Irrigation and ground cover management effect on soil temperature in a mature peach orchard

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 857-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Tan ◽  
R. E. C. Layne
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Peach Orchard ◽  
Management Effect ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of two irrigation (trickle vs. no irrigation) and two ground cover treatments (temporary cover vs. permanent sod) on soil temperature in a mature peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] orchard on Fox sand. The soil temperatures at the surface, 5, 10 and 20 cm depths were monitored continuously all-year during 1987 and 1988. Irrigation reduced the fluctuations in soil temperature during summer and winter. The average daily soil temperature in nonirrigated plots during the summer was as high as 34 °C at the soil surface and 28 °C at the 20-cm depth, while corresponding temperatures in irrigated plots were 28 and 26 °C, respectively. The average daily soil temperature in nonirrigated plots without snow cover during the winter was −12 °C at the soil surface and −5 °C at the 20-cm depth, while corresponding temperatures in irrigated plots were −6 and −1 °C, respectively. The effect of irrigation on soil temperature was greatly diminished by snow cover. The soil temperatures at all depths remained around 0 to −2 °C for both nonirrigated and irrigated plots under snow cover, even when the minimum air temperature dropped to −15 °C. The permanent sod cover provided some protection against cold although this effect was masked by snow cover. In the summer, the permanent sod cover reduced average daily soil temperature by 1.5 and 1 °C at the 10 and 20 cm depths. Key words: Prunus persica, snow cover, Fox sand

Soil temperatures in Egypt

1928 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. McKenzie Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Temperature Wave ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Temperature Waves ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Times ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

1. The soil temperatures in Egypt at a number of depths have been recorded by means of continuous recording thermometers. In general, the records show that the amplitude of the temperature wave at the surface of the soil is considerably greater than the air temperature wave. There is, however, a considerable damping of the wave with depth, no daily variation in temperature being observed at a depth of 100 cm.2. No definite relation between the air and soil temperatures could be traced. The maximum air temperature was recorded in May and the maximum soil temperature in July.3. The amplitude of the temperature wave decreases with increase in depth. The decrease in amplitude of the soil temperature wave is not regular owing to variations in the physical properties of the soil layers. Between any two depths, the ratio of the amplitudes of the temperature waves is constant throughout the year. The amplitude of the soil temperature wave bears no relation to the amplitude of the air temperature wave.4. The time of maximum temperature at the soil surface is constant throughout the year at 1 p.m. The times of maximum temperature at depths below the surface lag behind the time of surface maximum, but they are constant throughout the year. When plotted against depth, the times of maximum at the various soil depths lie on a straight line.

scholarly journals Specifics of soil temperature under winter wheat canopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Krčmáŕová ◽  
Hana Stredová ◽  
Radovan Pokorný ◽  
Tomáš Stdŕeda
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of soil temperature under the winter wheat canopy and to determine relationships between soil temperature, air temperature and partly soil moisture. In addition, the aim was to describe the dependence by means of regression equations usable for phytopathological prediction models, crop development, and yield models. The measurement of soil temperatures was performed at the experimental field station ˇZabˇcice (Europe, the Czech Republic, South Moravia). The soil in the first experimental plot is Gleyic Fluvisol with 49-58% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm, in the second experimental plot, the soil is Haplic Chernozem with 31-32% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm. The course of soil temperature and its specifics were determined under winter wheat canopy during the main growth season in the course of three years. Automatic soil temperature sensors were positioned at three depths (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m under soil surface), air temperature sensor in 0.05 m above soil surface. Results of the correlation analysis showed that the best interrelationships between these two variables were achieved after a 3-hour delay for the soil temperature at 0.05 m, 5-hour delay for 0.10 m, and 8-hour delay for 0.20 m. After the time correction, the determination coefficient reached values from 0.75 to 0.89 for the depth of 0.05 m, 0.61 to 0.82 for the depth of 0.10 m, and 0.33 to 0.70 for the depth of 0.20 m. When using multiple regression with quadratic spacing (modeling hourly soil temperature based on the hourly near surface air temperature and hourly soil moisture in the 0.10-0.40 m profile), the difference between the measured and the model soil temperatures at 0.05 m was −2.16 to 2.37 ◦ C. The regression equation paired with alternative agrometeorological instruments enables relatively accurate modeling of soil temperatures (R2 = 0.93).

Effets de la scarification du site sur le micro-environnement

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
André P. Plamondon ◽  
Denis C. Ouellet ◽  
Gaston Déry
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Water Tension ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

Soil and air temperatures, and soil water tension were measured at two sites from June 1972 to August 1973 in order to determine the effect of scarification. This study is part of a project concerning yellow birch regeneration. The minimum air temperature at 30 cm height and at the soil surface were, respectively, 0.5 and 1.0 °C higher at the scarified site; on the other hand, the maximum temperature at 30 cm was lower. The soil temperatures during the summer were 2 to 4 °C higher at the scarified site according to the level considered. Soil water tension was much lower in the scarified station between 0 and 15 cm depth, but the effect decreased during the second summer of the study.

scholarly journals Effect of snow cover on soil frost penetration

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Rožnovský ◽  
Jáchym Brzezina
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Soil Frost ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Frost Penetration ◽  
Actual Height

AbstractSnow cover occurrence affects wintering and lives of organisms because it has a significant effect on soil frost penetration. An analysis of the dependence of soil frost penetration and snow depth between November and March was performed using data from 12 automated climatological stations located in Southern Moravia, with a minimum period of measurement of 5 years since 2001, which belong to the Czech Hydrometeorological institute. The soil temperatures at 5 cm depth fluctuate much less in the presence of snow cover. In contrast, the effect of snow cover on the air temperature at 2 m height is only very small. During clear sky conditions and no snow cover, soil can warm up substantially and the soil temperature range can be even higher than the range of air temperature at 2 m height. The actual height of snow is also important – increased snow depth means lower soil temperature range. However, even just 1 cm snow depth substantially lowers the soil temperature range and it can therefore be clearly seen that snow acts as an insulator and has a major effect on soil frost penetration and soil temperature range.

EFFECTS OF SAWDUST USED AS A MULCH AND AS A SOIL AMENDMENT ON SOIL TEMPERATURES UNDER IRRIGATED AND UNIRRIGATED CONDITIONS

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Webster ◽  
R. M. Adamson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

Soil temperature readings were taken at 7.30 a.m., noon, and 5 p.m. over a 3-year period (2 years without and 1 year with irrigation) at a point 4 inches below the surface of sawdust-mulched, sawdust-incorporated and check plots. The effect of blackened sawdust mulch on soil temperatures was also studied. Marked differences between soil temperatures in the various treatments were found, the greatest being during July when the difference between the average maximum and minimum air temperature was also greatest. Soil temperatures were lower in the sawdust-mulched than in the check plots, except at 7.30 a.m. under irrigation when readings were higher throughout the season in the mulched plot. After August under irrigated conditions and after October without irrigation a reversal took place, and the soil temperatures became higher under the mulch than in the check due to the slower heat loss from the mulched soil. Incorporating sawdust had only a slight effect upon soil temperatures, but blackening the mulch markedly reduced the soil temperature differences between mulched and unmulched treatments.

Soil Temperature in the Peanut Pod Zone with Subsurface Drip Irrigation

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Sorensen ◽  
F. S. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

Abstract Maintaining soil temperatures at specified levels (below 29 C) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is vital to crop growth, development, and pod yield. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems are not designed to wet the soil surface. Possible lack of moisture in the pod zone could result in elevated soil temperatures that could be detrimental to the peanut crop. The objective of this study was to document the response of pod zone soil temperature when irrigated with a SDI system. Thermocouple sensors were inserted at 5-cm soil depth in the crop row and at specified distances from the crop row in SDI and nonirrigated (NI) treatments. Maximum hourly and daily soil temperature data were measured at three locations, one in Virginia and two in Georgia. The maximum daily soil temperature decreased as plant canopy increased. During the first 50 d after planting (DAP), the average maximum soil temperature was 1 to 2 C cooler for both the SDI and NI treatments than the average maximum air temperature. From 50 DAP to harvest, the average maximum soil temperatures for SDI and NI treatments were 6 C cooler than the average maximum air temperature. During pod filling and maturation, the average maximum soil temperature was about 5 C cooler (27 C) for SDI treatments than the maximum air temperature and 2 C cooler than the recommended 29 C. Soil temperature in the NI treatments did exceed 29 C during periods of drought but decreased to values similar to SDI treatments immediately following a rainfall event. Overall, SDI can maintain maximum soil temperatures below critical values (29 C) during peanut fruit initiation to crop harvest.

AN EMPIRICAL METHOD OF ESTIMATING SOIL TEMPERATURE ON CROPPED LAND ON CANADIAN PRAIRIES

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
W. NICHOLAICHUK ◽  
V. O. BIEDERBECK ◽  
H. UKRAINETZ ◽  
J. BOLE
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Relationship

Agronomists often require quick, easy methods of estimating soil temperatures under cereal production, either to fill in missing experimental measurements or to help explain apparent discrepancies in results. Methods available in the literature allow such estimates to be made from meteorological measurements and soil physical characteristics, but these methods are often mathematically complex. In the present paper a simple empirical regression and correlation approach was used to relate soil temperatures under cereal and fallow cropping systems to air temperature, and also to soil temperature at corresponding depths under grass plots at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Relationships for the top 22.5 cm of soil were developed for the growing season and also for the whole year. Relationships between soil and air temperature were good near the soil surface, but deteriorated with depth even though highly significant r2 values were obtained. The best relationships were obtained between soil temperatures under the cereal system and temperatures under grass (r2 > 0.8 for growing season and > 0.9 for whole year). The relationships between mean daily temperatures under cereals (y) and those under grass at corresponding depths (x) were generally represented by y = x. The best Swift Current relationships for the growing season were used successfully [Formula: see text] to predict data for different years at Swift Current and Scott, Saskatchewan and at Lethbridge, Alberta. The error in prediction at the 10-cm depth was, on the average, 1–3 °C and at the 20-cm depth, 0–4 °C. The relationship developed will be more accurate in drier regions such as the southern prairies.

scholarly journals Seasonal dynamics of methane emissions from a subarctic fen in the Hudson Bay Lowlands

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 4465-4479 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Hanis ◽  
M. Tenuta ◽  
B. D. Amiro ◽  
T. N. Papakyriakou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Surface Soil Temperature ◽  
Filling Method ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract. Ecosystem-scale methane (CH4) flux (FCH4) over a subarctic fen at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada was measured to understand the magnitude of emissions during spring and fall shoulder seasons, and the growing season in relation to physical and biological conditions. FCH4 was measured using eddy covariance with a closed-path analyser in four years (2008–2011). Cumulative measured annual FCH4 (shoulder plus growing seasons) ranged from 3.0 to 9.6 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 among the four study years, with a mean of 6.5 to 7.1 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 depending upon gap-filling method. Soil temperatures to depths of 50 cm and air temperature were highly correlated with FCH4, with near-surface soil temperature at 5 cm most correlated across spring, fall, and the shoulder and growing seasons. The response of FCH4 to soil temperature at the 5 cm depth and air temperature was more than double in spring to that of fall. Emission episodes were generally not observed during spring thaw. Growing season emissions also depended upon soil and air temperatures but the water table also exerted influence, with FCH4 highest when water was 2–13 cm below and lowest when it was at or above the mean peat surface.

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