrop relative to mono crop. In all instances, the yield component of mono crop cowpea and, to some extent, inter-row cowpea, were markedly increased by the provision of 40 or 80 kg P/ha relative to the zero-P control. Intercropping maize with cowpea produced higher total yields per unit land area than the mono crop counterpart.

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